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Design In Operation
Design In Operation
The field of operation management in the management of organization affairs deals with design, redesign and overseeing the important operations of the business in the course of production of goods as well as services. Its contribution is important in enhancing the role and responsibility of the organization towards efficiency in business operations with respect to use of minimum possible resources in the most effective manner to effectively meet the requirements of the clients (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2010). The success of the organization in this regard depends on the competence of the management to implement sound design in operations management in all its aspects of business operations. Efficient design should facilitate for a smooth management of the entire process that are responsible for the conversion of inputs (materials, labor, energy), to respective outputs (goods and services) (Pooler & Pooler, 2007).
Appropriate design in the production system of any organization is a vital determinant of the overall performance in that organization. Consequently, for the organization to make an effective contribution to the successful delivery of services and production of goods, the management must address their duty in implementing and updating a comprehensive as well as sufficiently detailed design of all operations (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2010).
The focus of the organizations operational management is effective resource and activity management in order to meet an effective production of products and delivery of services and therefore benefiting all stakeholders of the business. Efficiency with this respect is a cornerstone to a sustainable competitive edge of the organization (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2010). Through appropriate design in operations, therefore, the management is put in the best position to facilitate efficient management of people, equipments, materials as well as the information resources that are vital in the process of production of goods as well as delivery of services to the clients. Business processes must also adopt appropriate design which facilitates the actual production of the goods.
Roles and importance of design in operation management
Design in operations is one of the essential tools that are required in any organization for its operations and management. This will make any company work competitively in the market. Continuous management in design operations is a paramount key to the success of any company to remain competitive in any market (Ballou, 2008). Design managers in operations are to manage design of products and services, supply networks, layouts, jobs and work organization, product management, production tool design, specifications of the product, design of the product and facility design. Managers for design in operation are required to look the ongoing development of every line to provide the product needed by the customer most in order to bare the competition (Handfield & Nichols, 2009). This can not only work for the managers to strive to meet a variety of needs of the customers but also develope a wide variety of goods and services (Langford, 2007). These managers will be involved in controlling the designs of each tool in specific operations.
A focus on design in operations is based on the importance of operation management in the running of the organizations processes. The technical as well as the physical functions of the organization are managed by the arm of operation management in the organization and this will therefore call for an effective implementation of design in the operations (Langford, 2007).
Design operations manager must take keen interest on the hand tool designs for the company to meet the specification of the product. Product designers are supposed to make sure that every hand tool adequately meets the performance it is expected to do (Pooler & Pooler, 2007). Designs in operations make the managers to understand the product design. It helps in managing the product facility design. Facility designs specifications provide an ability to design specific tools that meets the expectations of diverse customer requirements. It enables the management to be efficient in the use of the facility and tools production (Handfield & Nichols, 2009).
Designs in operations enable the management to keep a close minimal supervision on the production process right from the beginning to the final stage before the product get into the market. It emphasizes the building of hand tools that regulates the production resources and the economical use of such resources. It may also reduce the production cost in the process and enable the operations management department to control the inventory, schedule material components, ensure quality standards and personnel requirements (Copacino, 2007).
In operations management, designs enable the company to use a wide variety of suppliers who provide hand tool components to assemble final products in the manufacturing department. As result of this, production managers can efficiently and effectively manage the power tool production to maximize the output and also in the supply chain strategy can be the actual way to control the inventory process (Handfield & Nichols, 2009).
Designs in operation will enable operations mangers to schedule a variety of activities in the company related to the production process. Managers can work closely with the suppliers to ensure that the company gets the components needed at the right time. Using external suppliers, the operations managers are able to control the costs of any inventory. The inventory storage costs are always kept down when operations are carefully designed (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2010).
Designs in operations enable the managers to oversee the production process in the manufacturing plants. This will open a wider opportunity to quality assurance in the finished products (Handfield & Nichols, 2009). They enable to efficient control the quality of the power tools used in the production process and minimize the cost of production through reducing the wastage, and as a result, the company increases its profit margin (Handfield & Nichols, 2009).
In the production process, the managers are able to monitor the training development, performance appraisals and any problems with the personnel, organize and implement work groups as they may be required in the production process. The personnel will ensure quality control and component assurance (Copacino, 2007).
