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Oedipus the Irony
Oedipus the Irony
In Sophocles’s Oedipus The King, Oedipus’s life was set for him. He learned through the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, that during the span of his lifetime that he would kill his father and marry his mother. He was obviously concerned by this. Laius also received the same Oracle from Apollo. Laius, the King of Thebes, was also worried by this prophecy. They both tried to stop their destiny and change the future. They believe that they were powerful enough to control everything around them. Ironically, these two strangers meet and Oedipus kills Laius and marries Laius widow. Then in order to stop the plague that hits the city Oedipus needs to find the murder of the former king of Thebes. He even curses the murder and demand that he speaks up. Ironically, it is no other than himself. He also warned by his wife/mother Jocasta not to continue the search for killer. He does not listen to her, and in return he discovers the horrible truth. In which costs Jocasta her life. He also says that he will go easy on the man who will turn himself in for the murder of Laius. But, ironically the punishment that he gives himself is far worse than anyone else would have received. This great play is filled with many cynical parts throughout. But the irony is what makes this play such genius.
When Laius got his Oracle of Apollo from Delphi (that his son would kill him and marry his widow), he tried to control faith by having his baby boy killed. He had baby Oedipus bounded and pierced by the feet and left on the mountainside for dead. The baby was given to King Polybus, ruler of Corinth. Polybus took care of Oedipus like one of his own. Oedipus even believes that he was Polybus’s son. Then Oedipus received the same Oracle that he would kill his father and marry his mother. He tried to fight faith by leaving Corinth, so he could not kill Polybus (who Oedipus though was his real father). Both men tried to fight faith yet they instead themselves directly to their destiny. Because on Oedipus journey away from the Kingdom of Corinth, he meet up with his true father, Laius, and killed him. Fulfilling the first part of the Oracle. So even in trying to stop faith, they instead fell strait into it. Ironically, in trying to escape killing his father (whom he thinks is Polybus) he kills a complete stranger (his real father, Laius).
I believe that in these two men trying to fight faith, they lead themselves to it. Instead of stopping the Oracle send to them, they stepped right into it. Even when they knew the future they were unable to stop it. Unknowingly, Oedipus killed his father Laius. They both thought that they were able to control their own destiny, but in the end they walked right into it.
After killing Laius, Oedipus journeyed into the kingdom of Thebes (his home town). Being a wise man, Oedipus saved the city of Thebes by solving the riddle of the Sphinx, which was terrorizing the people of the city. As his reward, Oedipus went on to become King of Thebes and marry Jocasta widow of Laius. Thus fulfilling the second part of the Oracle of Apollo. Then a great plague swept the city. Oedipus learned from Creon (Jocasta brother, Oedipus uncle) that the only way that the plague would end if Laius murder was found, “Creon: Banish the man, or pay back blood with blood./ Murder sets the plague-storm on the city”(Oedipus the King, 113-114). So the king went on a search through the city for the murder of the former king of Thebes (unknowingly himself). “Oedipus: if any one knows who murdered Laius,/ the son of Labdacus, I order him to reveal/ the whole truth to me”(Oedipus the King, 254-256). Then he calls for Lord Tiresias, who is a prophet of Apollo. Tiresias does not want to tell the Oedipus the truth, because he knows that it will cause great disturbance in the kingdom. But Oedipus insists that Tiresias tell what he knows. “Tiresias: I say you are the murderer you hunt”(Oedipus the King, 413). Ironically in calling out for the murderer of Laius, he is indeed calling out his own faith.
I believe that in trying to find the assassin of Laius, Oedipus is sealing his own faith. By searching for the murderer, he going to uncover something more horrific than he can even imagines. He learns that he did complete his destiny that the Oracle of Apollo has set for him. Jocasta tries to bring reassurance to Oedipus that could not have killed Laius. “Jocasta: still, my lord,/ he could never make the murder of Laius/ truly fit the prophecy. Apollo was explicit:/ my son was doomed to kill my husband”(Oedipus the King, 942-945). She also tries to insure Oedipus that Oracle of Apollo was wrong, because Polybus has died not at the hands Oedipus. “Jocasta: This is the man that Oedipus feared for years,/ he fled him, not to kill him – and now he’s dead”(Oedipus the King, 1036-1037). Oedipus fills much better about this, “Oedipus: all those prophecies I feared – Polybus/ packs them off to sleep with him in hell!/ They’re nothing, worthless”(Oedipus the King, 1063-1064). The irony for all this is that Oedipus is relieved because he thinks that the Oracle was false because he did not kill Polybus. But he never two and two together and relies that he is the son of Laius not Polybus. And that he did actually fulfill the Oracle of Apollo. Jocasta knows that Oedipus should stop his search for the truth, but Oedipus would not listen to her. She begs to her husband/son to let chance take precedence over his need to find the truth. She knows that the truth discovered will rip apart everything in their lives. “Jocasta: What should a man fear? It’s all chance,/ chance rules our lives./ Live, Oedipus,/ as if there’s no tomorrow!”(Oedipus the King, 1069-1070, 1077-1078). Oedipus discovers the truth that he did kill his real father then marry his mother. He relies that the Oracle has come true. This is too much for Jocasta to handle and she kills herself. Ironically, that was Jocasta last day on earth.
