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Transportation research records
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Summary of Transportation Research Record
The trend taken by aviation travel in the long term echoes the growth experienced by growth domestic product (GDP). With growth in the United State’s population and economy coupled with globalization of its economy, it would not be surprising if air travel increases. However, many communities have been against airport expansion due to noise and traffic.
In Denver, Colorado, the opening of a new airport in 1995 marked the end of construction of key new airports. Since then, runways have been added in an effort to expand most key airports. These efforts have however been hampered by insufficient land for expansion as well as the communities’ opposition to the aircraft noise. This explains why the last decade has seen the addition of only 7 runways. Nevertheless, quite a number of secondary airports have experienced tremendous growth, becoming the desired airports for specific destinations. This does not undermine the fact that they have been experiencing delays and congestion, especially in peak periods due to lack of places for the planes to land.
The larger part of the funding for the airports in Denver, Colorado can be traced back to the federal government. However, decisions pertaining to the operation, building and expansion of the facilities are handled at local and state levels. It has been recognized that delays and congestion in airports can only be remedied by comprehensive remedies.
Describe the technical area of transportation covered by this article.
This article examines air travel since it is always a pointer as to the direction taken by Gross Domestic Product of a particular state. In essence, there are concerns about the delays and congestion in many airports resulting from lack of space for expansion. Communities neighboring the airports are also against the expansion due to traffic as well as noise from the planes. This problem however would not be solved by simplistic remedies but a combination of solutions geared addressing the financial, technical and even social aspect of the airports, more so in relation with the neighbors.
References
http://www.trb.org/itpc/expandingairportcapacityintercitytravel.aspx
Skinny models
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Introduction
The modeling industry happens to be one of the most dynamic industries in the recent times. It accounts for billions of money in terms of revenue for the government. However, there has been controversy over the notion that only skinny can or should be on catwalks. Unfortunately, many women have been influenced to make every move so as to be skinny and look like them. However, it is noteworthy that models may end up starving themselves in order to maintain a skinny figure. This poses significant risks on the health of individuals sometimes leading to death. What are the risks of modeling at an early age?
Unfortunately, starving oneself comes with the danger of getting anorexia nervosa. Recent times have seen an increase in the number of young girls who become too frail due to starvation, to the point of fainting in front of the cameras.
In addition, it is noteworthy that when young girls cannot get a skinny image like the models that they admire, they end up having a low self-image to the point of hating themselves. Many women have had to undergo counseling due to low self esteem as a result of hating their image (Hellmich). Many ladies view the skinny image as the model or desirable figure, especially in the fashion industry.
As a consequence of modeling at an early age, girls would fill their minds with self-loathing, as well as suicidal thoughtswhen they cannot attain the ideal figure. It is noteworthy that eating disorders are some of the deadliest mental illness, sometimes having 20 percent mortality rates (Preti et al. 90). Studies show that even when the girls survive, they should expect to lose their lives decades earlier than individuals at a similar age but who never had eating disorders. This is due to the risks posed on the health and wellness of the young girls who starve themselves in an effort to attain the “right” size.
In an effort to imitate their admired models, many young girls tend to engage in substance abuse. Stress is one of the principal elements that come with the fashion industry. This is due to the various pressures emanating from varied quarters such as employers, expectations of the public, the media, and especially, the need to maintain the slim figure. It is noteworthy that most young girls are unable to cope with the stress and, therefore, end up abusing substances such as alcohol and illegal drugs. Quite a large number of models have had to sign up in rehabs due to substance abuse.
Individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa are likely to be obsessed with weight and eating control. They are also likely to check their weight persistently and revert to only certain foods. It is noteworthy that most of the diet plans for models do not incorporate a balanced diet as they mostly involve junk foods. In addition, they may end up exercising excessively and even withdraw from social activities that involve food (Preti et al. 89).
Eating disorders also lead to serious health conditions touching on the behavioral, mental and physical wellbeing of the individual. It is noteworthy that many girls who start modeling at a young age have frail forms and weak bones, which increases the risk of fractures. Bulimia and anorexia are also likely to result in dehydration and other serious medical complications like kidney failure, heart problems among others (Halliwell and Dittmar).
Conclusion
The fashion industry has had a tremendous impact on the lives of many people especially women, who adore the skinny models and strive to attain slim figures. Unfortunately, many people end up starving themselves in an effort to attain the slim figure. This has serious health implications on the lives of young girls who indulge in the fashion world, engaging in substance abuse and eating disorders just to keep up with the fashion world. It is imperative that they be taught that there is a line between being skinny and being healthy. In addition, efforts should be made to uplift their self esteem.
Works cited
Halliwell, Emma and Dittmar, Helgar. “Does Size Matter? The Impact of Model’s Body Size on Women’s Body-Focused Anxiety and Advertising Effectiveness.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23. 1(2004): 104.122. Print
Hellmich, Nanci. Do thin models warp girls’ body image? usatoday.com, 2011. Web. February 29, 2012.
Preti Antonio, Ambra Usai, Paola Miotto, Donatella Rita Petretto and Carmelo Masala. “Eating disorders among professional fashion models.” Psychiatry Research 159 (2008): 86-94. Print.