Design in product management provides knowledge-intensive work that is very important in the competitive world. It creates a strategic movement in the development of any product to have opportunities in determining the price of such product in the already loaded environment (Pooler & Pooler, 2007). It sets characteristics, features and level of performance of the product or service the consumer needs to create an excellent functional utility by producing a good that meets customers’ needs at the right, place and at the right time. It enables production of high quality goods or services at a low cost of production (Copacino, 2007).
Due to greater customer demands with state-of-the-art technology product designs in operations provide a wide range product variety to customers. It forms organizational skills, reduce delays in target delivery, solve production problems at a faster rate that may be encountered and avoid confusion in the coordination of managerial activities in the company. In following the chains of production and supply, product design makes the work easy in the flow of information that caters essential components effectively and timely (Ballou, 2008).
Designs in operations drives organizational objectives that make the company to compete significantly in the market, move quickly to new innovative and full-featured products for the customers. Customers’ choice is greatly affected by the product design. Puting this into consideration the manager will be able to make decisons in regard to order-to-delivery time, product safety and cost of product maintenance (Handfield & Nichols, 2009). Research for production of competitive products in global environment with the new technoilogies becomes easy with following the designs. There is also examination to meet the legal and ethical requirements to suit the environment the product is trading. Product designs give the ability quickly to design and produce cusomized goods at low cost high quality and large volume delivery to the cunsumers. Since the market is becoming more segmented and aggregated, consumer demands and requirements significantly are on the rises and therefore product designs enable the companies to continue and produce expected products and volumes needed in the market (Pooler & Pooler, 2007).
Product designs builds up the product’s quality that serves the expectations of the consumers. The product mus meet a high chance of success and become reliable in the performance of its functions without any failure. This builds confidence in the consumer to the product and future dependence on it. Even if the product is not reliable, quality enhances opration or performance characteristics (Langford, 2007). Quality is a function of perfomance and it can only be maintained or improved through diverse product designs. This shoulkd be viewed time and again in order to remain effective and competitive the global market. The quality function is a combination of planning and communication in the organization (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2010).
Computer-aided designs in operation management simplify the production process through networking activities. They save time and reduce supervision workload in the manufacturing and marketing process. It also increases productivity through giving clear and dependable analysis of the consumer needs (Copacino, 2007).
Production manager can ensure that the products they produce do not harm the consumers. This can be achieved through designing the legal course and ethical requirements to enable the production managers to recall their responsibilities in the monitoring the final product before gets out to the consumer in the market. Designs ensure to review the legal requirements and ethical responsibility of the product (Ballou, 2008).
In any organization product design depends on the environmental friendliness. For the consumers to recognize the presence of the product in the market the products must be designed in manner that the green environment may welcome it if the product is new to the market or it as changed from the initial look. The environmental design is the one the great determinant on how the product would be perceived by the general population targeted (Pooler & Pooler, 2007).
The overview product design through team work approach in the coordination production process involves engineering procedures, research and development plans, marketing strategies, operations techniques and suppliers. In managing people and process can increase the product design but on the other hand affect the product quality and delay in product delivery. Timing in the product design improves the productivity and efficient in the product delivery (Handfield & Nichols, 2009).
Product designs a labour-intensive work that entails highly qualified personnel in the process to enhance the communication and coordination that saves time in decision-making and thus increases the productivity. All those involved in this process make better decision faster because of the design that puts all the knowledge together of all specialists in the field and have timely response to the customer needs in an effective and efficient manner (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2010).
In any job design the managers need to understand the purpose and importance of the product designed. Performance objectives in product design decisions are the guidelines to the achievements. Job design determines the production of high-quality products and services assurance to avoid errors in both long and short term product designing and improve the productivity by minimizing likely setbacks (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2010).Speed in one of the paramount objective of product design in that it determines the response ability to customer demands. Implementation of decision becomes faster and a lot efficient in the company. Job design affects the supply of goods and services in the firm in relation to the output achieved. It assures the dependability capacity in the production process (Langford, 2007).
It also determines the ability to response to change the nature of it production activities. New product flexibility or service flexibility, volume flexibility, composition flexibility, supply flexibility and delivery flexibility are all dependent of the product design in the operations management. Above all factors determined by the product designs that affect the productivity results finally to the cost of production. If well design the final cost of production to the ration of output to labor input will significantly be reduced. Job designs too endeavors the safety and healthy of the people working in the firm (Pooler & Pooler, 2007). This ranges from those working in manufacturing, storage, promotion, supplying and delivering the good or service.
