Recent orders
Newhouse Utility
Newhouse Utility
A). for the facility
A population growth can only lead to an improved quality frontier if and only if, the population provides more and better qualified doctors and physicians. This will mean that the ratio of doctor to patient will increase ensuring that the patients are well treated. An increase in population will also increase the number of patients and not only those who are sick but also for the consultation and regular check-up patients. This will lead to increase the amount earned from the standing fee that every hospital is allowed to charge by the state. This will aid in catering for the operational costs and increase the equipments to be used in the hospital.
For the public
Increase in population of doctors and physicians means that the quality of service offered will be better. More doctors indicate more patients will be better treated and the health of the population will be improved (Gustafson, 1997). Increase in the public population offers a ready market for the hospital services and increases the amount of revenue earned ensuring that there are enough medicines and vaccines for the people. This is a benefit to the public.
B). a nonprofit facility is better than a profit facility this is because the facility gets to be excluded from paying taxes by the government because it is based on a charitable cause and may not be able to meet the cost of the tax (Gustafson, 1997). This is better for the facility as itgets to save on that. For the consumer most of the prices are subsidized by other government and non-governmental agencies making the facility’s services to be cheaper than those of government and private hospitals. To the community, most of the nonprofit hospitals always give back to their immediate community. This can be done by sensitizing people on the best hygiene methods. Creating awareness on what people should do. To the community it is an investment that brings returns in terms of charitable events that are of benefit to the health of the people.
2. “Hospitals and Long-Term Care”
The nonprofit hospitals dominate the hospital industry because a hospital requires so much equipments, inputs and even labor for it to run. The daily operational costs incurred are overwhelming and the nonprofit hospitals can be able to cut down on that. This is because from the government side they are exempt to income and property tax, which in this case caters for 33% of all the costs incurred in the hospitals (United States, General Accounting Office, 1995).
They are allowed to take donations from politicians, the state and even from other organizations without much legal constraints and mostly due to their charitable nature they are bound to receive more volunteers as nurses and other laborers and this still aids in reducing the operational costs as compared to the for profit hospitals. They are expected to pay all the government taxes and they hardly receive subsidized goods ad even services from the public.
A nursing home is easier to run. This is because it requires nurses checking on old people who are not necessarily sick. It is cheaper and requires minimal operational costs as the old people’s pension and their families cater for their expenses (Dicken, 2011). This means the amount of labor, equipment and initial input required to start and run a nursing home is less as compared to running a hospital. The decision is also influenced by the fact that old people are increasing in the society as compared to previous years. This is attributed to improved medical services.
B). Decrease in the number of children that people are allowed to have can greatly reduce the children who will be taking care of their parents. Increase in the job opportunities available will also decrease the informal care, this coupled with subsidized services from the nursing homes can significantly reduce the informal care (Dicken, 2011). This is because sometimes people prefer the informal care because they cannot afford the nursing home.
A policy that can increase the substitability will include the increase in the pension given to the old people. This will ensure that they are still financially viable in the society and the family member will accept them because they can still be able to contribute financially. There should be an age limit and health status for being before they are sent to the nursing homes. If one does not meet the criteria they will not be allowed to be in a nursing home.
References
Gustafson Ivan Charles, (1997), A Survey of a Public Relations Program in Non-Profit Hospitals, Oxford University Press, New York.
United States, General Accounting Office, (1995), Non-Profit Hospitals: For Profit ventures pose Access and Capacity, Government Press, Washington D.C
Dicken John, (2011), Nursing Homes: Complexity of Private Investment Purchases, Springer Publishers
Newbridge Leadership
Newbridge Leadership
Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u Executive Summary PAGEREF _Toc376341566 h 1Introduction PAGEREF _Toc376341567 h 1Challenges, Problems and Issues in the Case PAGEREF _Toc376341568 h 2Assumption of Case Study PAGEREF _Toc376341569 h 2One Major Problem in the Case PAGEREF _Toc376341570 h 3Organizational Behavior Theory to Critically Evaluate the Problem PAGEREF _Toc376341571 h 3Support Argument with Academic Research Collected in Step 2 PAGEREF _Toc376341572 h 4Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc376341573 h 4Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc376341574 h 6
Executive SummaryWith increased levels to access to information, globalization and competition, team work has gained a lot of popularity among organizations as it brings about different sets of talents, skills, expertise and opinions together in the ultimate goal of enhanced performance levels through effective decision making and efficient problem solving techniques.
