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The 1789 French revolution
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Introduction
The 1789 French revolution, as well as other violent regime changes, have gradually received lots of attention in various academic environments. This is because such events are perceived as points of inflection in the economic and political status of the nation’s citizens. The French revolution was an ideal lens to analyze these issues because they hold plenty of archival information and the fact that they occurred at an extended period, thus allows to assess the medium and long-term effect of radical policies.
The London Chronicle in July 1789 reported that France had undergone the revolution and this news received a mixture of responses from the natives. The same article warned that France would have to shed blood before they could accomplish their mission and Edward Burke pointed out the probability of the situation turning violent although many British people perceived his opinion as a false alarm. (Blakemore, 2017) The French revolution was visualized as a similar establishment of their version of the constitutional monarch employed by England’s Glorious Revolution. These events in France were depicted as an inspiration and the English Chronicles sensationally acclaimed that the hand of justice had been brought upon France some valiant men had achieved this goal.
Impacts of the French Revolution
Economic effects
The economic legacy of the French revolution is divided into two parts. First, there are research highlights which explain the development of the French economy to its current status, as evident in the destruction of the feudal system, fiscal hindrances to industry and commerce, reduction of traditional calls and simplification of the legal system. Some of the 19th-century thinkers such as Thiers, Guizot, Marx, Soboul, and Hobsbawm viewed the French revolution as the victory of bureaucracy for primarily industrial and commercial purposes over aristocracy.
Other classical conservative intellectuals like Schama, Furet, Cobban, and Taine viewed the regime as an advancement towards industrialized countries like Germany and England. France was agriculturally productive until 1914, and these intellects presume that the French revolution was not stimulated by economic differences between the bourgeoisie and the nobility, instead was a political movement that had both economic and social ramifications. The French revolution was termed as anti-capitalist because France was agriculturally productive in the 19th century. According to (Fuller, 2015) some radical policies brought about differential impacts in the French capital especially the creation of administrative posts similar to the United States. Empirical studies depict exploitation of confiscation and auctioning of Church Property at the beginning of the regime, while others illustrate the plight of emigrants which catapulted after the summer of 1792.
Redistribution of Church property
The French Constituent Assembly passed a law on November 2, 1789, to impound all church property and sell it via auction. Approximately 6.5% of the French colony that contained more than 700,000 ecclesiastical properties were sold in five years ascertaining it to be the most critical part of the revolution. The French authorities then tracked agricultural outputs from the properties and also an investment that had irrigation infrastructure before the coup took place. There was also inequality in the size of the farms because of the previously consolidated land that was located in areas of sparse population.
Before the revolution, large farm holders like the church used to rent out their pieces of land to small-holders though such small plots would not bring in substantial investment especially in large-scale irrigation schemes or other improvements because the feudal system would collect much of the output. Moreover, the system had placed numerous cost requirements on smart investments as well as landholders would meet up with several legal obstacles when trying to sell their land to an investor.
After the revolution, the system of feudalism was ejected, and Napoleon Bonaparte implemented a new civil code in 1804. Though it was not efficient inland reallocation, local bureaucracy and ownership claims by feudal lords it was poised to change only when the existing power structure underwent a different management style.
Radicalism
Not only did the French revolution did inspire scholarly debate, but also began to reveal the political corruption as well as the economic struggles that citizens were facing. Ordinary people started forming political groups, and they called on for reforms which would enable them to participate in decision-making processes of how the country would be governed. In 1792 the London Corresponding Society was established to inform the people of violation of their constitutional rights and unite them as an attempt to recover their rights. The town was sooner in communication with other reformist groups located in the northern cities of Manchester and Sheffield. The LCS official Francis Place was credited with the ability to improve education and morals of its born-members. However, the government viewed such radical societies as dangerous especially those with the national association and unlimited membership.
Their suspicion was exacerbated through the great trajectory the revolution took, and once the war began in 1793, authorities restricted activities of reformist groups under the veil of national security. British reformers were similar to the French Jacobins who were very powerful and had an extreme revolutionary faction. Journalists sponsored by the government published the message in press outlets while informers on the ground provided reports of treasonous plots that were false.
