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cyber space in Korea and how the country is dealing with it
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ENG101F-1040
March 4 2010
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As a leading country in technology, Korea has a serious problem associated with the internet media and cyber space. Among others, cyber bullying with anonymous comments became the most severe problem that could not be ignored. Using many social networking systems, writing comments became a common way of expressing ones’ opinion. Nevertheless, this online culture brought out the disaster of a famous entertainer’s suicide. Entertainers become the most common target of internet bullying, which is especially done via comments. This does not only happen to famous entertainers, but also to ordinary internet users. To protect terrifying results, Korean online websites started to execute the ‘Internet real-name system’. The use of ‘Internet real-name system’ can give responsibility to the internet surfers since users have to use their own name in the internet.
‘Internet real-name system’ refers to using a real name while browsing the internet, which has been enforced since 2002 in South Korea. This solution was made not only to prevent personal damage, but also social damage caused by cyber bullying. When writing an opinion on the internet real-name system website, the user’s name is expected to appear on top of the posted statements. However, if a website does not have this section, another way for it to work is by making internet users only join as members after submitting their personal information. This can be done by making use of a member joining procedure. This system can be measured by three criteria to see if it brings out a positive effect on reducing the victim of a cyber bullying.
Cyber bullying solution should include and protect all the people who use the internet. The tragedy caused by cyber bullying can happen to anyone who uses the internet. Giving a deep affront to the other party does not happen by chance. It can happen to anyone on the internet, and there are no specific standards when one is a target of cyber bullying. Korea has the highest rate of internet diffusion rate, which is 95% of the whole nation. This also means that this system is applied to the 95% of the whole nation, which is a large percentage of the population. ‘Internet real-name system’ applies to all the website users since no one can use without submitting personal information before executing a search. This is a requirement for every user, and if one does not provide personal details, the system blocks one from moving to the next stage of the information search. With every posted statements and information blocked, every web user ought to follow this system.
When a web surfer logs in into a website, he or she is expected to become a member in order to view all the contents in that site. While filling the identification name and password, it is required that one provides private information. This private information includes one’s name, social security number and personal address. This means that ‘Internet real-name system’ includes all the web surfers. This procedure makes users exercise responsibility while writing and reading on websites. Since effecting responsibility on online behavior is the goal of this system, this shows how it would greatly diminish cyber bullying.
The main purpose of enforcing this system is to prevent slanderous internet posting especially comments placed under journals or online news. ‘Internet real-name system’ has to prevent the severe side effects of internet bullying. In Korea, a few famous entertainers and actors have committed suicide because of public opinions on the internet. Suicide is not the only effect cyber bullying has, as social phobia is also a serious symptom that celebrities experience. Social phobia is a critical symptom of mental problem. People with social phobias fear and avoid situations in which people may judge them and criticize their actions. It begins with the situation of over protection, and people with social phobia become very anxious and self-conscious in everyday social situations. This happens to the celebrities who are exposed to the public.
Recognizing their public evaluation from the online comments, celebrities can feel the extreme shame and embarrassment from the normal life cycle. This ‘Internet real-name system’ was held to cut the frequency of this damage. Malicious comments still exist, but not as ridiculously much as the time before using this system. With the real name on it, responsibility makes web surfers think twice before posting their opinions. It is clear that the internet real-name system is vital in providing internet protection to millions of users. Crimes committed on the internet are well propagated because one is able to hide his or her details. However, with this system in place, one is forced to fill in details and cannot commit crime freely. In other words, if one commits crime over the internet, authorities have a clear way of knowing the perpetrator.
As much as the system seems to offer maximum security, it has its flaws and disadvantages. One major disadvantage the system tends to display is that it is in the internet where hackers can access it. Technology is advancing and people have developed software that can be used to hack into one’s account and use their details. On this occurrence, hackers can easily utilize someone else’s name to commit crime. Thus, invasion of privacy can easily occur over the internet. Nonetheless, the system is still a complicated one and cannot be interfered with or tampered. Thus, it proves to offer the expected service without much interference. On the other hand, the system proves to display ones information without hiding, and this may be problematic to some people, for example, ghostwriters. These people may want to comment on something while their personal details are kept from the vicinity of the public. However, since the system does not allow one to browse without providing full personal information, such internet users are forced to preserve their opinions. Indeed all these are problems associated with this system, but it has proved to offer beneficial things than negative ones. Hence, its continuous use shows that it is a reliable system and has more merits than demerits.
Protecting people against harms brought about on the internet is a crucial thing in upholding a healthy society. The Internet real name software is a system that caters for the public, and helps in diminishing crimes on the internet. The internet is a vast world that is accessible to many people in the world. In addition, there is unrestricted freedom to post anything on the internet. This is the main reason as to the existence of various crimes on the internet. On the other hand, controlling people and the things they post on the internet is also a difficult thing to execute. However, the Internet real name software has changed all that, and it is capable of offering the much needed security and control of internet users.