Oedipus is overwhelmed by what he has discovered. So he blind himself by putting his own eyes out with the long gold pins off of Jocasta’s clothing. This is very ironic. Because he was willing to pardon any who admitted the crime and just have them exile from the kingdom. Yet he was much harder on himself than he would have been on anyone else. He cries out, “You,/ you’ll see no more the pain I suffered, all the pain I caused!”(Oedipus the King, 1405-1406)
The ironies of this play a just brilliant. They allowed the play to move on with such amazing beauty. The irony of Laius and Oedipus trying to fight faith, yet instead walking right into it. If either one of these two decided not to control their faith the story would have never been able to take place. The irony of Jocasta warning Oedipus not to continue his search for the murder, which leads to her committing suicide. Just like all the other ironies, that all served a purpose that keeps this story alive.
Design choices, Design 1 Engineering construction methods, Water methods at Sandhikhola
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Design choices, Design 1: Engineering construction methods, Water methods at Sandhikhola
Sandhikhola village in Nepal has had water shortages over the past decade, specifically, in the dry (pre-monsoon) seasons, resulting to the drying up of ground water. Consequently, villagers have been forced to collect water from waterways situated in remotely situated streams. The Nepalese women have had to collect water for nearly four hours each day. Several water design methods proposed for the village include rainwater harvesting tanks in the local homes and spring intake structures for directing water from groundwater springs to the local tap stands. In designing and constructing the community water systems, the sources of water supply should be considered to allow for little maintenance for operational factors needed to provide sufficient supply of water to the community (Igdata 8). Several options are available namely, surface water, up-ground reservoirs or tanks.
Surface water
Surface water sources in Sandhikhola village include the tributary streams and artificial reservoirs. In regards to water protection, the water quality should be considered while examining the surface water due to pollution. This is because it may render the accessible water unusable for purposes of potable water supplies, despite provision of complete treatment (WorldBank 13.1).
Protection of the surface water should start from assessment of the water quantity. This includes reviewing the available water supply yield. The assessments should show that a minimum drought return period of one in 50 years has been applied in calculation of safe yield. The minimum drought duration of 30 days should also be used. The yield should also be sufficient to offer ample water for the authorised users of the source. The yield should also be adequate enough to meet the current and future water demands of the village without substantially affecting the waterway habitat.
The underlying impact includes provision of sufficient water for the village, relative to the population. Compared to up-ground reservoirs or tanks, surface water from the streams in Sandhikhola village is not readily available.
Up-ground reservoirs or tanks
Ground water sources can be harnessed to pump water directly to the small reservoirs or tanks, holding basis and aerial- and ground-level storage tanks. An up-ground reservoir refers to a storage facility that holds water during the periods of high stream flow or good water quality. Water is pumped into the facility for future use by the community (WorldBank 13.1). The reservoir should be constructed to ensure that high quality water is protected through control of runoff into the reservoir. Dikes should as well be constructed to be structurally fit and protected from erosion of wave action. Further, the point of influent flow should be separate from the withdrawal point. Additionally, separate pipes should be provided for influent into the reservoir and effluent out of the reservoir. In preparing the site for the reservoirs, bushes and trees should be eliminated to facilitate elevation of water. The reservoirs should have ladders and access ways to offer safe maintenance. They should also have lightning arrestors.
In planning for groundwater supply, not much can be done to determine the chemical quality of the water since the water is to be obtained from a range of well-define and varied water-bearing strata of geological layers. The water’s mineral or chemical quality from the aquifers depends on the materials that dissolve within the aquifer.