Bibliography
Ballou, H., 2008, Business Logistics Management: Planning, Organizing, and Controlling the Supply Chain, 4th Ed., Prentice Hall.
Copacino, C., 2007, Supply Chain Management: The Basics and Beyond, The St. Lucie Press/Apics Series on Resource Management.
Handfield, B. & Nichols, Z., 2009, Introduction to Supply Chain Management, Prentice Hall.
Langford, J.W., 2007, Logistics: Principles and Applications, McGraw Hill.
Pooler, H. & Pooler, D., 2007, Purchasing and Supply Management: Creating the Vision, Chapman & Hall.
Tompkins, A. & Harmelink, A., 2010, The Distribution Management Handbook, McGraw Hill.
Design for Instruction and Lesson Plan
Name:
Institution:
Course:
Tutor:
Date:
Design for Instruction and Lesson Plan
Introduction
It cannot be disputed that for the learning process to be successful, instructors need to ensure that it is directional. In this regard, students should be given clear directions with respect to the course content as the respective goals and objectives. This should be done at the beginning of the teaching process to eliminate confusion that undermines effective learning. Moreover, these need to be in line with the local, state and national goals to ensure that students are equipped with skills that would enable them to perform optimally in the work environment when they complete their studies. To attain this, the teacher also needs to be conversant with student capabilities in order to avoid incidences of frustration that compromise the process of learning. From a psychological point of view, students learn better when their capabilities are in line with the course content as well as instructional methods. This allows them to explore their potential optimally and hence makes the learning process more rewarding.
Statistical evidence indicates that globalization has diversified the learning environment and more than ever, instructors are being forced to employ varied instructional goals in order to meet their goals and objectives. In particular, globalization as encouraged the emergence and perpetuation of international students that are nurtured in different environments. To test the effectiveness of the learning process, teachers use formative as well as summative evaluation methods. It is against this background that this paper explores the concept of designing instruction and lesson plans. To enhance coherence, it begins by underscoring aspects of students’ contextual factors, diversity, academic needs and specific learning content graphically. Then, it proceeds to developing a lesson plan to address aspects of learning experiences and goals. Also, it presents the assessment methods that would be employed at the end of the lesson. Finally, it details the rationale for all the preceding factors.
Student Contextual Factors Diversity Academic Needs Specific Learning Content
The students have sufficient teachers as the ratio of student to teacher currently stands at 14:5.
Seemingly, the majority of students come from rich backgrounds.
For this reason, they have access to all facilities or amenities that they require for education
This is useful in easing the learning process because shortages often compromise the efforts of both the students and the teachers. Thus all students are comfortable and get the attention that they require to benefit optimally from the learning process The classroom has students form diverse racial background comprising of Blacks, Whites, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Among these, Blacks comprise a higher percentage, followed by Whites, Hispanics then finally Asian/pacific Islanders. With regards to gender, males are 60% while females are 40%. With respect to age, the largest population is between the ages of fourteen and seventeen years old.
Notably, these are adolescents whose learning pace can be considered to be fast Usually, students need to receive these because they not only motivate them but they also enhance classroom productivity (Neary, 2000).
In particular, students should be informed about the purpose of the topics for them to understand what they are being taught about and its importance on their welfare.
They should be informed about the instructional methods that would be employed at different stages. This would prepare them psychologically to deal with he challenges with ease.
They need to be informed bout the learning strategies that would be employed in the classroom. These include both instructional methods and studying approaches.
Most importantly, they would be informed about their contribution to the learning process. In light of the institutional goals, they will be expected to grasp important research methods too. This is a chemistry class and students will be taught about various aspects of chemistry. To begin with, they would be taught about the various chemical elements that exist. Certainly, they are many and have district characteristics that differentiate them from each other. Then they will be taught about characteristics of the elements with respect to whether they are harmful or not. Notably, the chemical elements are used for different purposes and while some are harmful to humans as well as the environment, some are not. Furthermore, while some are poisonous, some are not and are even consumed by humans. Also, they would be taught about the effects of metals to the environment with particular focus on lead metal. Lead is a poisonous metal with diverse impacts on both the environment and man. Understanding this is vital because students would interact with it when they join the workforce.