Conservative reactions
Most antiradical activities were not government initiated because the association for Preservation of Liberty and Property against Levelers and Republicans had been established by John Reeves to counter the threat of the British constitution. Barrister Reeves was able to communicate to over 200 regional administrators and helped to spread viral information via Hannah More. Her second repository tracts were mainly designed for the poor because they would hopefully absorb the messages of Christian morality, hard work, and collaboration instead of revolutionary ideas. Reeves published benefits of the existing system and was rewarded by the government for his plaudits though some ministers were ambivalent towards the simplified approach of the conservative movement which had initially raised the spectrum of violence that it was trying to avoid. (Popkin, 2016)
Some supporters participated in writing pamphlets and loyal addresses to the kings while others resorted to violent ways to intimidate their suspected radicals. When some LCS leaders were imprisoned together with Hardy awaiting trial for the crime of treason in 1794, a loyalist mob attacked his house and resulted in his wife suffering a stillbirth and eventually succumbing to death. British natives were encouraged to form associations that would defend against any possible French invasion. Moreover, anyone found not being loyal to the British King and constitution would face a great deal of physical threat.
The effect of emigration
The French revolution brought about the demise of the feudal system and the flight of emigrants. Over 100,000 people who were supporters of the Old Regime fled away from France to escape the revolutionary war. There was the spatial distribution of émigrés between1789 to 1799. In the summer of 1792, a wave of extremist violence described as the Second Revolution cropped up due to the imprisonment of King Louis XVI, and also a proclamation of the first French Republic on September 21st, 1792. During that specified time, economic conditions, as well as the opportunity cost for violence activities, culminated in an imbalance of wealth between the rich and émigrés. Temperature shocks reduced the yield of agriculture, and there would be a significant increase in the price of wheat which is the primary staple food for the Frenchmen in the 18th century. This would unequivocally result in distress among the sparse population and magnify the emigration gap among the wealthy individuals.
Inequality and Growth
Some theoretical studies are similar to practical information which argue on how the French revolution brought about inequality and growth. Growth that was driven by imperfect capital markets and physical accumulation of capital in the 19th century resulted in the more extensive collection of wealth and property into the hands of a few people which is eventually beneficial for development. In the presence of imperfect capital markets, human capital becomes the lead associate or distributor of growth, and lower rates of wealth inequality allow broader pools of opportunities for educated workers. The economic legacy of 1789 France Revolution is based on the structural transformation between France and redistribution of church land with the intensity of emigration. (Linton, 2016)
Conclusion
The French revolution helped spread the ideas of democracy because France traded King Louis XVI for Napoleon Bonaparte but still questioned slavery, rights of a man and also the monarch’s system of rule. This regime was able to cultivate notions of equality, liberty, and fundamentally democracy. French people were questioning the law and the divine rights of the monarch though because they felt oppressed and it is through this that Haiti and Latin revolution also began. (Hunt, 2005)
References
Linton, M. (2016). The French Revolution.
Palmer, R. R. (2016). The world of the French Revolution. Routledge.
Blakemore, S. (2017). Burke and the fall of language: the French Revolution as linguistic event. In Edmund Burke (pp. 37-59). Routledge.
Fuller, J. F. C. (2015). The Conduct of War 1789-1961: A Study of the Impact of the French, Industrial and Russian Revolutions on War and Its Conduct. Routledge.
Popkin, J. D. (2016). A Short History of the French Revolution (Subscription). Routledge.
Lucas, C. (2002). Nobles, bourgeois, and the origins of the French Revolution. In The French Revolution (pp. 56-80). Routledge.
Hunt, J. (2005). The French Revolution. Routledge.
Scholarly Article Discussion Perception of Body -Worn Cameras
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Scholarly Article Discussion: Perception of Body -Worn Cameras
Body-Worn Cameras are audio, video or photographic recording systems that can be put on and used to record the events and the actions of the law enforcement officers while on duty. The cameras are manufactured and designed to address the particular requirements in relation to law enforcement. It is a technological advancement in law enforcement that has tremendously gained popularity as a third of the law enforcement agencies have adopted the use of Body-Worn Cameras. The research by Wooditch ()2020 the government has heavily funded the strategy by purchasing sufficient body- Worn Cameras as well as building the capacity of the officers by facilitating trainings to ensure effective and efficient use of the body Cameras.
