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Depression in children
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Depression in children
Introduction
Like in teenagers and adults, depression is the most prevalent psychological disorder in children. This is certainly surprising since many people hold the notion that children have nothing stressing them enough to fall into depression. However, children stand a higher risk of falling into depression than elders. This is mainly due to their inability to fight back, lack of understanding, lack of power to tolerate harsh times, homesickness and a relatively easy inclination to what is wrong. These factors underline not only the reality but also the possibility of depression in children. According to studies, depression in children is a grave issue that mainly affects children between the age of 4 and 12. Being at relatively young ages, these children find it difficult to comprehend what is happening or even talk with somebody about it. Unfortunately, their inability to express themselves in case of depression is considered also normal for children in this age group. This brings to the fore two critical issues; difficulty in diagnosing the problem and suicidal thoughts or tendencies. The suicidal thoughts emanate from their inability to have a clear judgment for their thinking, in which case they hold the notion that they had rather die than live a strangely difficult and alien life. While this analysis places an overwhelming responsibility on the parents to be on the lookout for the varied signs of depression in their children, evaluating the causes of the problem is crucial (Goodyear et al. 96). It has always been thought that depression in children results from variations in hormones, traumatic situations and even low self esteem or confidence. While these may trigger the depression, it is necessary to acknowledge that some children are more predisposed or vulnerable to becoming depressed than others, thanks to their genetic make-up. This underlines the fact that hereditary factors play a key role in the occurrence of depression in children.
Supporting arguments for depression in children as a hereditary problem
Studies on twins- the larger part of what is known of genetic influence on depression is based on research done on twins, both fraternal and identical. Identical twins have particularly been extremely helpful in this research since their genetic code is exactly the same. Studies show that in cases where one of the identical twins falls into depression, the other one also develops depression about 76 percent of the times. In cases where the identical twins are brought up apart from each other, both fall into depression in about 67 percent of the times. While there is a ten percentage variation, one would acknowledge that genetic influence on depression in children is quite strong (Scott and Joughin 57). The fact that the rate is not a 100 percent underlines the fact that other factors influence an individual’s vulnerability to depression. However, these other factors only serve as the trigger for depression (Rutter and Taylor 77).
This notion is cemented by studies done on fraternal twins. Fraternal twins do not have similar genetic code but only share approximately 50 percent of the genetic makeup. Research on fraternal twins shows that when one of the fraternal twins falls into depression, the other twin also falls into depression in approximately 19 percent of the time. This is quite low compared to the high rates in the case of identical twins, which points at the strong influence of the genes. In addition, it is noteworthy that the rate is still way higher in comparison to the rates in the general public (Goodyear 59). This points at the influence of genetic makeup given that the high rates can be attributed to the shared 50 percent genetic makeup.
Genes for depression- numerous researches have been done in an attempt to identify the genes that lead individuals to develop depressive illnesses. While there is no consistency in the studies as to the specific genes that are responsible for the condition, results of a number of researches have suggested that specific genes cause depression in children to occur in certain families and mot in others. Much is not known about the predisposition or vulnerability imposed by genes to depressive illnesses. However, studies indicate the presence of a high likelihood that a combination of genes increases the vulnerability of an individual to depression (Scott and Joughin 49).
