Recent orders
Macro and Micro economics
MACRO AND MICRO ECONOMICS
By (Name)
Course/Class
Instructor
University
City/State
Date of Submission
Macro and Micro Economics
Money can be defined as an asset used as a means of exchange. Money has a narrow and broad definition. Narrow definition includes checking deposits, currency in circulation, and debit card accounts while broad definition of money includes deposits of currency. Money is also a liquid asset used to pay for goods and services or used to settle down debts. According to Murphy, (2009, 102-3), assets can be grouped into liquid assets and illiquid assets. Assets such as checking deposits, currency in circulation, savings deposits, debit card accounts, and time deposits are more liquid than assets such as loans, bonds, real estate, stocks, and other assets. The circulation of money in the economy is controlled by the central bank. In the United States, the central bank is a Federal Reserve System charged with the responsibility of regulating the circulation of money in the economy. The central bank influences the amount of debit card accounts, checking deposits, and other monetary assets.
Monetary demand refers to the amount of monetary deposits that individuals are willing to hold instead of non-liquid assets (Murphy, 2009, 78-9). Demand for money is the desire to hold financial assets in monetary forms; in the form of cash or monetary deposits. Money is required for purposes of carrying out transactions (provides liquidity). This brings about a trade-off between the advantage of holding money (liquidity advantage) and the advantage of holding other assets (interest advantage). The demand for money comes about because of such kind of trade-off with regards to where an individual chooses to place his wealth. An individual’s motivation to hold his wealth in monetary form can be divided into asset motive and transaction motive.
There are several factors that influence people’s demand for money. This aspect can be considered in terms of aggregate demand for money and individual demand for money. The first factor that influences individual demand for money is interest rates or the expected rate of return on money. The next factor is the risk involved in holding money arising from unexpected inflation; thereby reducing the purchasing power of money (Cesaran, 2007, 89). The last factor that influences individual demand for money is the aspect of liquidity, which occurs when transaction prices increases. On the other hand, the factors that influence the aggregate money demand include interest rates or rates of return associated with holding monetary assets. The next factor in this aspect is the price, which involves the cost involved in purchasing of goods and services. Such prices will dictate people’s willingness to hold or not hold money. Higher prices would mean a greater need to hold more money for transaction purposes. The last factor in this aspect is income. High income means that more goods and services can be purchased; thereby implying that more money is required for transaction purposes. Higher real national income implies that there is more production of goods and services, thereby increasing the demand for money for transaction purposes. The other factor influencing the demand for money is the aspect of consumer spending. It is often observed that when consumer spending is high; such as during Christmas, individuals prefer to cash in other forms of their wealth like bonds and stocks in exchange for cash. They need money to buy goods and services. This implies that if consumer spending increases, there would be a likely increase in the money demand. The other factor is the transaction costs for bonds and stocks. If it becomes expensive or difficult to buy and quickly sell bonds and stock, they become undesirable thus making people to desire to hold more of the wealth in form of money (Cesarano, 2007, 78-9). This leads to increase in the demand for money.
The equations representing aggregate demand for money can be represented as:
Md= P x L (R, Y)
Where:
P-Price level
Y-Real national income
R-Interest rates for non-monetary assets
L (R, Y) – Aggregate demand for monetary assets
Alternatively:
Md/P=L(R, Y)
Aggregate demand for money is a function of interest rates and national income
Graph showing the relationship between interest rate and the aggregate demand for money
From the diagram above, it is observed that there is an inverse relationship between the aggregate real money demand and the interest rates. At lower interest rates, there is high demand for monetary assets since individuals would demand more money for transaction purposes. On the other hand, at high interest rates, few individuals would be willing to hold money for transaction purposes thereby lowering the aggregate real demand for money.
Graph showing the effect on the aggregate demand schedule of an increase in real income
From the graph above, it can be observed that increase in income levels would result into a shift in the aggregate demand for money from point L (R, Y1) to point L (R, Y2). This is because increase in the levels of income for individuals will increase their purchasing power, thereby leading to increase in the aggregate real demand. On the other hand, increase in income levels would also lead to increased interest rates (Kaushik, 1987, 78-9). This results in the positive shift of the graph as shown in the diagram.
References
Cesarano, F., 2007, Monetary theory and Bretton Woods: The construction of an international monetary order. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kaushik, S. K., 1987, International banking and world economic growth: The outlook for the late 1980s. New York [u.a.: Praeger.
