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New Imperialism, Taiping Rebellion and Opium Wars
New Imperialism, Taiping Rebellion and Opium Wars
Student’s Name
Institution
New Imperialism, Taiping Rebellion and Opium Wars
World history is among the significant study in human lives that helps people to keep track of the past in regards to the social, economic and political development of various nations. During the colonialization period, many transformations occurred which significantly affected the world then and the impacts are experienced up to date. The New Imperialism, Taiping rebellion, and opium wars are among the historical chronologies that are read globally, and significant in learning system as well as a remembrance of the ancient nations struggle for overseas acquisition and independence. In the first part, the two questions regard opium and the Taiping Rebellion as well as the New Imperialism. While on the second portion the query regarding the analysis of the Taiping Rebellion. The Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion are discussed in consideration of the problems in the Chinese government, economy, and society that led to their emergence. Furthermore, the Taiping Rebellion is analyzed with regards to the changes that occurred in both the leaders and the movement, the groups that joined and opposed the move as well as its consequences to the government and the people of China.
The problems the led to the start of Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion.
The Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion were experienced in the China lands both involving the Western colonizers and the emperors of China. They were significantly caused by the government, of China, society and the economy. The Opium Wars are the two armed conflicts that were experienced in China between the Qing dynasty and the Western nations during the 19th century. From 1644 to 1912 China was under the rule of the Western countries such as the Britain and French that were involved in the Opium Wars (Brook, & Wakabayashi, 2016). In the first Opium War, China fought with Britain while in the second war they fought with both Britain and the French. In both the Opium Wars the China loose and the foreign powers gained commercial, civil liberties, territorial and legal refreshment stands in the country. The first Opium war emerged due to the China attempt to suppress opium trade in the country. The opium was being imported by the British merchants from India to China, and the cause of government intervention to the trade was because of the widespread addiction of the civilians to the drug the deprived the nation’s economic development.
The major problem the frustrated the British allies was the act of Chinese government confiscating and destroying large quantities of opium. The destroyed drugs belonging to the British merchants included more than twenty thousand opium chests, and around one thousand four hundred tons of the drug was stored in a warehouse in Canton. Also, the government forced Britain to surrender their people who killed a Chines so that they can be sentenced as per the China law. The British power was against that, and they reacted with hostility leading to fierce and tension in the country. The interference with Britain’s opium trade in the country and the act of attempting to sentence the Britain civilians that killed Chinese in the country were the major problems that caused the beginning of first Opium War. The society of China can be blamed for the emergence of Opium War to the acceptance and absorption of Britain will of abusing opium for their economic beneficiaries. Also, economic deprivation, on the other hand, led to the beginning of the war as the resistance of Opium trade was the best sound solution to the problem.
The second opium war was caused by the act of the British trying to extend the opium trading rights in China while the Qing government was entangled in their attempt to quell the Taiping Rebellion and it which was against the Chinese will. The major problem that facilitated its start was the act of Chinese officials getting into the Britain registered ship by the name Arrow as it was curtailed in Canton, captured the Chinese members of the group who were later freed and intentionally lowered the Britain flag (Brook, & Wakabayashi, 2016). Later, Britain avenges by bombarding Canton leading to considerable degradation of the Chinese economy. Furthermore, the joining of French into the second Opium war was facilitated by the act of Chinese killing a French missionary during early 1856. Later China was forced into negotiations by signing the treaties of Tianjin that granted the westerns various rights such as the freedom of movement for Christian missionaries and granted the foreigners right into interior China.
The Taiping Rebellion is a religion and radical political upheaval the occurred during the 19th century significantly impacting China. The Rebellion started in the southern part of Guangxi after the local Chinese officials launching a movement of religious oppression against a millenarian sect commonly known as the God Worshipping Society led by Hong Xiuquan. Hong supposed himself to be a brother to Jesus Christ thus attracting the attention of many peasant civilians whom he mobilized with the hope of being helped. The Chinese government can to a significant extent be blamed for the toleration of specific movements that got to the extent of capturing several states and causing deaths of many people. The unstable economy was also a problem that led to the survival of Hong’s movement that had any intention of conquering the government by the use of the poor public.
The beneficiaries of the New Imperialism and the methods applied.