Legacy- while it was believed that the environment that a child is living in remains the main culprit for the depression, research show that there is inherited vulnerability and susceptibility to depression. Studies show that individuals with close relatives who at one time fell into depression stand a relatively higher likelihood of developing the condition (Scott and Joughin 37). The genes that individuals inherit from their parents determine numerous things about them such as their complexion, color of their hair and eyes, as well as their gender. In essence, the genes determine the illnesses that one may be more vulnerable to contract at one point in his or her life. Except in cases of identical twins, no two persons have a similar genetic makeup (Rutter and Taylor 76). Research shows that individuals with siblings or parents who have undergone considerable depression, are 2 to 3 times more likely to fall into depression compared to those who may not have relatives with the illness. In addition, such individuals stand higher chances of having bipolar disorder, a form of mental illness. In addition, it is noteworthy that the condition has been linked with changes in chemical composition in the part of one’s brain that is responsible for controlling moods. The variations hinder the brain from functioning normally thereby resulting to depression. It has always been acknowledged that the brain and its functioning or reaction to particular situations is determined by an individual’s genes (Goodyear 49). In addition, bipolar disorder is strongly influenced by the genetic makeup of the individual. Studies show that about fifty percent of individuals with bipolar disorders have a parent or parents who at one time suffered from depression. Children born of a mother or father with bipolar disorder stand a 25 percent chance of having clinical depression at one time in their lives. In cases where both parents have had bipolar disorders, the child stands a 50 to 80 percent chance of developing depression. Individuals whose siblings have bipolar disorder are 2-10 times more likely to have a serious depressive disorder compared to those that have no such siblings.
Conclusion
Depression in children has been remarkably prevalent in the recent times. However, it has been extremely difficult to diagnose it since its chief symptom is also a key characteristic of children between 4 and 12 years of age. However, given the seriousness of the condition, especially as far as having fatal results is concerned, it is crucial that the main causes be examined and remedied (Rutter and Taylor 46). Nevertheless, it is vital to acknowledge that genetics play a significant role in influencing its occurrence. In essence, twin brothers stand a higher chance of contracting the illness in comparison to the general public. In addition, individuals whose siblings or parents have had depression at one time or the other stand a higher chance of contracting the ailment (Rutter and Taylor 57). Studies also show that some genes or a combination of genes influence the occurrence of depression.
Works Cited
Rutter, Morris. and Taylor, Elly. ‘Child and Adolescent Psychiatry’ (4th edn). London: Blackwell. 2002. Print.
Goodyear, Alexander. The Depressed Child and Adolescent, second edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2001. Print.
Scott, Antony and Joughin, Collins. Finding the Evidence’ – A Gateway to the Literature in Child and Adolescent Mental Health (2nd edn). London: Gaskell. 2001. Print.
Depression And Processed Foods And How Exercising Helps Deal With Depression
Depression And Processed Foods And How Exercising Helps Deal With Depression
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Introduction
Depression is a usual disorder that bedevils many people in the world. Research indicates that women are twice likely hit by the problem than men during their lifetime. The problem can occur at any stage of a person’s life regardless of their ethnicity, income, race, and education. Depression is a significant public health issue that brings about suffering, diminishes functioning and health and may lead to economic burden to the society, personal, and third-party payers. When proper treatment is not sought, the disorder may have a disabling influence that results in poor self-care, personal suffering, impaired personal relationships, and lack of follow-up of medical treatments, substance-use, and physical illness, loss of income, self harm, and even suicide (Johanson, 2008).
The subject under study is an elderly woman who got used to taking huge consumption of processed food. The woman was a client at Compcare. The reason for her choice is because assessment and follow-up get easier and cheaper. Pharmacological medication and exercise is the form of treatment used for the patient. The study took a period of one month. It started on May 23rd, 2013 and ended on June 23rd, 2013. Most studies on use of processed food focuses on clinical recognition, prevalence, assessment, and treatment. The above study focuses use of processed food and the effectiveness of various intervention methods. The client was under the supervision of a therapist and the agreement made was for her to cut down on consuming processed food and execise so as to reduce depression. Counting the number of times the client defaulted those agreements formed the basis for assessment. The subject signed an Informed Consent Form (Appemdix).
Consuming processed food results in symptoms brought about by disorders and diseases that affect the brain, including (AD) Alzheimer’s disease, strokes, (PD) Parkinson’s disease, and much more. It involves continuous loss of memory and other cognitive senses such as emotional control and problem solving. Research shows that the earliest stage that one gets diagnosed with the problem is commonly called MCI (mild cognitive impairment). As the problem advances, the victim’s ability to conduct instrumental and daily activities gets impaired.