Murphy, A. E., 2009, The genesis of macroeconomics: New ideas from Sir William Petty to Henry Thornton. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
A Rhetorical Analysis of David Freedman’s, “Are Engineered Foods Evil”
Name:
Professor:
Course:
Date:
A Rhetorical Analysis of David Freedman’s, “Are Engineered Foods Evil?”
“To eat or not to eat?” The subject of Genetically Engineered Foods is one that is shrouded with controversy. The dispute involves numerous groups such as consumers, farmers, biotechnology companies, scientists, politicians, government regulatory organizations, and even religious groups, all who contribute to conflicting sides of the argument. In his article, “Are Engineered Foods Evil?” science journalist and author David H. Freedman, tackles this debate by analyzing evidence from advocates and critics of Genetically Modified Foods, weighing the risks and benefits, and finally comes up with a clear solution of this dilemma. Freedman employs a more informative and defensive tone and rhetorical devices when discussing pro-GM arguments to convince his audience that genetically modified foods are not harmful but rather have multiple advantages.
In his article, Freedman does not rely on emotional appeal to persuade the reader but employs logos to support genetically modified foods. He uses statistical evidence from credible scientists and renowned bodies such as Robert Goldberg, Gregory Jaffe, Alan Mcguhen, David Zilberman, the USDA, and the European Commission to support his claim. For instance, Freedman states that the European Commission, “has funded 130 research projects carried out by 500 independent teams, on the safety of GM crops. None of these studies found any special risks for GM crops” (Freedman,633). He strengthens this argument on the safety of genetically modified foods by stressing Alan McHughen’s viewpoint, “Under current testing standards for GM- crops, most conventionally bred crops wouldn’t have made it to the market”(Freedman,633). Freedman uses viewpoints from anti-GM scientists who are not as credible to weaken the argument against genetically modified foods. For instance, he points out that David Schubert, an “Alzheimer researcher” describes that a switched gene, “can go forward, backward, at different locations, in multiple copies, and they all do different things” (Freedman, 636). By intentionally quoting Schubert’s job and vague words, he renders him a barely credible as a scientist and source. Freedman, therefore, ensures that there is internal consistency in his argument for genetically modified foods by using research and data from credible scientists and reputable organizations to support his claim and simultaneously discredits the counterargument indirectly.
Freedman aims to establish his ethos by taking care to show both sides of the debate on genetically modified foods. He appeals to character by trying to portray his objectivity and impartiality on the matter. However, a keen reader notices that he mainly argues for genetically modified foods and uses the anti-GM analysis as a counterargument. Despite his intentions, the fact that he shows opposing sides of the issue before explaining his thesis establishes his credibility. His career as a science journalist also convinces the reader to rely on his reputation of providing information on scientific matters. However, his career is not as persuasive since journalists are known to take on different stances based on their employers.
What Freedman lacks in ethos and pathos, he compensates in diction. Freedman persuades the audience by employing well-chosen diction that illustrates the power of words in creating a specific tone. By using certain words, Freedman strengthens his case for genetically modified foods and weakens the counterargument that is against genetically modified foods. The title for instance, “Are engineered foods evil? Has moral and religious connotations. The term ‘evil’ is not consistent with the scientific diction he applies. Words that would have been more compatible with the text include dangerous, harmful, or detrimental. He therefore implicitly implies that the opponents of genetically modified foods base their arguments on moral or religious grounds rather than scientific ones. The use of phrases such as “exasperating” “exonerating evidence” “PERSISTENT DOUBTS”, “A CLEAN RECORD” and “But as medical researchers know, nothing can really be “proved safe.” (Freedman, 633, 630, 631,).One can only fail to turn up significant risk after trying hard to find it-as is the case with GM crops.” His diction proves that he wholly supports genetically modified foods and aims to convince the reader into supporting them too.
In conclusion, the fact that Freedman provides both sides of the argument does not portray his impartiality, but rather, his attempts to give a ‘balanced standpoint’ contribute to false equivalency fallacy. He uses this to his advantage to get his point across, that is, by giving both sides of the debate, he paints himself as ‘impartial’. However, he strongly argues for genetically modified foods and weakly advocates against the foods. He strongly relies on logos and persuasive diction to persuade his audience into supporting the adoption of genetically modified foods. This works in his favor, because from a reader’s perspective, genetically modified foods ‘win’.