Alese Wooditch (2020) mentions that there are a number of factors that have facilitated the application of the new technology. Some of the main factors is police brutality that has led to the death of unarmed African-American and has also gotten the attention of the national media as in the case of the death of George Floyd that occurred on 25th May 2020 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The video was caught on camera by a by stander and it was shared on the internet, giving rise to a national outcry and the campaign #Black Lives Matter and a wave of demonstrations and protests across the United States. The study therefore confirms that it is indeed necessary to mount police officers uniforms with BWCs to stop the killing of innocent African-Americans, because the cameras will certainly improve the officers transparency and improve their accountability to the communities they serve.
From the study (2020), LAPD officers stated that the use of BWCs is easy, comfortable and the retrieval of the stored data from the device is also easy. However the concerns of the police officers on BWCs before deployment were mostly on genuine concerns about the citizens they serve as well as the intensity of the crimes they encounter daily. The concerns however got better as the policies officers used the BWCs daily.
The study was well conducted and comprehensive in the sense that, it sought to address all the possible concerns and the perception of police officers on BWCs before deployment and after deployment. The study can also be used by police departments to draw important measures that will facilitate a smooth transition and for the police officers to embrace this new technology. The long term success of the new strategy certainly depends on the attitude of the police officers towards the inclusion of BWCs as one of their day to day tool of work.
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Wooditch, A., Uchida, C. D., Solomon, S. E., Revier, L., Connor, C., Shutinya, M., … & Swatt, M. L. (2020). Perceptions of body-worn cameras: findings from a panel survey of two LAPD divisions. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 1-28.
Introduction (13)
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Introduction
Since its emergence in October 2018, the novel coronavirus pandemic has brought sweeping disruptions and changes in nearly all aspects of daily life. People are overwhelmed with anxiety following the mandates and guidelines that keep changing from time to time. Empathy is described as an act of being aware of, understanding, and being sensitive to other people’s experiences, feelings, and thoughts without their direct communication (Dolamore, 10). As such, we need to practice empathy at this time, not only because of our sakes but also for the sake of the people around us. Depending on the nature of the disease at hand, how empathy is employed differs for each illness. Undoubtedly, the empathetical behavior of human beings has significantly changed in the face of covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this essay is to explore how empathy has impacted our response to covid-19 pandemic.
Staying Connected
Observing empathetical behavior in the wake of the highly contagious covid-19 is necessary as it helps the patients feel less lonely and more connected. Moreover, it increases the possibility of people reaching out to others whenever they need help. During this time, people must take measures that include self-isolation, quarantine, and social distancing to reduce community spread. While these measures encourage people to focus solely on themselves and turn inward and focus on their family, research suggests that caring for other people is one of the best strategies for fighting feelings of isolation. Showing empathy and partaking in actions to help other people, whether it is writing a note to a friend who is in isolation or giving them donations, can go a long way in increasing our social connectedness. As such, however much we may be striving to keep physical distance from other people to curb the spread of the virus, it does not necessarily mean we have to be emotionally distant. Showing concern to the people one cares about and staying connected to them is equally important.
Maintaining Normalcy for Ailing Patients.
Covid-19 pandemic brought feelings of anger, frustration, fear, panic and confusion and ailing patients within hospitals have encountered these emotions in addition to the pain of the disease. Our lives have been changed in a way we have never imagined or anticipated. Putting ourselves in the shoes of patients and imagining their emotional and physical needs helps us manage the situation better. Nurses and medical practitioners can show empathy to patients by merely showing up to serve them whenever they need help. The pandemic has left many people hospitalized and in need of urgent treatment for pre-existing conditions while others are in dire need of oxygen (Gambin, 29). By simply showing up to serve them in their hour of need, nurses ease their fears and provide a sense of normalcy. As much as life was disrupted, supporting the patients provides them with a sense of stability. Notably, acknowledging the emotions of patients does not necessarily entail matching their emotions. When we greet patients who are angry and frustrated with a warm smile or a saying hello helps lift their spirits. Social distancing does not necessarily have to translate to emotional disconnection.