Introduction
The case study depicts Newbridge leadership as inclusive of all the team members – Link, Oliver, Georgia and Bob. Newbridge led the proton project which he had discovered. The team spirit was instilled by the project head Dr Goh. However, this changed with the introduction of Zaph, a brilliant individual able to think outside the box but who believed that team work is mediocre. Newbridge is not happy but opts to be quiet as Zaph seems to handle all the projects alone. Team meetings decrease and Newbridge as well as other team members apart from Link get concerned. When the day of the presenting the project to investors reached, Newbridge, requests Dr Goh to allow Zaph present it. However this does not stop Newbridge’s feeling that his value in the organization has been compromised. After the presentation he looks for another job and moves on. Dr Goh is surprised by this sudden change of heart because he had considered giving Zaph another project while Newbridge still leads the proton project.
Case Analysis
Challenges, Problems and Issues in the CaseCommunication is important because it facilitates the flow of information within the organization. It is the bloodline of any organization, this because it gives the organization a competitive advantage over other companies, (McGinnis 2005, pg. 50). In the case study we come to see the organization has some deep communication problems. With the introduction of Zaph, problems began emerging with most members feeling marginalized by his actions and predominance over the project. We can see despite all these misgivings no one addresses this issue and people are silent over the matter. Communication within a team is vital because it plays a crucial role in altering members’ attitudes. This is because a well-informed member of a team has a better attitude than one who is less informed, (Dyne & Botero 2003, pg. 14). This can be seen in the case where Zaph does all the work and only informs members about the project. He uses complicated words that some of the members do not comprehend. Thus, the members of the team did not really understand.
Leadership was also a problem in the proton lab. The failure of the project leader Dr Goh to read into the signs of discontent among the team was an indication that there was a leadership vacuum within the organizations’ leadership. Effective and efficient leadership involves the leaders of the organization to dig deeper when they make structural changes within its structures.
Assumption of Case StudyThe main assumption is that team work enhances better decisions because it involves discussions of divergent points of views, (Singh 2009, 30). The ultimate success depends on what every team member brings to the table. This can be seen in the case, where after Zaph hijacks the project, the team breaks down because the contribution of members to the project is not considered and this ultimately leads to Newbridge looking for another job. In case study it is reported that the proton lab team was hit hard by this lack of team work and this was despite the fact that the project was successful.
One Major Problem in the CaseThe main problem in this case study is self-efficacy. Self-efficacy was another problem that was evident in the case study. Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in their ability to accomplish a particular task, and this has a powerful effect on the behavior of people and how they think or feel. Individuals that have high self-efficacy mainly focus on the assessment of a problem and the finding of solutions, (Thompson 2007, Pg. 188). Individuals do not have self-efficacy on all sectors and situations, and this is why teams are fundamental to the success of an organization, (Driscoll, 2004). In the case study we come to see that Zaph, as an individual who is very bright and has high self-efficacy on problem solving and the identification of weak areas. He has strong work ethic in that we see he works even late at night, as evidenced in the case where he made a very late call to Newbridge in the middle of the night, to inform him about how he found the solution to the weak sectors of the project.
Organizational Behavior Theory to Critically Evaluate the ProblemAccording to the systems theory of organizational behavior, nonlinear relationships exist between variables and small changes in on variable within the organization can have a huge counter effect on another variable. The system theory states that all components within an organizations structure are interrelated and the changing or reorganization of one variable might impact other variables. This theory assumes that the organization is always in a dynamic equilibrium in an attempt to adapt to changes within the environment that it operates. The introduction of Zaph into the organization fundamentally changed how the team worked and their performance. This led to a drastic change in how the members of the team perceived the project. The new addition to the team brought with him changes which significantly affected other members of the team, and this eventually led to the falling out of the team as the team leader Newbridge chose to resign his position as a result. The proton lab team had a rapport and a system on how they conducted themselves. This could be seen in the meetings where everyone was encouraged to share and discussions were carried out, making sure that every team member including the secretaries was up to speed with the developments of the project.
Support Argument with Academic Research Collected in Step 2Self-efficacy plays an important role in causal structure this is because it affects human functioning. This is not affects people directly but also through other different determinants. These determinants include incentives, perceived impediments, opportunities and goal aspirations. This affects self-motivation through the impact it has on the aspirations and goals that the organizations have. In the expectancy-value theory, it states that certain behavior yields certain outcomes and value is placed on the resultant outcomes, (Bandura 2000, pg. 2). In the case study, the introduction of Zaph into the team demoralized most group members. Organizational practices, such as supportive communication helps foster self-efficacy. This because it helps complement the efforts of all the team members involved the organizational process. If the project leader ensured that he used Zaph skills and combined them with Newbridge’s skills the project would have been a success and the team would have succeeded.