Lesson Plan (80 Minutes: Day 1)
Assessments
Period Topic New Jersey Learning Goals Instruction Methods
Formative Summative
30 Mins Chemical elements and their forms of existence To ensure students understand and comprehend various elements and their forms of existence Lecturing to introduce students to the fundamentals, use of computer graphics to enhance understanding Students to answer questions on the chemical elements and compounds 30 Mins Characteristics of chemical elements To ensure that students differentiate the potential harm of the elements Group discussions to analyze the harm that the elements posses Group competition 20 Mins Grouping elements To ensure students are able to differentiate the harmful elements from the non harmful ones Lecturing to elaborate on the type of harm posed by the identified elements Students to answer questions in groups Lesson Plan (80 Minutes: Day 2)
30 Mins Effects of the metals to the environment To ensure students understand the effects of the metals on the environment Lecture and use of case studies Students to answer case study questions 20 Mins Lead Metal To ensure students are conversant with lead metal Use of samples Student to differentiate lead form other metals in groups 30 Mins Lead metal poisoning To ensure students comprehend the effects of lead poisoning as well as how it occurs Lecture to explain the process of lead poisoning Topical test to determine student understanding
The Essay
As aforementioned, instructors are responsible for ensuring that the methods or instructional strategies that they use enhance the process of learning. In essence, Sims (1992) indicates that they are required to use viable strategies that foster understanding of the course content. Use of effective instruction methods is also instrumental in motivating students and enabling them to enjoy learning. Chemistry is a scientific discipline that requires utmost attention during teaching. This is based on the recognition that inability to understand the basics prevents the students form understanding the entire course. Since the students have different capabilities, it was deemed important to use multiple instruction methods in order to address the requirements of each.
Lecturing as a form of instruction is the most basic mode of introducing students to new concepts. Since the course is at its initial stages, lecturing was important in informing the students about the basic concepts related to the elements. In addition, lectures were employed for explaining to the students the processes and implications of lead poisoning. In this regard, this method was used because the information that was being passed on was very comprehensive. Explanations were therefore required to ease understanding and enable the students to grasp the content. This could only be attained effectively through lecturing. Computer graphics were employed to help the students to understand the structure of the elements accordingly. Also, it is worth acknowledging that adolescents tend to loose attention so fast.
Use of computer graphics was important not only in delivering the course content but also in eliminating boredom that undermines effective understanding. The multiple methods of instructions were also employed to address the unique needs of both the fast and slow learners. The classroom is very diverse, comprising of students from different backgrounds and with varied capacities. Use of different methods of instruction was important in ensuring that just like the fast learners; slow learners also grasp the course content by the end of the lesson (s).
Then the use of groups during the learning experience was aimed at addressing the cultural considerations that undermine effective learning. Analysis of the contextual factors of the students indicated that the Black and White students learn better in a group environment. They prefer a social environment and tend to get on well with each other. It was therefore important to group them in order to optimize returns. Hispanic students on the other hand got along well with the Asians. Likewise, grouping them respectively enabled them to undertake group assignments effectively. Of great importance according to Morea (1972) is the fact that group assignment foster cooperation and encourage students to assist each other towards attaining their academic goals.
The choice of discussions and lectures was also informed by the economic background of the students. Since most of them had access to educational amenities, there was no need of providing them with too much information. Allowing them to search for more information about the topics was also useful in helping them to develop and sharpen their research skills. The formative form of assessment was used in this regard to enhance interaction between the students and the teacher and break any tension. Further, it enabled the teacher to understand how the students have understood the content and make interventions accordingly. According to Slethaug (2007), formal assessment is also important in generating additional knowledge through discussions and other forms of interactions. This information was useful for helping the teacher to make adjustments and ensure that that the lesson is fruitful.
The summative assessment on the other hand was used at the end of the topic to determine whether different goals had been attained. In this regard, the purpose of the topic was to address the state goals, institutional goals and academic goals of the students. The timing of the summative assessment was ideal as it was only after the topic that the teacher would be able to determine if the preceding goals had been met. Also, the summative assessment was aimed at addressing the shortcomings in the entire process. Certainly, this can be used to explain why it was administered at the end of the topic. Arguably, this would enable the instructor to draw credible and informed conclusions about the effectiveness of the program.