Overall, the constructions will ensure sustained high quality of water for the Sandhikhola village residents. Compared to surface water in Sandhikhola village, groundwater is considered the source of water that is mostly readily available, since it can be tapped from underneath the water table.
Water Wells
A well refers to a hole that has been drilled or dug beneath the earth surface for purposes of groundwater extraction (WorldBank 7.1). The dug wells would be a suitable source of public water supply, since the site-specific conditions at Sandhikhola village in Nepal permit its construction. Dug wells consist of pits or holes dug into the ground, mostly up to 15 metres deep, to harvest water from the water table. For protection, the dug well should be lined with bricks, concrete or stones. An underlying impact is that it prevents likely caving in of the wall. In the deep aquifer layer, walls should be aligned with prefabricated caisson rings or slots to allow groundwater to pass to the dug well.
A watertight cover should be provided at all times. Additionally, protective lining and grouted depth of not less than 3 metres from the ground elevation shall be constructed. The pump discharge piping will not be placed through the well’s wall or the wall casing. These will protect the well opening from the entry of foreign particles (WorldBank 7.1).
For sandstone or limestone wells, permanent casing will be seated firmly in the un-creviced rock, where the deepness of unconsolidated aquifers is at least 15 metres. In cases where the depth of the unconsolidated aquifers is less than 25 metres, the depth of the casing will be at least 15 metres. For naturally flowing wells, the flow should be controlled. Additionally, permanent casing should be provided. In case of erosion of the enclosing beds seems likely, protective construction will be required. This will prevent the walls from eroding.
Groundwater springs
Sandhikhola village has springs that require protection. Springs consist of outcrops of groundwater that resemble water holes or wet spots situated along river banks. To ensure that the villagers benefit from satisfactory water, the available springs should be developed and surface water intrusion eliminated. Livestock and rodents should also be prevented from accessing the springs. Additionally, no immediate upstream settlement should be allowed as it is a risk factor for biological contamination. For the springs in Sandhikhola village to be protected from surface water pollution, a deep diverting ditch should be constructed around the spring. Additionally, the collecting basin and the spring should have water-tight lid, specifically concrete.
Construction of the spring is essential, since it facilitates optimal benefits from water flow. It also prevents pollution and animal intrusion. Additionally, it prevents damage and likely diversion. In the construction process, the eye should be enlarged to increase the water yield quantity. This is attained by digging out the area that surrounds the hole, down to the impermeable layer to eliminate mineral matter, silt and rock fragments. Stones should afterwards be piled to provide foundation layer for the spring box. Later, a spring box should be constructed to surround the spring’s expanded eye. This will protect the water from contamination. Since Sandhikhola village has several springs distributed in the same area, a silt trap should be constructed to serve as the reservoir that collects water from the springs.
Rainwater
Rainwater is essentially an instant resource capable of augmenting Sandhikhola village’s existing water supply systems. This is due to the fact that rain is evenly distributed across the year while ground and surface water is scarce. Rainwater can be collected from the roofs of houses in the village before being channelled to a storage tank or cistern, which is a watertight tank. Since the rainwater is likely to wash air pollutants, paint, animal and bird dropping, leaves, as well as dirt and dust from its catchment area on the way to the cistern, special provisions should be provided to avoid the first five or ten minutes of rainwater flow, as well as to sieve the collected water. The cistern should be treated after each rainwater collection, using chlorine compound of no less than 5 mg/l chlorine. Compared to spring water, the rainwater is less reliable in Sandhikhola village.
Design 2: Education programme
The education programs should educate the villagers on the underlying factors that affect the water quality. Increased awareness can trigger increased community cooperation towards collaborative protection of the water sources (FEMA 26). Essentially, the factors that affect the water quality in the water supply system include the quality of treated water that is fed into the water supply system. Others include the materials and conditions of the water pipes, the storage facilities that form the water system, as well as, the period water is retained in the water system (Env.Gov 3-5).
Community consultation workshops should be initiated to educate the local community about the importance of monitoring the spring discharge, local stream flow and the rainfall patterns. Provision of training to the residents of the Sandhikhola village in hydrological monitoring for the already installed rainfall and stream flow gauging stations will ensure adequate protection of the engineered water systems. The community is likely to gain insight into balancing use of the spring water, rainwater, stream water and the water already stored in tanks, cisterns and reservoirs.