The New Imperialism was significantly felt by the Africa and Asia nations as the European nations struggled to expand their boundaries and search new markets for their products. The European nations were the potential beneficiaries of the new imperialism as they intended to gain economic benefits from the new markets found as well as maintaining their name as superpowers. The leading causes of new imperialism in Africa were to find a market for their products and raw materials due to industrial development in Europe. Also, the European nations believed that they were superior to others thus had the urge to own as much vast land as possible and dominate many countries globally (Auerbach, 2014).
In Asia imperialism was as a cause of French desire to take over the Pacific Rim where agriculture, plantation, and trading were excellent considering the productive lands on Southern Asia. The European nations faced lots of resistance and challenges on the newly acquired colonies, but they ended up the beneficiaries. Their will of getting market, raw materials, productive lands and many colonies was accomplished even though it was under severe struggle. They used armaments to conquer the resisting empires, and they later ended up exploiting the resources found in these nations for their benefits. However, the Asians and Africans, on the other hand, benefited from industrial development and advancement in technology as well as agriculture.
The Analysis of the Taiping Rebellion.
Over the cause of the rebellion, the Taiping movement and leaders incurred significant changes. At first, the rebellion was established under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan who greatly influenced the Christianity teachings and had some visions as well as believing that he was a brother to Jesus Christ who was sent to reform China. The attempt of Yang to gain more power of the Tainwang he was assassinated together with a thousand other followers. Wei Changhui the Taiping general who had killed Yang was later murdered by Hong and the action made Shi Dakai the current Taiping general fear abandoning their fertile land and left with many of his followers. The Taiping rebellion fought for property and their attempt to regain Shanghai was prevented by the western military. Although the resistance group had ailed and refused all the requests of Qing government to release the Nanjing city, its power ended after the death of Hong after committing suicide. The rebellion weakened the Qing dynasty to the extent of having no capability of efficiently holding over the country. The Taiping Rebellion resulted in the deaths of millions of people and also a significant loss of property (Chappell, 2016). The Taiping was a significant movement that enhanced the origin of Chinese nationality, as well as Chinese communist which, are fundamental up-to-date. It facilitated peace and cohesion in the nation and also significantly enhanced social-economic and political development.
As discussed above, the world history is vital to people and development of the nations as it plays a significant role of enhancing them trace their roots and be aware of the things that can create difference as well as civil wars among the counties. The Taiping Rebellion as the necessary foundation of the Chinese Nationality postulated the need for humanity and act of following ethical, cultural beliefs. The New Imperialism, the Opium Wars as well as the Taiping Rebellion, are all educative and significant to the present and future generations.
References
Auerbach, S. (2014). “We cannot bury him, only strangers can”(Achebe 1958). It seems appropriate to begin an essay on the New Imperialism with the words of one of its most prominent chroniclers and critics, Chinua Achebe. Achebe’s passage, uttered by an Igbo villager following the death, by suicide, of the protagonist in Things Fall Apart (1958), evokes the violence of imperial conquest and the loss of power and culture (to say nothing of life) experienced by those in colonized territories. There was much that was new about …. The Fin-de-Siècle World, 335.
Brook, T., & Wakabayashi, B. T. (2016). The Opium Wars. Shooting Up: A Short History of Drugs and War, 58.
Chappell, J. (2016). The Limits of the Shanghai Bridgehead: Understanding British Intervention in the Taiping Rebellion 1860–62. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 44(4), 533-550.
New Hope Of Mangum
New Hope Of Mangum
www.newhopeofmagnum.com is a website belonging to the New Hope of Mangum, a chemical dependency reform centre. The New Hope of Magnum is a website that highlights the services offered at the center, which has the mandate of dealing with cases of drug and substance dependency. It has links to other information but on the home page the information availed is that of the mission statement and the vision. Links of the website include that of philosophy & services that the facility offers to the individuals admitted there. Treatment, admission, satellite clinics, resources, and contacts are some of the information available at the website (New Hope of Mangum, 2012). While navigating through the website, there are pictures of the facility that allow interested parties to have experience or evaluate the facilities of the center. This paper concentrates on the website majoring on the merits, limitations and the relevance of the website.