RecommendationsThe decision making process is often a difficult and time consuming task. The bringing together of different individuals who have different sets of values, norms and beliefs is a challenge that most organizations face, (Janssens & Brett, 2006, 150). In this case study the change of the structure in the organization with the introduction of Zaph had a negative impact on the team functioning. Highlighted are some of the recommendations on how such a situation can be prevented:
Controlling the team size
The incorporation of large teams can effectively hinder members of a team from making meaningful contributions. It is of paramount importance that the leadership of the organization or the team to manage self-efficacy and self-limiting behavior, (Gist, 1987, pg.472).
Pros
It helps the management of self-efficacy and avoids self-limiting behaviors
Cons
It limits the team’s ability to have wealth of resources in terms of skills, knowledge and expertise.
Leveling the playing field
High ranking or status members are usually the center of communication, for example in the case study, Zaph. This affects the other members’ efficacy regarding their contributions to the team. This is eliminated by eliminating the status symbols of team members during decisions making processes. This can be achieved by not referring to the team members’ titles, (Mulvey, Veiga & Elsass, 1996, p.7).Pros
This will help in improving the team’s efficacy levels and lead to better decisions
Cons
It erodes the leadership structure by not recognizing its importance in the decision making process, thus effectively minimizing the effect of the title.
Confirming the value of the team
This can be achieved by ensuring that decisions made are shared with the team so that their efforts are appreciated.
Pros
It increases the sense of value for individuals in the organization or the team.
Cons
Information that are sensitive or that may add the organizations competitive advantage over its competitors is not secure.
ConclusionThis report has looked into the case study on the proton lab. It has identified the challenges that were brought about by the introduction of Zaph into the team. It has also identified major problems and critically examined these problems based on academic research. The report has also made recommendations on how to improve these factors, giving the pros and cons of these recommendations. These recommendations were based on organizational behavior to support it.
Bibliography
Dyne, L.V., Soon, A.S., Botero, I.C. (2003) Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice as Multidimensional Constructs. Journal of Management Studies.
Singh, S. K. G. (2009). A study on employee participation in decision making. Unitar E-Journal, 5(1), 20–38.
Janssens, M., & Brett, J (2006). Cultural Intelligence in Global Teams: A Fusion Model of Collaboration. Group & Organization Management, 31, 124-153.
Marilyn E. Gist, (1987) Self-Efficacy: Implications for Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management. The Academy of Management Review Vol. 12, No. 3 (Jul., 1987), pp. 472-485
Mulvey, P. W., Veiga, J. F., & Elsass, P. M. (2005). When teammates raise a white flag. The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005), 10(1), 40-49.
McGinnis, K. Sheila, (2005). Organizational Behavior and Management Thinking. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Bandura, A. (2000). Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. In E.A. Locke (Ed.), Handbook of principles of organization behavior. (pp. 120-136). Oxford,
UK: Blackwell.
Thompson, L. L. (2007). Making the team (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
Driscoll, M. P. (2004). Psychology of learning for instruction (3rd ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
New Zealand Waste Crisis
New Zealand Waste Crisis
The management of waste, especially plastic waste, is an international problem that is yet to have an umbrella solution because every country has its unique structure and response systems. In the developed world, New Zealand is one of the highest producers of household waste (Casinader, 2018), placing it at the center of attention regarding the implementation of proposals to address plastic waste crisis. As purchasing and product choice increase, it is becoming increasingly clear that not every waste can be recycled. Millions of tonnes of waste end up straying into the natural environment or in landfills. There is a problem in New Zealand regarding how to regulate the use of plastics in order to reduce their availability, and a problem of disposal, in ways that do not degrade the environment, with solutions presented including reduction of waste generating activities, reusing products, recycling waste, recovering useful material, treating waste to reduce environmental impact, and disposing waste safely where it applies.