Psychological and behavioral signs of depression from taking processed food , also called neuropsychiatric symptoms of depression, affect almost all who take processed food during illness and often manifest during the first stages. Developed classifications on depression indicate that processed food consumption falls into two groups. One is behavioral and the other is psychological. Behavioral gets identified through observation of the patient, and include wandering, screaming, restlessness, sexual disinhibition, cursing, physical aggression, hoarding, shadowing, and culturally unexpected behaviors. Caregivers and patients give psychological symptoms such as anxiety, depressive moods, delusions, and hallucinations (Witham, 2012).
Processed food have adverse effects in older adults. They cut their quality of life of a patient, increase functional and cognitive decline, and get linked with increased mortality. Moreover, these symptoms give stress to caregivers, and get associated with advanced rates of depression in caregivers. They also add to the risk of institutionalization.
Behavioral symptoms of depresion from taking processed food are usually more distressing and plain to observers than psychological signs, and are generally more common in medium to severe victims. However, psychological signs may bring more harm to the patient during the earlier instances of consuming processed food, as victims develop insight about the effect of the diagnosis on their future life.
For the patient picked, the use antidepressants and antipsychotics was the main form of medication. The woman had more adverse effects of depression in processed food compared to other patients. Men generally suffer less than women from depression caused by taking processed food.
Intervention and rationale
The symptoms exuded by the woman called for an intervention. Screaming, undesirable behaviors, eating a lot of processed food, and restlessness characterized her behavior. These problems formed the basis for the study and treatment. The medication options sought targeted reduction of such behaviors. The treatment option that this document discusses gets based on the most proper approach for reducing depression from processed food. Pharmacological medication is the treatment option used. The form of intervention used was for the patient to reduce most of these behaviors. The exact behaviors under study are: screaming, cursing, and a lot of eating. A reduction in the number of undesirable behaviors would result in a handsome shopping from me and a waiver for her medication. An increase would lead to no waiver and no shopping at all. No behavioral change meant moderate help. This is the most effective method as behavioral change is accompanied by a reward. Rewarding the patient stimulated her behavioral change.
The client was under the supervision of a therapist. The therapist administered treatment to her as he checked her progress. There are both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment approaches for the problem. The two intervention methods help in cutting down the depression associated with taking processed food among older adults. Many forms of medications get used, and have varying degrees of success. Non-pharmacological treatments like structured activity programs and behavioral change programs reduce depression, but with modest outcomes. Dosing with gingko biloba extract is a new technique of intervention that has registered success (White, 2009).
Pharmacological treatment got preference to other forms of treatments as it has a higher degree of success compared to other forms of treatment. It works better than non-pharmacological options, which has moderate outcomes.
Pharmacological treatment for depression caused by processed food
Neurotransmitters or receptors targeted by pharmacological therapists include amino acid receptors, cholinergic receptors, and catecholamine receptors. Clinicians have difficulties in treating depression with processed food. Old patients with depressions bear greater comorbid illnesses than non-demented peers, with almost three-fifths of those with AD bearing 3 or greater. This increased level of comorbidity comes from use of many medications. Therefore, polypharmacy and drug interactions help provoke depression in some patients diagnosed with taking a lot of processed food. Because older adults with depressions in processed food have cognitive and physical frailties, they are also susceptible to other adverse effects. Caregivers and clinicians must see patients’ behaviors carefully for evidence of adverse effects when new treatments get introduced because processed food patients communicate rarely. Medication options for the elderly should always take a slower approach. They should start slowly and continues slowly (Greenblat, 2011).
Antidepressants
Antidepressants get prescribed on continuous basis for older adults who take processed food. A recent analysis, in 2007, endorsed treatment of depression with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic depressants in patients with depression. The research findings of the analysis indicated that remission and patient treatment response got superior to the placebo response in the joined effort from all the studies. Other reviews support treatment with various antidepressants, such as fluoxetine, trazodone, movlobemide, and sertraline, on depression in taking processed food. Citalopram and sertraline get commonly prescribed. Reviews show trazadone and mirtazapine as other options but there are fewer trials that support their use.