To protect the constructed spring box and the stream bank, buffer strips will have to be installed. Training the villagers on how to install buffer strips, such as vegetated buffers strips along the streams will ensure protected and improved water quality. The buffers strips are made up of plants and shrubbery that filter and sift sediments, pesticide and nutrients, in addition to other pollutants. They also stabilise the stream banks and prevent destruction of spring box (Mass.Gov).
The community should be taught the importance of regular maintenance of up-ground reservoirs and the water tank maintenance. Compared to steel water tanks, concrete tanks have lower maintenance cost. Educational programs on paint coating are essential. The members of the communities should further be trained on how to conduct formal coating inspections to protect the design life of the reservoirs (VCC.edu). Specifically, those who will carry out the inspection should be trained on how to evaluate the up-ground tanks and structures, paint conditions, structural alignment and leakage of the inflow and outflow pipes. Training should also encompass how to dewater the tank and to eliminate the rusts, blisters and growths, as well as fastening the loose rivets or welding. Further training should be on how to undertake disposal of chlorinated water after tank construction or disinfecting the tank (Uidaho 9-19). It will also prevent corrosion of the iron pipes and dissolving copper and lead from the joints and pipe walls. It will also prevent harbouring and re-growth of opportunistic pathogens, as well as reaction of disinfectants with the organic or inorganic compounds causing odour and taste problems.
Education programs should also be initiated to ensure optimised protection of the walls. The key training programs to the community, specifically those assigned the responsibility of operating the well, should include how to rehabilitate the facility for optimal protection. Training on combinations of methods that can be used includes use of chemicals for dissolving the incrusting particles to allow them to be pumped from the well. Second set of training procedures include cleaning of the well with a brush that is fixed to a drilling rig.
Training on using pressure jets is also vital. The high-pressure jetting, jets water at high pressure to clean the well walls. Additional training includes how to use chemicals to clean the well. Selected chemicals can be put in the wells before being pumped with water to eliminate pathogens. Liquid bacteria acid can be used to eliminate slime and bacteria. Sulfamic acid can be used, alongside the modifiers and inhibitors to eliminate clogs. Chlorine compounds may as well be used to effectively kill bacteria. This will improve water quality, as well as prevent deterioration of the water distribution system (FEMA 26).
Educational programs on harvesting water are essential. In the case of Sandhikhola village, the villagers should be taught how to construct their homes so as to harvest water. Further training should include how to evaluate the cistern for structural alignment, paint conditions and leakages. Training should further cover how to enable special provisions to avoid the first five or ten minutes of rainwater flow, in addition to how to sieve the collected water. This will prevent contamination through cross-connections or from the leaking pipe joints. Additionally, training should encompass how the cistern should be treated after each rainwater collection, using chlorine compound. Overall, an optimal combination of these training programs will prevent cost of replacement, promote hydraulic reliability, as well as improve risk quality (FEMA 26).
Works Cited
Env.Gov. “Guidelines for the Design, Construction and Operation of Water and Sewerage Systems,” 2005. 22 May 2014, <http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/waterres/waste/groundwater/guidelines_for_design_constr_oper_wss.pdf>
FEMA. “Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods”, 2008. 22 May 2014, <http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/Water_Supply_Systems_Volume_I.pdf>
Igdata. “Design Brief: Nepal,” 2014. 22 May 2014, <http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/380/1053838/B.Design_Brief_Nepal_2014.pdf>
Mass.Gov. “Vegetated Buffer Strips: Slow the Flow to Protect Water Quality,” 2014. 22 May 2014, <http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/massdep/water/watersheds/vegetated-buffer-strips-slow-the-flow.html>
Uidaho. “Reservoir Design and Storage Volume” nd. 22 May 2014, <http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/ce431/Handouts/WA%20DOH%20Water%20Res%20Guidelines.pdf>
VCC.edu. “Water Tank Design and Maintenance,” n.d., 22 May 2014, <http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env110/Lesson10_print.htm>
WorldBank. Rural Water Supply. World Bank Office Manila, Manila
Design and Strategies for e- commerce
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Design and Strategies for e- commerce
Question 1
Advantages of symmetric key Encryption
Simple: This sort of encryption is not difficult to do. All clients need to do is determine and offer the mystery key and afterward start to encode and unscramble messages. Encrypt and unscramble your documents: If you utilize encryption for messages or records which only you plan to get to, there is no compelling reason to make diverse keys (Mihir, et al. 12). Single-key encryption is best for this. Fast: Symmetric key encryption is much speedier than uneven key encryption.