The key issue in New Zealand waste management include the regulation of waste generating activities, with particular focus on plastic due to its nature and impact on the environment. According to New Zealand’s Ministry for the Environment (MFE) (1997), the average person uses and discards about 60 kilos of plastic every year, due to increased consumption and the advantages of using plastic as packaging material. Casinader (2018) adds that the system that New Zealand has for dealing with waste is severely broken, further worsened by the increased use of plastic. It is clear that a regulation problem exists as far as the New Zealand government is supposed to control the production and use of plastic vis-à-vis the impact on the environment. Another issue is the notable lack of a proper disposal structure as highlighted by Casinader (2018) and a lack of guidance from the local authorities on how to safely reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and reduce waste in the environment MFE (2020). Overall, these issues have made it difficult for New Zealand to solve its waste crisis in line with the global efforts to curb environmental degradation.
At the end of 2019, the New Zealand government kicked of a successful campaign of banning plastic shopping bags as a way of tackling the plastic waste problem. The Waste Minimisation Act 2008 (WMA) also gives mandate to the Auckland Council to enforce policies relating to waste reduction in the medium term and Zero Waste in the long term. According to the MFE (2020), the banning of plastics is part of a larger plan to achieve an economy where plastic does not contribute to pollution or becoming waste. To address the issue of regulation and the disposal of plastic waste, it is proposed that the Auckland Council enforces the WMA, the Local Government Act 2002 and the Auckland Transitional Provisions Act 2010 that will ensure use of less plastic through regulated and self-imposed campaigns and provide avenues for reusing, repurposing, and recycling any plastic that is retained (MFE, 2020). Casinader (2018) proposes the same formula to address the issues that plastics have continued to pose in New Zealand, suggesting turning to recycling of plastic as a solution that has other synergies such as creation of employment more revenues for local authorities. Overall, MFE’s (1997) showed trends that evidenced today, citing increased use of plastics and the overburdening of landfilled areas that would negatively impact the environment. Combined, MFE (2020), MFE (1997), Casinader (2018) and Canterbury (2016) agree on a need for the country to rethink its waste disposal structures and to come up with regulatory control for consumption relating to plastics, their use, and their disposal. Accordingly, a new approach to waste management is proposed, including levies on plastic products, particularly for the consumption and production stages, as a way of discouraging industries and households to produce ad consume plastics. However, this regulatory approach would not be effective on its own as noted by Casinader (2018), but requires other infrastructural reinforcement including the phasing out of hard-to-recycle plastics, taking severe action on the production and use of single-use plastic products (MFE, 2020), reduction of waste generating activities, reusing products, recycling waste, recovering useful material, treating waste to reduce environmental impact (MFE, 1997), and disposing waste safely where it applies. These possible solutions apply to the issue of lax regulations and a problem of disposal, especially for plastics that have become such a convenient part of New Zealanders consumption.
In conclusion, the problem of plastic waste in New Zealand is manageable through government’s and the Auckland Council’s joint efforts. However, it will require joint efforts from regulators, environmental conservation agencies, manufacturers, industries, and households as the main stakeholders in the processing and consumption of plastics. Regulators are tasked with a role of ensuring that New Zealanders have negative incentives to consume plastics, especially hard-to-recycle products. Households, industries, and manufacturers will have to adjust to use of plastics that can be reused, recycled, recovered, and properly disposed to reduce their impact on the environment. Efforts will need to be coordinated, in a way that the proposed bans, phasing out of certain plastics, and the introduction of heavy taxation on single use plastics all converge in a government-sponsored effort to solve the waste crisis in New Zealand.
Word Count: 870
Writing Plan
I began the paper by reading through all the articles listed below. The intention was to get a bearing of the waste crisis in New Zealand. It also allowed me to formulate a working thesis based on the two question regarding the issues and the possible solutions. After formulating the thesis, I introduced the topic and stated the problems carefully. I then focused on the problems in New Zealand and the extent of the waste crisis. I mentioned some fundamental data regarding how much plastic is used and disposed into the environment. Then, I moved on to the solution section, mentioning all of the solutions posited by various articles, with particular reference to the plastic problem. I then concluded the essay restating some of the key issues and findings.
References
Canterbury, (2016). High levels of microplastics found on NZ coast. Retrieved from
https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/news/2016/high-levels-of-microplastics-found-on-nz-coast.html
Casinader, J. (2018). New Zealand’s waste crisis: Five things you need to know. TVNZ1.
Retrieved from https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/new-zealands-waste-crisis-five-things-you-need-know
Ministry for the Environment. (2020). Reducing-impact-of-plastic-our-environment. Retrieved
from https://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Waste/Hard-to-recycle-plastics-summary-final.pdf
Ministry for the Environment. (1997). Waste generation and disposal in New Zealand. Retrieved
from https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/waste-generation-and-disposal-new-zealand