Antipsychotics
Different categories of antipsychotics treat depression with varying levels of success. However, older adults who take haloperidol are at a significant risk of extrapyramidal signs including tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism. Because of the above reason, most clinicians focus on “atypical” antipsychotics like olanzapine and risperidone, which have vital, thought moderate, effects, and fewer adverse effects than typical antipsychotics at lower doses.
Care is very imperative as both olanzapine and risperidone have increased risks of stroke and associated mortality, and many safety warnings limit their use for treatment of depression in older adults taking processed food. There are disagreements over the real risk involved and people suggest that increased cardiac arrest occur at high doses. Other scholars claim that patients of stroke have other risk factors besides the use of risperidone in processed food (Balch, 2006).
Reduced cholinergic activities, mainly resulting from reduced acetylcholine concenctrations brought about by processed food-linked changes; result from decreased cognitive ability in processed food, and increases in processed food. A review on the effects of rivastigmine on processed food shows that there are positive effects on patients with a range of processed food intake, and that anxiety and apathy form the list of behavioral domains showing the most consistent positive response.
Results
The above approach forms one of the most significant methods of treating depression in taking processed food. After a period of six months whereby the patient was under scrutiny and medication, good results got registered. The patient improved greatly and emerged with less stress than her first state. Earlier symptoms such as restlessness and screaming ceased completely.
The use of pharmacological approach for treatment of depression with processed food is very proper and effective. Antidepressants and antipsychotics have varying levels of success on reduction of depression in processed food. The use of various forms of antipsychotics and antidepressants served the purpose. They greatly cut down on the level of depression for the elderly woman. Since the medication worked well, this paper recommends its use.
EMBED Excel.Chart.8 s
Day of the week Behaviour Total tally
screaming Eating cursing Monday 10 8 12 30
Tuesday 8 6 10 24
Wednesday 4 4 8 16
Thursday 6 3 9 18
Friday 5 3 7 15
Saturday 2 2 6 10
Sunday 2 3 4 9
Appendix
CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE IN A SINGLE SYSTEM RESEARCH DESIGN
I am aware that this research design is being conducted by D.C., who is a Graduate Student at the Rutgers University School of Social Work. This intervention is to fulfill the requirements of a mandatory assignment for Research II, Section 19:910:595, with Professor Raymond Sanchez-Mayers.
The determination is to measure the consequence that moderate exercise, antipsychotics and, antidepressants will have on my consumtions of processed food. I am the only subject participating in this intervention.
The intervention will take 30 days to complete. The data recorded will be on Compcare where I have recently been receiving medication.
I apprehend that the following necessities are essential for this intervention:
Week 1 (Days 1-6) – ingestion of antidepressants
Week 2 (Days 7-12) – ingestion of antidepressants and antipsychotics
Week 3 (Days 13-18) – ingestion of antidepressants and antipsychotics and moderate exercise
Week 4 ( Days 19-28) – exercise only
Every effort will be made to stick to the set schedule for my assessment. The Intervention consists of 10 minutes of warm-up, 15 minutes of brisk walking/slow jog, and 10 minutes of cool down after undergoing pharmacological medication.
I comprehend that there are jeopardies convoluted with any exercise program. I agree to stop the intervention if at any time I feel pain, shortness of breath, or any other symptom of discomfort that seems above and beyond normal exercise symptoms.
It is understood that the benefits of exercising have been shown to parallel a healthy lifestyle, which my focus and reason for volunteering for this research project. I hope to have this be the incentive for me to continue exercising on a frequent basis.
IL (student) for my participation.
If I have any requests about this examination that D.C. is not able to answer, or any complaints regarding this intervention, I may contact Professor Sanchez Mayers at:
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
School of Social Work
536 George Street
New Brunswick, NJ 08901
(732) 932-7520 Ext. 111
Email: write email
Signature on FileSignature on File
_____________________________________________________________
D.R.L. – Research Subject D.C., Student
Date: May 23, 201
References
Johanson, P. (2008). Processed food. New York: Rosen Central.