Nature versus Nurture. What Affects a Person More, Their Genes or Their Surroundings and the Way They Are Raised
Nature versus Nurture: What Affects a Person More, Their Genes or Their Surroundings and the Way They Are Raised
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Nature versus Nurture: What Affects a Person More, Their Genes or Their Surroundings and the Way They Are Raised
The debate concerning nature versus nurture, in regard to the effect of genes, surroundings and upbringing on an individual has always been a contentious subject. Each of the three factors plays a distinct role in a person’s developmental changes, in the course of his/her lifespan. However, many scholars approach the controversial subject by assuming a middle ground on the case (Fulton, 2009). The thesis statement of this paper posits that, nurture and nature are complementary and work mutually to structure a person’s manners.
It is essential to mention that, nature bestows a person with inborn characteristics whereas nurture structures these genetic aptitudes through the socialization process. Genetics’ role in an individual’s personality has been endorsed in studies related to psychology while, on the other hand, proponents of nurture posit that, a person is shaped by the environment, rather than genes. Proponents of nature, especially psychologists posit that an adult’s character is predominantly established by the set of genes that the person carries. According to Ridley (2009), a person is exclusively defined by genes, and the foundation of this life is to become a transmission avenue for the genes and guarantee their propagation. Several studies have demonstrated that genes affect a person’s appearance as well as, play a significant role in their attitude and behavior. Contemporary hereditary research, as well as medical studies in regard to adopted children and identical twins, demonstrates that numerous human qualities formerly undervalued as an upshot of childhood experiences and upbringing were anchored in genetic matrix but that explicit characteristics were initiated through certain situations (Fulton, 2009).
The interaction among the environment and genetics can be considered from a philosophical perspective. Several philosophers have raised the question as to whether humans inherit the ability to structure the objective information that is perceived by their senses, or they discern this entirely from their environment. According to Segal (2010), human beings congregate their understanding of the world exclusively through their senses’ experiences. The information is then shaped into an increasingly complex form through rationale. Human beings have an inherent capacity of observation, but the thoughts that influenced their conduct are created from their experiences. In contrast, other philosophers such as Immanuel Kant posit that human conduct and understanding is genetically constructed. Kant argued that while the understanding human beings have is derived from what their senses experience, humans have an inherent ability to categorize and discern from this information.
It is essential to reflect on an attribute such as leadership in this discussion since it presents a credible interplay between nature and nurture in a person’s life. Nature may be a fundamental aspect in the leadership qualities that a person possesses. At the same time, nurture may be an essential aspect in the leadership qualities that an individual possesses. Life experiences have been proven to strengthen an individual’s character in learning to be an influential individual. The individual may learn out of life experiences how to fight for their beliefs, as well as guiding other people to do the same (Ridley, 2009).
The more human behavior and development is understood, the more explicable it becomes that nurture and nature simply influence but do not independently determine the character a person. It is evident that there is no direct, fundamental relationship between an individual’s genetic makeup and their conduct, or between environment and personality. The possibility of exhibiting certain tendencies might be amplified by possessing a distinct gene, but it is not solitary driving factor. A human being’s socialization also significantly influences their decisions and character.
References
Fulton, T. (2009). Psychological Testing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Ridley, E. (2009). Sex & Evolution of Human Character. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.Segal, D. (2010). Environment & IQ. New York: Rosen Central.
Cyber Security
Cyber Security
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Technology and internet coverage has been a major boost to globalization and connectivity among countries, individuals And companies. High internet speeds and high-tech communication devices has underhand in a new era of global online community. Today, companies are going global as they can now operate remotely from different locations. The area of online marketing and tele-health has added to the ease of operations across the world. However, amid these benefits lies a very troublesome issue of cyber security that is already threatening global security and economic stability. The European cyber data has shown that there are at least 2500 attempted and successful hacks that target major companies and health facilities within the European Union. The data also shows that the rate of hacks have grown steadily at a rate of 12.5% annually since 2014. These theft of customer and patient data has become the prime target for hackers that is raising very worrying concerns across the world.
Over the years, the increase in online crime has led to adverse threats to personal data of clients and employees. Still, theft of health data belonging to patients and health workers has become a major issue in today’s cyber security field (Kshetri, 2017). Governments in developed countries are trying to lay down policies and mechanisms to safeguard and improve cyber security in all fields. The issue of hacking of companies that deal with high number of personal data for clients has increased drastically in the past ten years (Van Schaik et al., 2017). The prime target for hackers have mainly been the online customer data, military, and patient data in health facilities.