As identified earlier, computers were used at the initial stages of the topic. Computer generated graphics were employed for illustrating the structure of the elements. This was important for enhancing understanding especially for the slow learning students. Moreover, it was useful for addressing boredom that impacts negatively on the ability of the students to grasp the course content. Being a science based subjective, there were certainly misconceptions regarding the complexity of the topic. Sims (1992) ascertains that such misconceptions compromise effective understanding. Undoubtedly, technology played an imperative role in addressing the misconceptions and enhancing understanding of the course content by both the male and female students. Moreover, it exposed the students to technology improved their understanding regarding its usefulness sin the learning environment.
Conclusion
In sum, it is certain that the learning process is very complex and demanding. Effective learning requires that the instructor has a clear understanding of the diverse student needs. As it has come out form the study, globalization has led to increased diversification of the student fraternity. Currently, they are drawn from various races but have similar academic needs. In this context, the instructor would use multiple instruction methods such as lecturing, observation, discussions and computer graphics to pass on the course content and attain important goals and objectives. Since the students had sufficient amenities, there was no need of providing a lot of information. This encouraged the students to undertake research and sharpen their relative skills. Group work was employed to foster cooperation and enable students to undertake group assignments with ease. This decision was based on the recognition that students performed better when they worked in groups. Finally, assessments methods were useful for generating important information and enabling the instructor to meet vital goals and objectives.
References
Morea, C. (1972). Guidance, selection, and training: ideas and applications. New York: Routledge.
Neary, T. (2000). Teaching, assessing and evaluation for clinical competence: a practical guide for practitioners and teachers. New York: Nelson Thornes.
Sims, J. (1992). Student outcomes assessment: a historical review and guide to program development. Melbourne: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Slethaug, G. (2007). Teaching abroad: International education and the cross-cultural classroom. Aberdeen: Hong Kong University Press.
online-survey
Online Survey
Affiliation
Student’s Name
Introduction
Online survey is a form of data seeking assessments which is done over the internet. This online type of survey is done through online and not face to face interaction. However the questions asked are similar. There are several companies that conduct online survey. The way this survey is carried out is a little bit different but normally serve the same purpose. These kind of companies are such as; SurveyMonkey®, mysurvey, swagbuks, vindale and, QuestionPro research. For people to use the service, they must sign up in the survey website of the company. In addition, the user must make membership payment so that they can get most features that are being offered. However, most of them have free accounts which allows people to use for free.
The Features in free accounts are limited and may not be effective for conducting reliable and a good survey. This is because they limit the surveyor to send questionnaires to limited number of people. For Survey Monkey ® Company, it allows the free user to send message to only 100 responders with a maximum of ten questions per questionnaire. Despite the fact that they are free, one has to upgrade them in order to enjoy their services. This requirement contradicts with the SurveyMonkey® company free services providing. On top of free basic plan, SurveyMonkey® also offers additional advanced plans such as Select, Gold and platinum at a given fee. Select plan services goes for $26 per month, gold for $299 a year but with additional advanced privileges to the user than those offered in Select. In gold plan services, the users can send questionnaires to unlimited number of people. Platinum plan services has got more advanced feature such as text analysis, 24/7 email support and other features.
There are various disadvantages and advantages of online survey. Their advantages includes the following; online survey allows a person to directly send questions to people in different location at the same time. Unlike traditional survey where the surveyor has to travel to meet people who will respond to his/her questions. This enables the surveyor to receive more results from diverse locations unlike when he/she traditional methods which is limited in terms of geographical location. If the researcher is targeting larger geographical space, this method is faster than when a person is to travel to those places (Marsden & Wright, 2010).
Online survey maybe advantageous when the scale of the area targeted gives high responds, however when the population is low, this method may not be suitable. When the scale is higher, the cost of doing research becomes less. This happens because, the staff members are not required to enter the data that has been gathered into the system manually. Instead, the respondents post’s their answers to the system directly. This eases the work for researchers since data is already available in softcopy format. This allows the researcher to transfer the data into other tools of scrutiny such as computer software easily. In addition, the questions are designed easily in online survey. This platform provides samples of questions in several fields as well as different in formats (Sue & Ritter, 2007). The data in online survey is analyzed automatically and this makes it to be effective. The results are stated in with charts and graphs. If this task was to be done manually, it would consume a lot of time and would be disposed to errors. Online survey is, therefore, more accurate compared to the traditional survey.
