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Nikola Tesla’s contributions to modern physics
Nikola Tesla’s contributions to modern physics
This paper forms a theory based on Nikola Tesla’s contributions to modern physics. Tesla was an outstanding physician who revolutionized the worldwith his contributions. He had over 100 patents and numerous unpatented innovations(Burgan 2009). . His concepts are still applicable in the modern day world in electrical appliances such as radios and TVs. Besides, his idea on the Alternating Current (AC) formed the basis of safe home and public lighting. Tesla is one of the most renowned scientists in physics. It is on tesla’s contributions that this paper forms a contextual theory and establishes a causal and effect relationship.
According to Metcalfe, the overuse of some words has resulted to erosion of their meaning such that some words are necessary to clarify the meanings of these overused words. In addition, Metcalfe state that the meaning of the word theory depends on the contextual discipline or field. Interpretation of theory in one field is totally different from the interpretation in another field altogether. Similarly, different researchers have varying interpretations of theory. Metcalfe therefore concludes by stating that even basic words like theory lack a clear definition from researchers and those in authority. It is because of this reason that Metcalfe proposes establishing meaning of words based on the viewpoint of the phenomenon under scrutiny.
Tesla’s theories exhibited some of the characteristics of theories as defined by various scholars. According to Burgan (2009), Tesla’s Theory of Gravity explained the relationship between gravitational force and electromagnetism. This theory provided a model that unified all other fundamental forces such as matter and energy. This theory aimed by explaining and distinguishing the idea of space curving and space timing. Tesla proposal that gravity has field effects made researchers to critique his work. Tesla’ theory attempted to solve the problem of transmission of high frequency and voltage current. This theory provided knowledge on electromagnetic forces and mechanical movements caused by electromagnetic forces acting through the media. However, Tesla did not test this theory nor publish it by the time of his death. Tesla work on dynamic gravity epitomizes classical theories since it had all the characteristics of theories, though it never underwent the final enactment stage.
Theory
The word theory has various meanings depending on the phenomenon under consideration and the discipline. Weick (1999) explained a theory as a structure that describes relationships or connections in the phenomenon under consideration. According to him, a theory tries to solve a problem. Eisenhardt (1989) describes a theory as a reasonably coherent brief explanation of a phenomenon. She adds that a theory must be testable to provide evidence. Markus (2002) provided the most simplistic definition of a theory. He stated that a theory is a connection between two ideas. In addition, theory explains why/how things occur. According to Gregor (2002), theories are models, knowledge or frameworks. She argued that theories must include generalizations and a causal relationship between variables.
Praxis
According to Poizat (2000), praxis is the process through which a theory develops until its acceptance or enactment. Tesla developed his theories through the normal theorizing process and later became universally accepted. One such theory is his free power theory and the Tesla generator. Tesla developed this theory while working at the Westinghouse. The free power theory bases its framework on the meaning of theory as an explanation of a phenomenon or a group of facts that clarifies a phenomenon. According to this definition, theory is a hypothesis confirmed through observation. Tesla’s theory on free power provided explanations on air transmission without connecting to grid. According to his explanations, all that was necessary was a receptor that collected the power and transferred it to bulbs and electrical appliances in houses. The final stage of this theory praxis process occurred when Tesla transmitted millions of electricity volts over a distance of 26 miles. The electricity operated a bank of bulbs thus, confirmed Tesla’s theory.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is aneducated guess of a phenomenon that is yet to be confirmed. Theories develop from a hypothesis or a model. A hypothesis tries to explain the effect of a variable on another or clarifies the current occurrence of a situation without proven solutions. A hypothesis can either be correct or incorrect. Hypothesis must be based on factual information about the phenomenon of interest. All models must have hypothesis since they aim to solve a particular problem.
Dependent variable
Dependent variable is a statistics of interest being influenced by the independent variable. These variables are also known as the endogenous variables since the model determines their values. The model structure must be accurate and based on logical theoretical framework in order to achieve correct results.
Independent variable
Independent variables are also known as the exogenous variables since they are statistics whose values are given outside the model. They are not of interest to the researcher but are critically important in achieving the desired results. The theory’s framework or model determines the number of exogenous variables used.
Antecedent variable
It is a variable used at specific time point that explains a variation in the dependent and independent variables. They explain the relationship between variables in a causal and effect relationships such as during a regression analysis.
Intervening variable
This is a variable that results due to the independent variable and determines the dependent variable. These variables act as intermediary variables between the dependent and independent variables.