Uses less workstation assets: Single-key encryption does not oblige a great deal of machine assets when contrasted with open key encryption. Prevents far-reaching message security bargain (Dan, et al 23): An alternate mystery key is utilized for correspondence with each distinctive gathering. On the off chance that a key is bargained, just the messages between a specific pair of sender and beneficiary are influenced. Interchanges with other individuals are still secure.
Advantages of Public key encryption
Comfort: It tackles the issue of conveying the key for encryption. Everyone distributes their open keys and private keys are kept mystery. Provides for message validation: Public key encryption permits the utilization of computerized marks, which empowers the beneficiary of a message to check that the message is really from a specific sender (Canetti, Ran, Shai and Jonathan 49). Detection of altering: The utilization of computerized marks out in the open key encryption permits the recipient to locate if the message was adjusted in travel. A digitally marked message cannot be altered without nullifying the mark.
Provide for non-renouncement: Digitally marking a message is likened to physically marking a record. It is an acknowledgement of the message and therefore, the sender cannot deny it.
Question 2
The SSL convention works between the requisition layer and the TCP/IP layer. This permits it to scramble the information stream itself, which can then be transmitted safely, utilizing any of the provision layer conventions. A web SSL authentication is electronically marked by a Certificate Authority (CA). The CA’s authentication is inserted in programs. At the point when your program starts a SSL association with the server it reacts with its marked SSL declaration. Your program checks the signature of the authentication with right CA’s declaration that is inserted your program. On the off chance that check passes it extricates people in general key from the server’s testament.
Hashing techniques
In the event that one needs to store a certain set of comparative protests and needs to rapidly get to a provided for one (or return with the come about that it is obscure), the first thought would be to store them in a schedule, conceivably sorted for speedier access (Kocarev, Ljupco, and Zarko 12). Hence one uses a much greater show and utilization a capacity on the space of conceivable items with number qualities to choose, where in the cluster to store a certain item. In the event that this alleged hash capacity circulates the really put away questions fine over the show, the right to gain entrance time is steady in normal.
Question 3
A Credit card is an installment card issued to clients as an arrangement of installment. It permits the cardholder to pay for merchandise and administrations focused around the holder’s guarantee to pay for them. Digicash transactions were extraordinary in that they were unacknowledged because of various cryptographic conventions (Kocarev, Ljupco, and Zarko 40). Cybercash- permit traders to process Visas and launch immediate exchanges from client financial records. Trader transactions were sent to Cybercash servers which got to the Credit card systems and Automated Clearing House (ACH). Notwithstanding its back-end installment transforming, Cybercash additionally given the Insta-buy computerized wallet benefit that fills in the structures at any web-shopping website.
(Question 3 c)
Really Good Privacy (PGP) is an information encryption and decoding workstation program that gives cryptographic protection and validation to information correspondence. PGP is regularly utilized for marking, encoding, and decoding writings, messages, documents, catalogs, and entire plate parcels and to expand the security of email interchanges.
Question 4 a.
Value esteem affectability: Chinese purchasers are truly thrifty and are among the best deal seekers you’ll go over they pride themselves on that.
Transportation cost and pace: Shipping expenses are for the most part negligible and in many cases free in the event that you buy a certain amount or dollar sum.
Question 4 b.
Huge Data is a prevalent pattern ready to go and in promoting. The idea can mean distinctive things to diverse organizations. For e-commerce, retailers ought to try to utilize Big Data to accumulate huge data, in the event that you will, that may be utilized to settle on better purchasing and offering choices (Mihir, et al. 12).
Retailers online or in physical stores need to offer customers a consistent, cross channel shopping knowledge that makes purchasing things simpler for the client. To keep on getting a charge out of achievement in 2014, consider offering customers the capacity to impart requests crosswise over gadgets, requisitions, and even commercial centers.
Works cited
Bellare, Mihir, et al. “Relations among notions of security for public-key encryption schemes.” Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO’98. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998.
Boneh, Dan, et al. “Public key encryption with keyword search.” Advances in Cryptology-Eurocrypt 2004. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004.
Canetti, Ran, Shai Halevi, and Jonathan Katz. “A forward-secure public-key encryption scheme.” Advances in Cryptology—Eurocrypt 2003. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. 255-271.
Kocarev, Ljupco, and Zarko Tasev. “Public-key encryption based on Chebyshev maps.” Circuits and Systems, 2003. ISCAS’03. Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on. Vol. 3. IEEE, 2003.