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Packet switching
Packet switching
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Introduction
WAN connections are used to connect various locations that are geographical apart in order to facilitate the flow of information and other kinds of data .Switching techniques have been widely used to provide the necessary connection that are required. The two widely used switching technologies in various WAN networks are circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit switching is a connection technology that is designed to use a single channel or connection to facilitate the flow or data or information from one point to another. This type of switching technology has been widely used.
The other switching skills is the packet switching technology. Packetswitching refers to a technology that is employed to transfer data by dividing the data into virtual packets before transmitting it from one point to another (Laudon, 2002). WAN System is for connecting the Three Offices at New York, Los Angeles and Chicago. The task at hand is to connect three local offices that are located in Los Angeles, New York and Chicago. The group of engineers working on this project settled on the use of Packet switching technology. This was after proper analysis of each of the technology to determine the advantages as well as other implications associated with each.
Packet Switching
As mentioned earlier, packet switching involves dividing the data that is to be transmitted into small packets that are virtual and the transmitting it to the destination that is preferred.The group of engineers settled on this technology basically because of the various advantages that the use of the packet switching technology has over the circuit switching system as well as the needs of the company.
The first reason whythis technology was settled on is because this type of technology is stable and efficient and can allow for real time transmission of audio and even video information from one office to another. This technology allows each and every packet to find its own transmissionpath and does not require the use of a dedicated path for transmission. This makes the use of this technology very stable and efficient.
The second reason why this kind of technology was settled on is because packet data switching technology will provide a suitable networking system for the organization. Thereliability of this system is due to the fact that in a case where one of the packets that was sent is missing, the receiving device will be able to detect this and it will request the missing information to be resent. This is unlike the circuit switching system that cannot resend missing data. This therefore makes the packet switching technology very reliable. Packet switching technology is also very resilient. The packet data switching will use rooters to facilitate transmission of data. The routers are the ones that will use their knowledge to send any traffic of data through the channel that it will see as the most efficient. If there is any kind of network link failure, these routers that are used will use their knowledge to determine a new channel that it will use to transfer the packets of data from one office to another (Mortimer & Post, 1973).
The final reason why this technology was settled on is because packet switching technology is verycost effective. Theversatility ofthis technology allows it to transmit any type of data in real time in the same network.Thistherefore makes it very effective. The packet switchingsystem is also scalable because of the use of routers.When there is expansion in any one of the three offices, the routers that are used will detect this expansion and readjust accordingly. These factors therefore were the basis for settlingonthe packet data switchingtechnology over the circuit switchingtechnology for the organization’s WAN system for the three offices connection.
Traffic Flow across the Connectivity between LANs
The three offices located at Los Angeles, New York and Chicago have well connected LAN systems.LAN a an abbreviation for Local Area Network connects the various computers in each of the offices toa common database so that each usercan access the information that he or she may require in the database of the local office. The function of the WAN system that is being proposed is to connect the three LAN networks in the three local offices. This will allow for flow of information from one local office to another. Whena user wants to send information from for example the local office at Chicago to the other office in Los Angeles, the LAN and the WAN will worktogether tofacilitate this.When the user at Chicago sends the information, the information moves through the LAN network in the Chicago office to the main database of the Chicago office LAN.
This information will then fed into a router that willthe divide the data into virtual units that are called packets. Each packet will have a destination address and header address. The router will then determine which path each data will follow toits destination. The data moves from the router in the Chicago office facilitated by a chosen Internet Service Provider (ISP).This data is then received in the other end in another router. The packets do notarrive at the receiving device in any Order since they follow different paths.The receiving device then uses the headers in every data togroupthe data into the required sequence to make it logical. When any part of data is missing the router in the receiving end router requests for it to be resent. The data from the receiving device is then transferred to the database of the LAN of the receiving office. From this database the users at this local office will then be able to access it from their various computers.This system will be similar in all the three local offices at Los Angeles, New York and Chicago and will therefore allow the workers in each local office top access the information.