Elimination of alternatives explanations
This refers to application of logical reasoning to rule out some explanations in order to remain with the correct details. It involves eliminating the most unlikely explanations then critically examining the remaining options. This method is important because it reduces the risk of arriving at a wrong conclusion or explanation.
Confounding Variable
These are variables that are not of interest to the researcher but that is correlated with the independent variables thus affects the independent variable. These variables may result to wrong conclusions since the obtained result may be due to changes of the confounding but not the independent variables.
Empirical generalizations
This refers to formation of conclusions based on the results obtained from the theory without finer details. Empirical generalization may involve the relationships between variables without finer effects of the causality of the relationship. The researcher makes generalizations from the results of the model.
Deductive reasoning
This refers to working from a general information then developing specific conclusions. It involves a researcher developing specific hypotheses from the general theory. The researcher then narrows down to making observations from specific data that leads to a conclusion of the general theory. This type of reasoning is often referred to as “top-down” approach.
Inductive reasoning
It is the opposite of deductive reasoning since it involves using specific observations to make general conclusions and theories. The researcher observes specific behaviors or measurements then detects patterns in order to formulate hypotheses that might lead to general theories. This type of reasoning is sometimes referred to as “bottom up” approach.
References
Burgan, M. (2009). Nikola Tesla: Physicist, inventor, electrical engineer. Minneapolis, Min: Compass Point Books.
Poizat, B. (2000). A course in model theory: An introduction to contemporary mathematical logic. New York, NY: Springer.
NIKE. Managing Ethical Missteps
NIKE: Managing Ethical Missteps
Name
Professor
Institution
Course
Date
NIKE: Managing Ethical Missteps
Introduction
While Nike is a giant manufacturing company specializing in the production of indoor and outdoor footwear’s and sweatshirt, it is also among the best managed companies in the world. However, this is from the economic point of view. There are many cases that might lead to the fall of the manufacturing giant, and these cases are mainly ethical despite the fact that the company has not been in the limelight for ethical and professional malpractices (Brian, 2009).
Discern How a More Effective Ethics Programs and a More Viable Code of Conduct Could Have Mitigated the Ethical Issues Faced by Nike.
Nike failed to implement internal programs aimed at detecting and preventing violation of laws hence is eligible for a significant increase in penalties. Therefore, had Nike developed a compliance program before the offenses, they would have averted most of the ethics related problems that the company faced. A viable code of ethics does not only act as a deterrent, but also as a guideline for ethical operations and activities within a company. If the company had a viable code of ethics, the employees would have been more aware of the impact of their practices on the environment as well as on the community. The management would have been more strict with its employment rules before absorbing employee and would have ensured that all the documents used by the company are genuine and up to date (Greenhouse, 2011).
Describe an Ethics Training and Communications Program that May Have Kept Nike from Encountering the Ethical Issues It Did in This Scenario Ethical Training Program.
An effective ethics training program offers a number of benefits that can be instrumental in detecting unethical behaviors that are likely to devastate an organization. For example, issues like child labor and corporate social unresponsiveness experienced in Nike are unethical activities that could have brought the giant company down.
An ethics and training program must communicate standards and the integrity visions of the company. In this way, the identified integrity risks are reduced, and open communication lines are created as well as a transparent work environment. A program must create a work environment that is free from any form of retaliation and intimidation. On the other hand, an ethics and communication program should set clear, expected standards of behaviors and the communicating channels to be used for conveying the integrity messages across the company. It should also set rules on how the stakeholders can become engaged in the process (Edward, 2010).
Determine and Discuss how Nike Could Have Benefited Early on from Ethics Auditing.
Ethical auditing is the process by which company’s measures internal and external consistency of their value base. This is a value linked process by which stakeholders are incorporated into the organization (Brian, 2009). For example, Nike incorporated the stakeholder into their value base and considered how their practices were aligned to their stakeholder. Nike stakeholders do not only refer to the shareholder but also the communities in which the company operates the employee, customers as well as suppliers. Ethical audit is intended to ensure accountability and transparency to all the stakeholders of the company. This process is also important in ensuring that the company meets its ethical objectives. Though this process is mainly an internal control measure, it focuses more on the external factors such as the community response, the social welfare as well as the stakeholder interest. Ethical audits are mainly meant to captures nukes ethical profile. Ethical profiles combine financial profile, service profile and employer profile to investors, customers and employees respectively (Edward, 2010). All the factors that might have an impact on the Nikes reputation are put into perspective by an ethical audit. If Nike had taken a picture of its value system in time, it would have:
1) Clarified the definite values to which it operates:
Nike has a number of flows in its supply chain; these flaws are easily identified if all the public views are considered. If the company had established an ethical audit before, the company would have streamlined its supply chain and clarified the actual value within which it operates and not just remain vague. These ethical audits communicates to the employees the ethical training objectives, ethical code of conducts, Hotline usage, Ethical issues, Conflicts of interest, Kickbacks, Accounting irregularities, Protection from retaliation, Internal theft as well as employee responsiveness (Brian, 2009).