The website boosts major strengths. One of the advantages of the website is that it is quite resourceful. Once an individual accesses the website, there are able to access contact information, a brief history of the centre, its location, and other information. The link on treatment gives interested parties on various modes of treatments available at the facility. It is in accordance to this that this website is superior to some of the competitors. Not only does an individual acquire information on treatment from the webpage but also admission details by following the admissions link. On the issue of information, the site offers the much-needed resource to an individual that is seeking to have services at the centre or has relatives that require the services. Accordingly, the strength of the website is that it is resourceful and provides vital information.
Although the webpage has its strengths, it also has some limitations. The webpage eloquent demerit is lack of events or a calendar. It is essential that visitors to the website have a event/calendar that informs the interested parties of the ongoing of New Hope of Magnum. Lack of such crucial information is a setback to the organization. On the other hand, the company lacks faces. That is, there is no message from the authorities of the facility nor are there faces of stakeholders of the organization. It is important that the website have individuals that are currently receiving treatment at the facilities and the psychiatrists that are treating them. It is hence necessary to upgrade the website to include individuals benefiting from the facility.
New Hope of Mangum is a drug and substance dependency facility located in Mangum, Oklahoma in the United States of America. The mission statement of the organization according to its website is that of offering chemical dependency treatment services at affordable prices in an environment that is habitable and luxurious (New Hope of Mangum, 2012). It has a website that has the mandate of not only providing information to the world but also marketing the organization. On one hand, the website is resource in that it offers the much-needed information to the world thereby informing the globe and marketing the company on that platform too. On the other hand, the organization does not have an events calendar on their website meaning that stakeholders are not able to follow the proceedings of the company. It also lacks personalities that will adorn the facility a face. Accordingly, while the company boosts strengths it also has its limitations.
Interpretation
New Hope of Mangum has its headquarters in Mangum, Oklahoma in the United States of America but has satellite clinics in other states.
Calendar or events tab has the application of indicating to interested parties what is going on at the center.
Webpage is a page in a given website.
Competitive advantage is a superior characteristic that a given company will have over other companies.
References
New Hope of Mangum (2012). New Hope of Mangum website. Retrieved from http://www.newhopeofmangum.com/
New Deal is a program created by Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the Great Depression to counteract various effects of it
New Deal is a program created by Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the Great Depression to counteract various effects of it. New Deal created many agencies and legislation to help the United States pull itself out of the Great Depression. Some of these agencies have tremendous effect even today.
When Roosevelt was elected as the president, he faced many problems such as banking failure and unemployment. Almost immediately, he called on Congress and began what is known as Hundred Days Congress. During this period of time, many legislation was passed to help banks recover, create jobs for the unemployed, and set up many agencies to help these causes. National Recovery Administration and Public Works Administration were created to help industries, labor, and the unemployed. Glass-Steagall Act created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Unemployment Relief Act created Civilian Conservation Corps which hired many uniformed young men to do public works such as fire fighting and reforestation. Agriculture Adjustment Act also helped to solve overproduction of crops. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created, which would build dams and power plants and in many other ways salvage a vast impoverished region. This agency was heavily criticized, although it did provide jobs for the unemployed and once completed, it would supply cheap source of electricity. The New Deal shifted more toward reform in 1935-1936. New Deal during this time is known as the second New Deal. Major second New Deal measures included Social Security Act, National Housing Act which created Federal Housing Administration, and Works Progress Administration. “…between 1935-1941 the WPA employed an annual average of 2,100,000 workers, including artists and writers, who built or improved schools, hospitals, airports, and other facilities by the tens of thousands” (Mortimer, p115). However even the great New Deal had to end sometime. Culmination of the New Deal was triggered by “court packing” of Roosevelt. The Supreme Court was very conservative at the time and was declaring many New Deal laws unconstitutional. Roosevelt tried to neutralize the court by proposing to the Congress to permit him to appoint up to six new justices, thus giving the court a liberal majority. Roosevelt was opposed furiously even by his Democrats-dominated Congress. He further lost more prestige when the United States plundered into sharp recession. By the time New Deal was over in 1939, it had permanently expanded the role of federal government, particularly in economical regulation, resource development and income maintenance.
Contrast to what people believe, New Deal did not end the Great Depression. However, through New Deal, Roosevelt sought to solve the immediate problems that threatened the United States. Author Kenneth S. Davis states, “…New Dealers pointed out that relief- not economy- had been the primary object of their multi-front war on the depression.” ( Davis, p147) Although long term goal of New Deal was to end the depression it really never did. Unemployment rates were down from before the election, but statistics show that it was steadily going up even after the New Deal recovery until the World War II.