Reference
Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (2002). Management information systems: managing the digital
firm (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Mortimer, R. G., & Post, D. V. (1973). Investigation of switching modes for a three beam
headlamp system. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, Highway Safety Research Institute.
PA301 (Section 01) Fall Semester 2021
PA301 (Section 01) Fall Semester 2021
Student Project (Proposal)
Follow the outline below in writing your proposal. You are required to submit your completed proposal and power point presentation. You are required to submit two files. One is the complete project and the second is the PowerPoint presentation. Note that all written documents must follow the strict application of the most recent APA guidelines. Review the APA guideline online. Your grade will be based on how well you follow the outline. So, label the presentation slides from your written proposal as shown below:
Cover Page
For this project you must submit a cover page. The cover page will have the following information:
Title of the Proposal or Assignment: Example: The Social Impact of COVID-19
Submitted by: Your Name (Angela Ojemen)
To: Name of the Instructor (Dr. Jovita Esechie)
Date
Course Name and Number: Research Methods in Public Administration (PA301-01)
Term: Fall 2021
Texas Southern University
Abstract
The abstract is a summary of your study. Since you did not carry out the research, include a summary of the annotated bibliography. From your reading (literature review) what did you find. What is the come thread that goes through all the literature you read. (150 words)
In the next section, write the Statement of the Problem. (300 words)
Statement about your topic and why it is important? (For example, Crime has become a major problem even in suburban neighborhoods …. Here, you are to discuss the problem.
Why do you think something must be done about the social issue?
Have there been several options proposed in the past? If there are, you can state that several options have been proposed in the past but you will develop a hypothesis about one of these options …
Give your readers an understanding of the true purpose and the need for your investigation. So, you need to state the direction you wish to take on your research.
The research question is a statement about what you believe is not yet known or understood about your topic or a statement about the gap you are seeking to fill, followed by a “but” or “however” to set up the research question. You’ll find that in any area of research, developing an understanding of relevant theories will help you to ask important questions, consider reasonable alternatives and choose appropriate research procedures.
Notes:
Do not state in your purpose statement for example: “I want to learn Climate Change.”
Instead, write “I seek to study the Social Impact of Climate Change on the elderly in Missouri City”. Include citations from peer reviewed articles.
Hypothesis(es) Statements (Not less than one research hypothesis and one alternate hypothesis)
For statement about hypothesis, review chapter 2. Write out your hypothesis clearly. Note that a hypothesis states a relationship between two or more variables or characteristics that can change. Note also that does not just state that there is a connection between two variables. It suggests that one variable influences another. That means a change in one propels a change in the second. Assuming for instance, that the level of religiosity is related to support or opposition to a proposal to legalize casino gambling in Texas:
Your hypothesis or hypotheses should read as follows: People who attend church regularly are more likely to oppose casino gambling in Texas than those who do not attend.
Your alternate or null hypothesis should be “Church attendance has no effect on the support for casino gambling in Texas”.
Another Example: If you stay up late in the night, then you will be tired the next day.
What is the alternate hypothesis for the above? ……………………………………. .
Other examples:
If you think that crime is becoming an increasingly troublesome problem, not just in our cities but in suburban area, you will write:
Hypothesis: As the number of police officers on bicycles in a community increases, the number of burglaries decreases.
Alternate hypothesis: The number of police officers in a community has no effect on the prevalence of crime in a community.
Another Hypothesis: As the number of surveillance cameras increases in a community, the number of burglaries decreases.
State your alternative or null hypothesis ————
Or, Men who smoke cigarettes for many years are more likely to develop heart disease or cancer.
The alternate hypothesis is: There is no relationship between heart disease and cancer to cigarette’s smoking.
Research Design and Methods (200 words)
(See chapter 2 page 29 and review the section that discusses “What is the Design?”
Decide if you are going to carry out an inductive or a deductive research.