Learnt how to establish and provide a better baseline for measuring the future improvement.
Factors such as corporate social responsibilities that Nike is facing, and is still likely to face in future, are some of the things that the company should give proper considerations to. The company is in fault for employing underage workers, having unpaid wages for employees and using falsified documents for worker permits. The company could have steered clear of all these by benchmarking and ensuring that all the regulations are met properly before implementing any program and ensuring that there are internal policies and ethics officers charged with ensuring that the policies related to employment and working conditions are always footed (Greenhouse, 2011).
Leant how to meet the societal expectation that it did not meet at that time:
Nike would have employed and trained more CSR specialists in all plants. This is to uphold compliance and societal focus into the company mainstream objectives, thereby increasing the company’s reach to the community and reducing the child labor. By establishing plants in poor areas, the company is set to exploit the cheap labor. Though this is seen as a positive move, the company could have established a proper salary scale for the workers. A realistic salary scale is much more effective in the reduction of employee unrest and the other related problems within the company.
Given the entire stakeholder the opportunities to clarify what they expected from the company.
Ethical audit involves the establishment of compromise between the company and the stakeholder, this process offers opportunities form collection of the stakeholder views, which can be instrumental in shaping the strategy goals of the company and setting direction with the stakeholders in mind (Edward, 2010).
Identified those problem areas that existed within the company.
Most of these problems include the wages, worker condition as well worker tight. Though this is limited in scope, the company could have joined the global alliance before their problem stated and achieved these goals before.
Learnt about the issue which motivated the employees as well as, the community?
The community is the backbone of the company in any setting, therefore, their concern is much more important than the company success. It is therefore, imperative for the company to ensure that the community has a positive attitude towards it to help the company prosper. A slight change in the attitude of the employees is injurious to the company’s reputation and success (Edward, 2010).
Identified the overall areas of vulnerability especially those areas related to transparency.
Attract more customers:
As the company’s customer base widens, the number of interested participants increases, the general perceptions of the customer as an ethical company increases the customers positive perception about the company. The number of male, female and fashion oriented customers would increase (Brian, 2009).
Create A High-Level Outline For What The Ethics Auditing Process Should Look Like At Nike.
References
Brian, A. (2009). The Natural Treads for Business: Ecology, Wealth & Evolutionary Corporation. British Columbia: Society Publishers.
Edward, G. (2010). Corporate Strategy & Exploration of Ethics. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Greenhouse, S. (2011). “Nike’s Chief Rescinds a Gift over Screening of Sweatshops”. The New York Times.
NIKE. Managing Ethical Missteps. Sweatshops to Leadership in Employment Practices
NIKE: Managing Ethical Missteps
Name
Professor
Institution
Course
Date
NIKE: Managing Ethical Missteps
Introduction
While Nike is a giant manufacturing company specializing in the production of indoor and outdoor footwear’s and sweatshirt, it is also among the best managed companies in the world. However, this is from the economic point of view. There are many cases that might lead to the fall of the manufacturing giant, and these cases are mainly ethical despite the fact that the company has not been in the limelight for ethical and professional malpractices (Brian, 2009).
Discern How a More Effective Ethics Programs and a More Viable Code of Conduct Could Have Mitigated the Ethical Issues Faced by Nike.
Nike failed to implement internal programs aimed at detecting and preventing violation of laws hence is eligible for a significant increase in penalties. Therefore, had Nike developed a compliance program before the offenses, they would have averted most of the ethics related problems that the company faced. A viable code of ethics does not only act as a deterrent, but also as a guideline for ethical operations and activities within a company. If the company had a viable code of ethics, the employees would have been more aware of the impact of their practices on the environment as well as on the community. The management would have been more strict with its employment rules before absorbing employee and would have ensured that all the documents used by the company are genuine and up to date (Greenhouse, 2011).
Describe an Ethics Training and Communications Program that May Have Kept Nike from Encountering the Ethical Issues It Did in This Scenario Ethical Training Program.
An effective ethics training program offers a number of benefits that can be instrumental in detecting unethical behaviors that are likely to devastate an organization. For example, issues like child labor and corporate social unresponsiveness experienced in Nike are unethical activities that could have brought the giant company down.