Moreover, people have begun to understand that the current circumstances do not limit our ability to become better at what we do. We must and should continue being aware of our surroundings. Nurses and doctors who are at the frontline of battling this pandemic should be able to see the waiting rooms through their patients’ eyes. They should ask themselves if the rooms are welcoming and clean as little details are bound to make a huge difference. Additionally, the hospital environment should be distracting enough to enable the patients to switch their mindsets to something more positive. The elderly who remain to be most vulnerable in the face of the pandemic feel lonely and isolated. As such, there is a need to keep reassuring them about taking care of themselves and lending them a listening year. This makes a lot of difference. We always meet patients while they are at their most vulnerable point and the best way of preparing for their physical and emotional needs is by adopting a proactive approach. This requires asking for resources needed by patients and being their hero and courageous advocate.
Self-Care
Worth noting, we must recognize that being a hero is a very exhausting task that strains a person mentally, physically and emotionally. It is for this reason that self-care is extremely important. By taking care of ourselves, we are better placed to take care of the people around us, including families, friends, and co-workers. When a person is not at their best, providing people with exceptional experience can be extremely difficult. As such, it is important to take time to practice self-awareness. One can do so by taking breaks and stepping away from social media and news. Unplugging is vital for a person as it allows them time to emotionally recharge and resting their mind. Self acre makes a person more aware of their surroundings. This way, they remember to keep the people around them safe by wearing masks, especially around vulnerable groups who are the elderly.
Helping Others
Amid the current pandemic, how different people observe empathy has changed. The pandemic has taught us that we might be of different race, religion, economic status nut when it comes to the vulnerability to the disease, everybody is susceptible (Rauhaus, Deborah and Andrew 670). Additionally, we have learned about the interconnectedness of the healthcare systems in various regions across the world. In the midst of everything, we can observe empathy by simply helping others. Everybody is overwhelmed, and being helpful to other people can make all the difference as it provides a sense of empowerment and control. One way people have been employing empathy is by simply staying home and observing the World Health Organization guidelines. Additionally, avoiding gatherings, wearing masks and practicing social distance has become a norm. Notably, people who are in good financial positions should look for ways to support the people who might be struggling. Another strategy would be offering to help neighbours who cannot leave home to get grocery supplies, household items or pick up their online deliveries. Empathy can also be employed by donating non-perishable goods and avoiding panic buying to allow other people to access what they need. Putting together rescue packages for elderly neighbours, healthcare workers at the frontline in the fight against the pandemic and people who lost their jobs can also go a long way in the response against covid-19.
Conclusion
Without a doubt, the covid-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the lives of many people across the world since its emergence. It left many people without jobs and economies were affected in equal measure. In response to the novel coronavirus pandemic, guidelines from health experts require people to stay home as much as possible, wear protective gear whenever they go outside and practice social distance. Empathy is all about putting yourself in the shoes of a patient battling the disease without them having to ask. By being empathetical, the management of the impact of the disease has been made easier. By merely engaging patients with a smile on our faces and being there when they need her, we give them hope for normalcy for the future. We can also employ empathy by taking care of ourselves so that we can also take care of other people in the best way we know how to.
References
Dolamore, Stephanie, et al. “The role of empathy in organizational communication during times of crisis.” Administrative Theory & Praxis (2020): 1-10.
Gambin, Małgorzata, et al. “Factors related to positive experiences in parent-child relationship during the COVID-19 lockdown. The role of empathy, emotion regulation, parenting self-efficacy and social support.” (2020).
Rauhaus, Beth M., Deborah Sibila, and Andrew F. Johnson. “Addressing the increase of domestic violence and abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic: A need for empathy, care, and social equity in collaborative planning and responses.” The American Review of Public Administration 50.6-7 (2020): 668-674.