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African Diamond Mining In Botswana And South Africa
African Diamond Mining In Botswana And South Africa
Africa produces 50% diamond globally. There are 15 African countries that produce diamond. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), South Africa, Namibia, Angola and Botswana are the largest producers of diamond. Other African countries that produce diamond include: Zimbabwe, Guinea, Lesotho, Liberia, CAR, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Ghana and Tanzania. Botswana is the highest diamond mining country in Africa with approximately 20% followed by DRC with 19% then South Africa with 11% globally (Zeleza 230-233).
Diamond Mining in Botswana
Most diamond produced in Botswana in 1990’s was of gem quality which led the country to be the largest miner of diamond by value. Botswana’s economy has been built on a basis of diamond mining. The mining has brought about more government revenue to the country improving the economy of the country to a higher average, giving it a standard of living like that of Mexico and Turkey. Diamond is the main export in Botswana.
The largest world richest diamond mine is Jwaneg found in Botswana giving it a high demand of diamond in the world. This diamond mine was discovered when termite came from underground looking for water and brought grains of diamond on the surface. Jwaneng mine in Botswana provides employment as people are needed to actually extract diamonds and construct infrastructure to ease diamond transportation. For instance a source of foreign exchange has been established to the economy which offers a potential foundation for industrial growth, and therefore motivating upgrading within Botswana’s infrastructure. Domestically produced gemstones are locally marketed in order to facilitate local diamond polishing and cutting. Polishing of diamond adds value to it. The polishing and cutting activities provide jobs for the population and have become a source of employment.
Debswana is a joint partnership formed by the Government and South Africa De beers Centenary AG are described for the production of diamond from Botswana four mines. The four mines were opened since independence. The first producing mine began at Orapa in 1972 followed by a second smaller mine at Letlhakane. Jwanemg has become the richest diamond in the world being the Third mine to be opened in 1982.The fourth diamond mine Damtshaa was opened in 2002. In 1999, Botswana produced more than 30million carats of diamond 25% being being from the three Debswana mines and became the highest producer of diamond in value. In 2000 the Orapa mine was expanded and reopened. In 2008 the fifth diamond mine Lerala which is not operated by the Debswana was opened.
Relocating diamond sales from London to Gaborone (Diamond Marketing)
DeBeers was established in South Africa world most known Kimberly diamond fields. The Botswana government and De beers came to an agreement that a variety of De beers Diamond Trading company’s (DTC) functions would relocate from London, UK to Gaborone Botswana.DTC is the company’s main gem allocation arm. It duties include: sorting, valuing and conducts sales and marketing of rough and aggregate diamond comprising diamond beneficiation. DTC has liberalized the sale of diamond thereby promoting tenders and auctions to sell diamonds. The DTC provides employment to many people and it has made the economy of Botswana to be high (Zeleza 230-233).
Diamond from all DeBeers mines in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Canada will be brought to Botswana according to the signed agreement. The world most influential traders of diamond will come to Botswana approximately 10 times a year from places such as Tel Aviv, Antwerp and New York to buy diamonds from DeBeers.
Work Cited
Zeleza, Tiyambe. A Modern Economic History of Africa: The nineteenth century. 1. Nairobi: East African Publishers, 1997. 230-233. Print.
Retrieved from; http//Www. rough and polished.com
Deterministic View of Crime
Deterministic View of Crime
Author
Institution
Introduction
Crime or criminal behavior has been one of the most explored subjects in the recent times. The increased interest has been triggered by the understanding that it incorporates a bearing on the economy of any nation or region. Needless to say, numerous people and professionals have been striving to understand the occurrence of crime or even the motivation behind criminal activities in an individual. While there are varied views of crime, I believe that deterministic view comes as the most valid.
The deterministic view underlines the notion that an individual’s will does not serve as a motivation for his actions, rather his conducts emanates from extraneous source for which the individual has no control. While many people would believe in free will, it is evident that other factors such as genetics influence an individual’s personality and, therefore, criminality (Gomes, 2007). Genes are known to play a key role in varied forms of mental and physical diseases in human beings, in which case it would be safe to insinuate or say that the physical features of an individual are determined in a large part by their genes. In fact, the difference between human beings and apes is all in their genes (Gomes, 2007). This underlines the fact that an individual’s genetic make-up determines his behavior, in which case human beings are merely victims of their genetic makeup. This, undoubtedly, renders any effort made to modify the individual’s behavioral and moral patterns utterly useless.
While it may be suggested that conscious choice and free will play a role, it is imperative that the notion of “free” is considered in line with an individual being entirely capable of choosing from varied options. Eliminating the role of biology and genetics in shaping behavior is myopic. As much as people are able to choose and plan behavior, the choices are founded on their interaction with the environment, as well as their genetic makeup (Gomes, 2007).