An ethics and training program must communicate standards and the integrity visions of the company. In this way, the identified integrity risks are reduced, and open communication lines are created as well as a transparent work environment. A program must create a work environment that is free from any form of retaliation and intimidation. On the other hand, an ethics and communication program should set clear, expected standards of behaviors and the communicating channels to be used for conveying the integrity messages across the company. It should also set rules on how the stakeholders can become engaged in the process (Edward, 2010).
Determine and Discuss how Nike Could Have Benefited Early on from Ethics Auditing.
Ethical auditing is the process by which company’s measures internal and external consistency of their value base. This is a value linked process by which stakeholders are incorporated into the organization (Brian, 2009). For example, Nike incorporated the stakeholder into their value base and considered how their practices were aligned to their stakeholder. Nike stakeholders do not only refer to the shareholder but also the communities in which the company operates the employee, customers as well as suppliers. Ethical audit is intended to ensure accountability and transparency to all the stakeholders of the company. This process is also important in ensuring that the company meets its ethical objectives. Though this process is mainly an internal control measure, it focuses more on the external factors such as the community response, the social welfare as well as the stakeholder interest. Ethical audits are mainly meant to captures nukes ethical profile. Ethical profiles combine financial profile, service profile and employer profile to investors, customers and employees respectively (Edward, 2010). All the factors that might have an impact on the Nikes reputation are put into perspective by an ethical audit. If Nike had taken a picture of its value system in time, it would have:
1) Clarified the definite values to which it operates:
Nike has a number of flows in its supply chain; these flaws are easily identified if all the public views are considered. If the company had established an ethical audit before, the company would have streamlined its supply chain and clarified the actual value within which it operates and not just remain vague. These ethical audits communicates to the employees the ethical training objectives, ethical code of conducts, Hotline usage, Ethical issues, Conflicts of interest, Kickbacks, Accounting irregularities, Protection from retaliation, Internal theft as well as employee responsiveness (Brian, 2009).
Learnt how to establish and provide a better baseline for measuring the future improvement.
Factors such as corporate social responsibilities that Nike is facing, and is still likely to face in future, are some of the things that the company should give proper considerations to. The company is in fault for employing underage workers, having unpaid wages for employees and using falsified documents for worker permits. The company could have steered clear of all these by benchmarking and ensuring that all the regulations are met properly before implementing any program and ensuring that there are internal policies and ethics officers charged with ensuring that the policies related to employment and working conditions are always footed (Greenhouse, 2011).
Leant how to meet the societal expectation that it did not meet at that time:
Nike would have employed and trained more CSR specialists in all plants. This is to uphold compliance and societal focus into the company mainstream objectives, thereby increasing the company’s reach to the community and reducing the child labor. By establishing plants in poor areas, the company is set to exploit the cheap labor. Though this is seen as a positive move, the company could have established a proper salary scale for the workers. A realistic salary scale is much more effective in the reduction of employee unrest and the other related problems within the company.
Given the entire stakeholder the opportunities to clarify what they expected from the company.
Ethical audit involves the establishment of compromise between the company and the stakeholder, this process offers opportunities form collection of the stakeholder views, which can be instrumental in shaping the strategy goals of the company and setting direction with the stakeholders in mind (Edward, 2010).
Identified those problem areas that existed within the company.
Most of these problems include the wages, worker condition as well worker tight. Though this is limited in scope, the company could have joined the global alliance before their problem stated and achieved these goals before.
Learnt about the issue which motivated the employees as well as, the community?
The community is the backbone of the company in any setting, therefore, their concern is much more important than the company success. It is therefore, imperative for the company to ensure that the community has a positive attitude towards it to help the company prosper. A slight change in the attitude of the employees is injurious to the company’s reputation and success (Edward, 2010).
Identified the overall areas of vulnerability especially those areas related to transparency.
Attract more customers:
As the company’s customer base widens, the number of interested participants increases, the general perceptions of the customer as an ethical company increases the customers positive perception about the company. The number of male, female and fashion oriented customers would increase (Brian, 2009).
Create A High-Level Outline For What The Ethics Auditing Process Should Look Like At Nike.
References
Brian, A. (2009). The Natural Treads for Business: Ecology, Wealth & Evolutionary Corporation. British Columbia: Society Publishers.
Edward, G. (2010). Corporate Strategy & Exploration of Ethics. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Greenhouse, S. (2011). “Nike’s Chief Rescinds a Gift over Screening of Sweatshops”. The New York Times.