Online survey is convenient for participants. Since responds is to be done at their own convenient time, unlike if it was to be carried out through the phone or face-to-face. Moreover, the researcher may design a question that suites each target group with ease. The researcher may change the questions when here is need, and the respondents are given chance to change their responds too. People who respond to online survey are more likely to be honest. This is because people always feel safe while in the unidentified locations of the internet.
There are disadvantages of online surveys. The main disadvantage is that this survey targets internet users only. The illiterate people and those who are not conversant with telecommunication are thus left out. Some respondents might give inappropriate answers this is because the interviewer is not present to give more clarifications about what is expected from the questionnaires. When the targeted population is small and is located within a small geographical location, the method of survey is not suitable. In this case, face-to-face method is faster than online method (Braithwaite, Emery, Lusignan, & Sutton, 2003).
Since the interviewer does not monitor the participants, he might wait for them to respond yet at they may ate the end not respond. Others respondents may respond later when the data have already been analyzed and conclusion made. Some use incentives to stimulate participants, however, the participants will answer the questions so as to get incentives but not to the progress of the study. This contributes to fraud of the survey. Respondents may not answer questions when they are put in unfavorable position. Survey validity, is the ability of a given survey to openly represent what the researchers had targeted and what the survey itself claims to represent. In other words, the accuracy of the survey. Survey validity is divided in two, external and internal validity. External validity is the degree in which the results from the survey can be comprehended thus to the entire population. On the other hand, internal validity is the extent to which a surveyor precisely and exactly measures had been targeted.
Online survey may or may not be outwardly effectively responsible on the targeted group. For a survey to be externally valid, it should cover a large proportion of the population as possible. When majority of the targeted group are not internet users then the survey may not be effective. For example, an online survey may be externally effective when it is targeting teenagers and young adult since they are the frequent internet users. However it may not be valid when it intends to gather information from older people. Internet is vastly associated with middle class and upper class people. Poor people living in rural areas where there is no internet might be disadvantaged, thus reducing the external validity online survey (Sue & Ritter, 2007).
As for internal validity, online validity again may be or may not be valid depending on the design of the questions. If the questions are accurately designed such that they are clear and are not ambiguous then the survey will be internally valid. Since in online survey there is no interviewee do will assist participants in understanding question, there is more chances of if it being internally invalid. Internal validity is also a challenge because people may answer the questions twice or even more if they have multiple accounts and emails. Internet connectivity may also affects the way a person respond to questions. A person may respond to same questions differently if the internet is slow and when connection is fast. The speed on the internet will thus determine the validity of the survey. In addition, gadget used by participants may affect the validity of the survey, some gadgets such as mobile phone may be too small to be read clearly, other are large computers which can easily ne read.
Reliability of a survey is its ability to show reliability in the results that it gives each and every time the same survey is administered. Reliability is closely related to internal validity. As seen above, many factors affects the way a respondent answer a question. Factors such the display effect will influence the way a person interprets a question. Variations in the way questions are presented across various gadgets, operating systems and the size of the screen as a prospective of manipulating participants in interpretation of what they see. With the development in technology old gadget are always disposed while users get a new one. This changes alters their interpretation next time they are given the same questions. Changes in different aspects of technology hence affects reliability of online survey method (Beerbohm, 1921)
In conclusion, online survey is a vital method of collection and analyzing of data. It has more advantages, which have makes it popular in modern. The key challenges that this method of survey is facing is lack of consistency and poor internal validity. This issues should be addressed properly so that the users can enjoy full benefits related online survey.
References
Beerbohm, M. (1921). A survey. London: W. Heinemann.
Braithwaite, D., Emery, J., de Lusignan,S., & Sutton, S. (2003). Using the Internet to
Conduct Surveys of Health Professionals: A Valid Alternative? Family Practice
Marsden, P. V., & Wright, J. D. (2010). Handbook of survey research. Bingley, UK: Emerald.
Sue, V. M., & Ritter, L. A. (2007). Conducting online surveys. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.