References
Gomes, G. (2007). Free Will, the Self, and the Brain. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 25, 221–234
African Civilizations Take-Home Midterm Exam
AAFS 286
Fall 2021
African Civilizations: Take-Home Midterm Exam
For this class, your midterm exam will be a take-home writing assignment. You will respond to one essay from each category, for a total of two essays. For each essay, you should use examples of specific kingdoms, people, events, and processes whenever possible. Each essay should be roughly 2.5-to-3 pages.
The exam will be due via Blackboard on Thursday, October 28, by 11:59 PM. However, if neeed, you can have an extension, no questions asked, until Sunday, October 31, by 11:59 PM.
Essay 1: Comparing African civilizations (choose one of the following)
What major commonalities and differences do we see in the early African states/kingdoms we have studied so far this semester? What patterns do we see in early African state-making?
Compare at least two regions that we have studied in class so far. Outside of politics (covered in question #1), what similarities and differences do we see between these societies? How did people live, worship, and work in different parts of the African continent?
Essay 2: Regional connections (choose one of the following)
What connections can we draw between different regions within the African continent? How were they connected through trade, language, religion, and more? How do these examples help us think of Africa in less static, geographically restricted ways than are traditionally presented?
In this course so far, we have discussed Africa’s regional relationships through trade, religion, etc. How did Africans both shape the wider world and how were they shaped by their regional connections?
OverviewDrawing on the course readings and lectures, you will make an argument that answers the questions posed in the questions above. With only 2.5 or so pages, you will not be able to give every example possible, or to give too many larger arguments. It is best to choose a few points that you can then give specific examples for, and analyze those examples. In discussing these questions, you will exclusively draw on and cite the course materials. You must use both the readings and the lectures to do so.
For each question, you should use concrete examples and information in support of your point. Any specific examples or statistics you can give will only help justify your argument. However, you must explain and analyze that data, as it may not be self-evident. Case studies of particular locations that we discussed in class will be helpful in making your points clearer.
List of Readings and Lectures by Region
Kemet
Lectures 5 and 6 (September 7/9)
Readings: J. Yoyotte, “Pharonic Egypt,” and A. H. Zayed, “Egypt’s relations”
Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
Lectures 7, 8, and 9 (September 14/16/21)
Readings: Sunjata and Leo Africanus, “The Western Sudan”
Ethiopia
Lectures, 10, 11, and 12 (September 23/28/30)
Reading: The Life of Walatta-Petros
Kongo AND Great Zimbabwe
Lecture 13 (October 5)
East Africa/Swahili City-States
Lecture 14/15 (October 7/14)
Readings: Tuan Ch’eng Shih, “China’s Discovery in Africa, 863,” Thomas Spear, “Early Swahili History Reconsidered,” Ibn Battuta, “The East African Coast, 1331,” and Duarte Barbosa, “The East Coast of Africa.”
ExpectationsEach essay will be, at minimum, 2.5 pages long, double-spaced, with size 12 font and no extra spaces before the paper or between paragraphs. Please start a new essay on a new page. The only thing at the top of your exam will be your name and “African Civilizations Mid-Term Exam,” followed by the question #. You will submit the exam as a Microsoft Word document.
Each essay should consist of:
A clear, brief introduction that states your argument, and gives an overview of the issues you will be discussing. Roughly 1/4 to 1/2 page.
At least two body paragraphs that delve into the different points that you make in your introduction. Each paragraph should be a part of your larger argument, as stated in your thesis statement/introduction. For each paragraph, you should have a clear argument that lays out the key points for that section, stating the relevant sub-points you will be discussing. For most—if not all—of these sub-points, you will need specific information and examples—from both the lectures and the readings—to help back up your argument for its significance. That information should be clearly analyzed so that its relevance is apparent. Roughly 1 3/4 to 2 1/4 pages.
A conclusion that re-states these major arguments, and some concluding thoughts that tie these points together in explaining your larger conclusions. Roughly 1/4 to 1/2 page.
Citations
When citing the lectures, please simply put at the end of the sentence (Lecture). For the readings, the author’s last name, and a page number—when applicable—is sufficient (for example, Ibn Battuta, 21—or Sunjata, 109).
Grading Criteria
Each essay will be graded on the following criteria:
Does the paper meet the requirements for the assignment? A minimum of 2.5 pages per assignment, citing both the lectures and readings.
Are your arguments well-made/chosen? Do you have a clear thesis that explains what you will be discussing over the course of the essay?
Is the essay well organized? Is your argument broken up into a series of parts/case studies that connect together?
Do you use good evidence in support of your argument, and analyze that evidence?
Is the writing clear, well written, and free of spelling/grammar mistakes?