Cybercrime mainly targets online customers and firms that engage in mass data transfer and sharing (Boeckl et al., 2019). For example, in the U.S alone, there are more than a thousand attempted hackings daily that the FBI is able to crack and prevent. Advanced countries are able to notice these issues but some go unnoticed that cause agony and financial loss to the victims. The prime issue when it comes to online theft is the loss of customer data that the hackers seek to sell on the dark online markets (Van Schaik et al., 2017). For example, the hackling of Yahoo in 2015 became a global concern that only showed the huge expense and loss the firms are bound to face in this issue of cybercrime. The loss of customer data from major companies has put the loyalty of the clients at risk making some of the firms collapse or reduce their online presence. The other perspective in cyber security looks at the inclusive approaches that have been put to address these issues (Kshetri, 2017). Today, companies and governments are hiring tech experts that seeks to safeguard and prevent these online hacks.
One of the major effects of cyber insecurity is the financial loss that victim companies an governments face. Records form the FBI shows that small firms that are yet to establish firm online security programs lose at least 25 Billion Dollars annually in the U.S (Srinivas, Das & Kumar, 2019). Globally, the financial cost of cyber insecurity that comes through hacking amounts to at least 600 Billion dollars. These figures only show a worrying trend that needs to be addressed to ensure that there is adequate cyber security for small and large firms. The way forward lies in the firms creating strong online security programs and cyber walls that will make it difficult for hackers to crack (Van Schaik et al., 2017).
The other target for hackers is the credit information of customers. The ecommerce field has been beneficial and at the same time risky for companies and customers. Cyber security in the area of ecommerce has been a major concern for governments and online sellers and firms (Srinivas, Das & Kumar, 2019). Credit card hacking and theft of customer data has become a major issue that has put ecommerce business at risk. The U.S. customers report almost 3 million cases of attempted credit card hacking annually (Kshetri, 2017). The data also shows that 90% of the credit card hackings occur when the clients make online payment for goods or services. The other area that has become a prime target for online hackers is the passenger data in air travel. The cyber criminals have noticed and utilized the field as almost all major airlines only accept online or card payments for air travel fares (Boeckl et al., 2019).
The online exposure of customer data has become a prime area for hackers where they seek to steal and sell the data to other online criminals. The whole affair has already put a major risk to the online business and payment systems particularly for international companies (Kshetri, 2017). Cyber security is targeted to become a multi-billion-dollar industry as the risks of hacking continue to rise. The exposure of online data from customers who seek online services is offering an outlet for criminals to conduct their activities. The rise of shady platforms like the Dark Web and Dark Web has worsened the fight against online hacking (Srinivas, Das & Kumar, 2019). These platforms offer an outlet and areas for criminals to conduct their activities putting more danger to customers and companies.
Governments are also victims of cyber insecurity mainly in the area of military and political stability (Kshetri, 2017). Studies have shown that militaries across the world face a major issue of data theft where the criminals seek to learn about the strengths and weaknesses. Today, the development of military hardware and technology has always faced the threat of online data theft by enemy nations (Boeckl et al., 2019). For example, the development of armed drones has always been a hit issue between Russia, China, and the U.S. military. The U.S. has accused China of stealing online data from its military that leads to the copying of the military hardware development (Van Schaik et al., 2017). This issue has increased the risk of more drift between nations and possibilities of conflicts.
Conclusion
Dealing with cyber security issues has to start with understanding the avenues used by criminals to conduct their activities. Online platforms have eased the way of doing business but on the down side, they offer a few challenges to customer security. Theft of customer data mainly for online companies has come at a huge financial and loyalty cost for the firms Victims of the cyber insecurity issues continue to rise and this puts more risk to online business. Governments are also facing acute challenges when securing the financial and military data from hackers. More collaborated efforts is required between governments, companies, and individuals in tackling tech-related hacking and online theft.
References
Boeckl, K., Boeckl, K., Fagan, M., Fisher, W., Lefkovitz, N., Megas, K. N., … & Scarfone, K. (2019). Considerations for managing Internet of Things (IoT) cybersecurity and privacy risks. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Kshetri, N. (2017). Blockchain’s roles in strengthening cybersecurity and protecting privacy. Telecommunications policy, 41(10), 1027-1038.
Srinivas, J., Das, A. K., & Kumar, N. (2019). Government regulations in cyber security: Framework, standards and recommendations. Future Generation Computer Systems, 92, 178-188.
Van Schaik, P., Jeske, D., Onibokun, J., Coventry, L., Jansen, J., & Kusev, P. (2017). Risk perceptions of cyber-security and precautionary behaviour. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 547-559.