Greenblatt, J. M. (2011). The Breakthrough Depression Solution: A Personalized 9-Step Method for Beating the Physical Causes of Your Depression. North Branch: Sunrise River Press.
Balch, P. A. (2006). Prescription for nutritional healing. New York: Avery.
Witham, C. (2012). The book of oriental medicine: A complete self-treatment guide. Forres, Scotland: Findhorn Press.
White, D. B. (2009). Overcoming OCD & depression: My personal journey and recovery. New York: Eloquent Books.
Depression and Personality Theory
Depression and Personality Theory
Author
Institution
Depression and Personality Theory
#1
Beck’s cognitive therapy is pegged on Beck’s theory which proposes that depression is caused by three things namely; self worth, the environment, and the future. Depressions result from a negative view of oneself in his or her environment and a bleak view of the future. This results in hopelessness because the person views himself or herself as not being fit for society (McLeod, 2008). The person blames him or herself for any deficiencies in their life. Beck’s therapy is effective in therapy because therapy involves helping a patient to change his view of himself and the world around him. Thus, it involves creating a positive self- image. Thus, the focus is on the cognitive, which is the basis for developing a poor self- image.
Irene is a twenty three year old girl. She comes from a middle income family, and she has always had a good upbringing. Although she did not have a privileged upbringing, she had a comfortable life. Irene is a beautiful girl, and she has always received admiration from her peers. In addition to this, she is an above average student, and she has never had to struggle much in her education. She has always had things fall in place without much effort.
However, Irene recently completed her college studies and finding a job has been hard because most employers think she is not qualified for the available positions. Additionally, her boyfriend recently broke up with her for another girl who is not even college educated and whom, according to Irene is not as beautiful as her. These two events have left Irene devastated, and she is depressed. Cognitive therapy is suitable for Irene because she needs to have a positive image of herself. This would restore a positive image of herself and her capabilities. This is because her depression is due to a negative self- image and hopelessness for the future (McLeod, 2008).
#2
My interpersonal style follows Sullivan’s theory, which states that human behavior is formed from interactions with other people. The personality of a person emerges from interactions with other people (Magnavita, 2012). These interactions result in reactions, which form the basis of personality. Human nature is based on the principle of maximizing pleasure and reducing pain. This describes the desire by people to avoid those situations that result in discomfort. According to Sullivan, human beings are interdependent and thus, most cases of maximizing pleasure come from interactions with others. These interactions are mutually satisfying and thus, they result in pleasure and reduction of anxiety.
My interpersonal have been affected, by the need to have friends whom I can count on at all times. These are people whom I can interact with at any time and do so freely without fear of being judged. Additionally, we share common interests, and this increases pleasure when we are having a good time because we are able to find different ways of maximizing pleasure. Sometimes, these interactions result in conflicts, which we solve amicably because conflicts reduce pleasure and increase anxiety (Magnavita, 2012). Those relationships that do not result in pleasure are quickly terminated because they cause discomfort.
These styles are consistent with Sullivan’s theory because the interaction styles are based on mutual benefits. In addition to benefits, these interactions enable me to learn to overlook some aspects of my personality, which can result in anxiety. These interactions also enable me to bring my unique personality and blend it with that of my peers for maximum pleasure. Through interactions, other aspects of my personality have been revealed, which were not visible in the past. This is in accordance to Sullivan’s theory, which holds that interactions are crucial in the formation of personalities (Magnavita, 2012).
References
Magnavita, J.J. (2012). HYPERLINK “http://outboundsso.next.ecollege.com/default/launch.ed?ssoType=CDMS&redirectUrl=https://content.ashford.edu/ssologin?bookcode=AUPSY330.12.1” t “_new”Theories of personality. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
McLeod, S. (2008). “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy” SimplyPsychology. New York: Simply Psychology.