LG and six sigma
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Introduction
Six Sigma has been incorporated in many organizations as a measure of quality in order to attain perfection, especially as far as the quality of goods and services is concerned. It refers to a data-driven and disciplined methodology and approach for elimination of defects in the organization (Harry 64). This methodology is incorporated in all levels of production from manufacturing to the transaction level in products and services. It is noteworthy that, Six Sigma has varied meanings for varied groups within any organization. This variation depends on an individual’s level, as well as his respective job role in that organization. In the case of the enterprise level, the methodology would mostly be applied as a strategic business initiative. This is where it would focus on enhancing considerable improvements in varied areas including capacity, business growth, customer satisfaction, and investor relationships (Harry, 63). In the case of the operations level, the methodology takes a tactical nature. In this case, it is mostly directed towards enhancing Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ), delivery time, Defects Per Unit (DPU), as well as varied other crucial measures of operational efficiency and effectiveness. In the case of the process level, the process is mainly used in reducing variability. This is in an effort to reduce the process cycle times, the number of defects, as well as direct costs. In this case, the mantra is that if any improvement is made, then the gains must be verifiable on a timely basis. In this case, the elimination of a mistake, error, defect or fault in the system must in essence directly translate to a measurable gain. The gain could be in terms of lower overhead costs, reduced headcount and less material.
This implies that Six Sigma is essentially a tactical and strategic system used in the management of the total business enterprises. In this case, the methodology incorporates the capability and the capacity to deliver provider and customer satisfaction, which are essential ingredients for business prosperity (Harry et.al. 97). In essence, Six Sigma marks the epitome the ideals of business prosperity and maximizes an enterprise’s control functions. In its most basic form, the methodology represents 3.4 faults per million defect opportunities. The Six Sigma perspective relates to one defect opportunity for every critical-to-quality (CTQ) characteristic. The methodology rests on the idea that as performance is enhanced, other key aspects of the business would also be improved. These aspects include capacity, quality, inventory time, cycle time and many others. Once these factors are improved, the service-provider and the customers would derive increased satisfaction in the performance of their business transactions (Harry et.al. 132).
Everything carried out in any enterprise involves a process, where there is a beginning and an end. All these processes involve frequency distributions. These are histograms that indicate the number of measurements falling within certain data range. While there are varied distributions that have been investigated and observed, the normal distribution is the most prevalent. The normal distribution incorporates a curve with a bell shape, as well as a center point which is the average or the mean.
Going by the magnitude of the company, it is inevitable that LG electronics would be using the Six Sigma methodology to eliminate wastage and improve efficiency and effectiveness. This is the only way that it would enhance customer satisfaction while safeguarding the success of the company, especially in the long term. LG electronics consists of three companies namely Digital Multimedia, Digital Media and Digital Appliance. Its principal products include refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaner, air conditioners, and air compressors. While it adopted the Six Sigma methodology in 1996, it fully applied it in 2000 so as to upgrade its performance (Park, 67).
In business innovation, LG Electronics Company adopted a Total Quality Control (TQC). On adoption of the Six Sigma methodology, the company adopted varied facets including a Six Sigma e-Academy for training individuals and a Six Sigma marketing strategy, which was essentially its main quality management concept. As a means for total customer satisfaction in product and service provision, the company divided its Six Sigma roadmap into three parts, including the manufacturing six-sigma, research and development six sigma and transactional six-sigma. In the initial stages of application, improving the Rolled Throughput Yield (RTY) was the key project in the manufacturing area. Later on, however, the RTY improvement was incorporated into all the subsidiaries. In the case of Research and Development DFR (Design for Reliability) was the main concern and, therefore, became the key goal for all research and development sectors. In the case of the transactional areas, the Six Sigma methodology was adopted to enhance the company’s market share via total customer satisfaction (Park, 69).
At LG Electronics, Six Sigma is customer-focused, practically implemented and process-driven via continuous Six Sigma projects. In this company, the methodology incorporates three things. There is statistical project evaluation where defect rates in all the processes are measured, while using s-quality level to measure the capability of the measuring process. There is also the business strategy, where the company aims at gaining a competitive edge in cost, quality, and customer satisfaction. In the management philosophy, the company works smarter based on teamwork and data analysis. Customer satisfaction involves analysis of the market needs, which include delivery, quality and price. These needs are solved through working smartly (Park, 73).
Conclusion
The importance of the Six Sigma approach in enhancing the performance of an enterprise cannot be gainsaid. LG has been using it since 1996 and earned an award for it in 2000. It has been able to enhance its performance as pertaining to cutting costs and enhancing the performance of various sectors.
Works cited
Sung H. Park. Six Sigma for Quality and Productivity Promotion. Hirakawacho: Asian Productivity Organization. 2003. Print
Mikel J. Harry, Prem S. Mann, Ofelia C. de Hodgins, Christopher J. Lacke, and Richard Hulbert. Practitioner’s Guide for Statistics and Lean Six Sigma for Process Improvements. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010. Print
Harry, M. J. Six Sigma: A Breakthrough Strategy for Profitability, Quality Progress. New York: May. 1998. Print
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