Many economists believed that its greatest failure was its inability to bring about complete economic recovery. Many economists called for massive deficit spending to promote recovery. However Roosevelt remained unpersuaded. There were even more farm surpluses under Roosevelt than under Hoover. Also the national debt had skyrocketed from the already enormous figure of $19,000,000,000 in 1932 to $40,440,000,000 by 1939. This is an outrageous spending considering the nation was going through economic troubles. “Despite some $20,000,000,000 poured out in six years of deficit spending and lending, of leaf raking and pump priming, the gap was not closed between production and consumption” (Parrish, p195). After all that trouble to get consumption to match the production, New Deal really didn’t do much to close the gap. There were still overproduction of goods and not enough consumption to match the productions.
New Deal also became the template for the modern welfare system. For example, housing is a very important par of both programs. New Deal created FHA ( Federal Housing Administration ) to encourage improving or building new houses. Now, there is New York City housing projects where people without sufficient income can live in by paying very little rent. Also there is the Social Security program. Social Security was created by New Deal. Not much really changed since 1935 when this act was passed. Social Security was designed to guarantee the retired workers to receive regular payments from Washington and these payments were to financed by payroll tax on both employers and employees. Now Social Security includes: 1) old age, survivor’s, disability insurance, 2) Medicare 3) Supplemental security income 4) Unemployment compensation 5)Aid to families with children, and 6) Medicaid. Another similarity between them is the social service to help the unemployed to find jobs. New Deal really focused on this problem. National Recovery Administration set maximum hours of labor so that employment could be spread over more people. Now there are social services to help unemployed financially and to find jobs. Under New Deal, more specifically, Social Security Act, unemployment insurance was created. Initially an eligible worker had to wait for up to 2 weeks before receiving benefits. Unemployment insurance in present day guarantees benefits given for period of up to 20 weeks with little or no waiting period.
New Deal definitely played an important role in rescuing the United States from the grasps of the Great Depression. Great Depression really devastated the United States. However through this program it was really able to regroup itself and make efforts to end the depression. “… it provided federal government not only with increased control over money supply and federal policies but also with increased understanding of economic consequences of its spending, borrowing, and taxing” (Davis, p189). Through this program the United States learned how to manage itself when another such disaster happens. Also New Deal changed the relationship between people and the government. Government became more involved in people’s lives. In addition, the agencies setup by this program really have huge impact on people’s lives even today. One good example of such agency is the Security Exchange Commission which was created to watch over the stock market. Prior to the Great Depression, stock market was kind of like a casino where many speculators just gambled. However through the creation of this agency, stock market became more of a controlled trade market.
New Deal was also important because it was responsible for the rise of organized labor. When the depression struck, only 5 percent of the work force was unionized, compared to 12 percent in 1920. However things began to change, when the American Federation of Labor’s Committee for Industrial Organization broke away. As the Congress of Industrial Organizations, CIO began unionizing the mass production industries after 1938. Strikes were successful because of the combination of the reluctance of authorities to act against the labor and unique method of strikes CIO used. They would close the factories down from inside so that the employers cannot hire other non-union workers. By 1941 some 10,500,000 workers were unionized, three times as much from a decade before. Fair Labor Standards Act (Wages and Hours Bill) was passed in 1938, to protect the labor. This act required industries that are involved in interstate commerce to set the maximum hours of labor and minimum wage. It also prohibited all labor by children under the age 16; under 18 if it was dangerous. New Deal really tried to clean the issue of labor. However new rise of unions did have negative impact on Roosevelt. Middle class Americans really despised the strikes and Roosevelt was attacked for it.
In conclusion, New Deal was and still is an essential part of the nations. Agencies and acts still existing have tremendous effects on us. Even though it was criticized for an enormous expenditures, every dime spent on it was worth it. It also paved the way for new programs such as Truman’s Fair Deal. New Deal was a great program because it acted in a way as a first aid to the dying United States. It helped the United States just enough so that it would slowly recover. New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore faith in American democracy at a time when many people believed that the only choice left was between communism and fascism.