You can use anyone of the several different types of research design or a combination of the designs. So, decide if you will be using any of the following: cross sectional designs, longitudinal designs, trend designs, panel designs, cohort designs? Include statements about your research design that will be used to test your hypothesis and why you have chosen the design. In other words, why have you chosen panel designs? Justify it.
State clearly how you plan to test your hypothesis. Are you going to use survey questionnaire, field interviews, experiments, program evaluation, participant observations, or the analysis of secondary data from any of the following sources: newspaper stories, FBI Crime Reports, National Election Studies etc. If you are using secondary data (see chapter 8, page 200), explain the meaning of secondary data then state for example, “I will collect data from suburban and rural police departments in Harris County on the number of burglaries committed over a period of time, for example, one year, two years etc”.
You may need to add that “I will also collect data on the number of fatalities from the Harris County records etc ….. .”
Studies involving the use of human subjects require a Formal Permission Letter. If your project requires permission from someone in authority, draft a formal letter asking for permission. (Refer to chapter 3 of the course textbook.) You need an informed consent form for the participants in your study. Note that minors, and people who are compromised in any way may not be able to give their consent to participate in the study. If this is the case, a responsible adult must be the one to sign the consent form on behalf of the minor participant. See chapter 3.
Survey Questionnaire and Cover Letter
Irrespective of the method you chose to use for this assignment, you are required to submit 20 (twenty) survey questions. Include demographic questions, policy questions, etc. Review chapters 4 and 7 of the class textbook. The questions must be relevant to your study. That means you must use variables that will help you to test your hypothesis.
Literature Review (600 words)
This is a very important component of your project.
Conduct a literature review relevant to your study. You are required to use 8(eight) sources. Fulfill this requirement as an annotated bibliography. Approach this section as a mini “book report” on each of the reference sources that significantly informed you about your topic. Give the reader an overview of what information you found most relevant to your research. You may have found conflicting opinions/theories related to your topic area. Note that not all the sources will agree with your point of view. Include the sources that are for and against your view.
See Appendix A page 378 of the course textbook.
Analysis
How do you plan to analyze your data? You can use charts, graphs (see chapter 8 page 184, measures of central tendency, and rates, ratios and percentages.
Result Slide.
If you had actually carried out the research, what do you expect you would have found from the analysis. Note: Do not collect any data. Discuss hypothetical findings.
Recommendations. (50 words)
Here you will state your recommendations based on your hypothetical findings.
PA 460 Local Government Policy Analysis
PA 460: Local Government Policy Analysis
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Institutional Affiliation
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PA 460: Local Government Policy Analysis
California’s Agricultural Labor Relations Voting Choice Act
Overview
On Cesar Chavez Day, a crowd of 50 farmworkers, community members, and advocates assembled in Fresno to match and honor the late labor leader and yet again to ask governor Gavin Newsom to sign the bill that was meant to make it easier for farmworkers in California to vote in the union during elections. This march followed the vents organized by UFW and its grounds in 13 urban and rural cities within California. The farmworkers assembled to raise awareness on the AB 2183, Agricultural Relations voting Choice Act, that would allow the farmworkers the option of voting via e-mail during union elections. The act is mainly established to amend the agricultural Labor relations Act, facilitating farmworkers’ ability to either vote against or for unionization. It expands the voting options allowing the farmworkers to vote by either mailing, physical locations, or dropping the representation ballot cards at the ALRB office. The workers would be assisted in filling and returning the representation ballot cards as long as those assisting them cosign them and return them to the ALRB offices when signed and sealed in an envelope.
This bill would therefore establish other procedures compared to the election at polling places and authorize labor organizations to be licensed as elite bargaining representatives to bargaining units through labor or non-labor peace elections, as a set, depending on whether the employers agree and enroll in labor peace elections for the labor union representation campaigns. The bill will labor, and a non-labor peace election allows any bargaining unit to select summarily any labor organization to represent it for collective bargaining without using the existing polling process. A labor peace election would be mail ballot elections. In contrast, the non-labor peace elections would involve establishing a method for submitting a petition with the majority support proof subjected to board certification. The bill would also require the two alternative procedures that employers respond to concerning a petition, including providing a specific list of employees to a board. The bill would also impose a local program that is state mandated.
Official actors
Among those that marched on in Fresno included the elected members of the central valley of San Joaquin, such as Santos Garcia Madera’s mayor, Joe Sigala, the council member from Tulare, and recently running for the Senate seat for the 33rd district. Mark Stone, an assembly maker, authored the AB 616 bill to allow the farmworkers in California to vote for their union through the mail instead of ballot elections conducted in person on the grower’s property. The farmworker’s advocates also said that the farmworkers were intimidated during the union elections, which were conducted on the grower’s property under the agricultural act. The union also tried to reach out to the governor to discuss this act before its veto called it hypocritical. The governor avoided the recall due to the voting by mail option during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Unofficial actors
The co-sponsors to this bill involved the UFW and Stone’s office, who had been working with the office of Newsom on the changes he suggested detailed in the veto letter. Agricultural grower associations opposed the bill, with the chamber of commerce classifying the bill in its killer list. Other non-agricultural unions are covered under the NALRA, a federal law governing labor that excludes domestic and farmworkers with alternative voting options during union elections. There is also the cannabis farm located in Southern California that requested union representation from the board of labor relations.
Fiscal Impact
The Budget Act of appropriates $6,688,000 from the General Fund of the Office of the Program on Agricultural Labor Relations during the fiscal year currently in progress. Due to the fact that this argument is reenacts clauses from current legislation, it won’t have any impact or any appreciable increase in the state’s costs. Some features that are not permitted under current law would lead to a small rise in state expenses, among other things, would savings. Any net cost increase would be manageable within the limits of the board’s present budget
Recommendation/conclusion
This bill is still to be enacted as it still awaits Governor Newsman’s signature. However, this act will pass a series of changes to the exercise of the right to vote. The changes will give Californian residents the means to cast their votes by voting via mail, allowing others to deliver or mail the ballots, others will be able to drop ballots at various locations, and others will assist the voters in completing their polls. ALRB will issue the ballot cards in the elections and be responsible for receiving the total ballot cards at the ALRB office. After the elections are complete, ALRB will decide the results and verify the election’s validity determining whether the election received the most votes or the majority did not want a union. The ALRB should also be responsible for certifying any labor organization as a bargaining representative once both petitions from the firm are received and ballot cards from not less than 50% of currently eligible employees are signed. Both the employer and the union are allowed to challenge the election outcome. Any objections would result in investigative hearings, which could lead to either the setting aside of the completed election or certification of the results of the polls. Modernizing the Agricultural; Labor Relations Act and allowing elections through ballot cards facilitates the ability of the farmworkers to exercise their voting rights against or for the union. This bill will amend the law allowing farmworkers to vote using representation ballot cards.
I intensely support California’s Agricultural Labor Relations Voting Choice Act, as it will give the agricultural workers in California a greater chance to collectively bargain and organize for better benefits, wages, and work conditions. Farmworkers always work tirelessly and with more significant personal risks to put food on the American tables in the period of the ongoing pandemic. Therefore, the state with the highest populace of farmworkers should at least be given an tranquil path to making a fair and free choice to shape the union. The government should work not to erect but to remove the barriers to organizing farm workers. Unions transform workers’ lives and work by ensuring higher wages, better benefits such as health insurance, paid leaves, protection from harassment and discrimination, and healthier and safer workplaces. Unions give the workers a voice that is heard and answered. Organizing a union is, therefore, democracy at its best. They are essential, especially today, since the voice of workers has been silenced for a long through shameful policies and race-based laws. Workers should therefore be able to choose whether to organize the union.
References
Public CEO (Aggregate news site dedicated to providing a statewide perspective, relevant headlines and commentary from throughout California’s 482 cities, 58 counties and thousands of special districts)