Works Cited
BIBLIOGRAPHY Freedman, David H. “Are Engineered Foods Evil?” Lunsford, Andrea A. Everything’s An Argument: With Readings. Boston: Bedford, 2018. 630-638. Print.
Blended Humor and Horror in “The Final Girls”
Blended Humor and Horror in “The Final Girls”
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course
Instructor’s Name
Due Date
Introduction
Horror and humor, when observed on the surface, are opposing genres. Horror as a genre is developed to horrify and scare audiences, while humor amuses and ensures audiences laugh (Crowther, 2021). However, these two genres are considerably linked more than one can imagine through absurdity and high willingness by filmmakers to provide going over the top. The constant tension usually occurring in serious horror movies is exhausting. Thus, using humor to relieve tension can be an essential tool. Thus, films that typically blend horror and humor have emerged to be horror’s primary cannon. Rather than the films having possibly unintentional laughs in the various scenes, the films are a straight humorous take concerning the horror tropes. These films are referred to as horror-comedy, where they have become their own subgenre. “The Final Girls” is among the best horror-comedy with Todd Strauss-Schulson as the director, where the film does an outstanding job of blending humor and horror.
The unique concept in “The Final Girls” focuses on Max, whose mother passed away before being known by her daughter. She was mainly a scream queen in the 80s. The movie is a horror film that occurs in another horror film’s world. Various black-and-white flashbacks concerning teens that are over-sexualized are present in the movie. Also, there are flashbacks relating to individuals who mainly reference horror films’ rules. Looking at its official trailer, it portrays an exceptionally meta-horror movie, and this film pokes fun specifically at its genre; this appears unique. In addition, the film is self-aware, bright, funny, and scream-inducing. Usually, horror films are best when they turn out to be suspenseful and scary (Martin, 2019). They also perform if they are self-aware. In case they fail to cause utter terror to the audience, being concerned about the joke can assist them to be carried more seriously as a movie. “The Final Girls” excellently blends these different elements.
Horror
An emotional element is provided by a girl coming into contact with her deceased mother. The other cast offers an ideal balance of horror and humor. Duncan, who is nerdy, says, “Everyone who has sex in this movie dies” (Sweet Dreams Studios, 2021). Thus, this idea becomes the base of every joke in the film. The final girl, Paula, utters, “You just messed with the wrong virgin,” in the movie “Camp Bloodbath,” which is within the movie (Sweet Dreams Studios, 2021). The final girl is a virgin, unlike her licentious friends. The teen gang finally becomes aware that they are in a film; this is terrifying for geeky Duncan but rather heavy emotionally for Max. She views her dead mother again, who is in the flesh, although it is not her, indeed. Max also gets completely freaked out by her deceased mother being 20 years younger compared to her last memories of her. In addition, the teen gang can be assassinated by Billy Murphy, the film’s villain, and upon realizing they are not safe until they kill Billy to escape the film. Therefore, this shows the horrifying features of the film.
Humor
Moreover, “The Final Girls” has several humorous redeeming qualities. The present fake 1980s movie has B horror-quality jokes that make one cringe-laughing. For instance, Duncan says, “the writing is so bad” (Sweet Dreams Studios, 2021). Duncan explains the future occurrences in the movie. The film is also clever with meta-aspect, where its title cards are solid brick-concrete, and the flashback root stories change the setting in particular to black and white. Also, the horndog character Kurt turns out to be hilarious due to his exceeding-top masculinity and eagerness involving humping all the girls in sight. Adam DeVine plays this character Kurt entirely very well, dropping homophobic and casual anti-feminist remarks. Resident Slut, Tina is another exceptional and humorous character who requires duct-taped hands to survive by ensuring she does not undress and join any sexy misconduct. Tina is ridiculous and a riot.
Additionally, there is a hilarious strip show scene that results in one cackling where Nancy continuously refers to herself as the shy girl containing the guitar and the clipboard while Blake serves as an artsy alt boy who is token black. Ironically, the least memorable of the teen gang is Paula. Thus, these parody show portrays how film characters that are anticipated, conventional, and slasher look like; “The Final Girls” is a bit effective to that extent. However, following the virgin joke, all eyes induced hyper-meta comments after rolling, and the film fails to do something new for the genre.
Conclusion
Although humor and horror appear different on the surface, they are considerably linked more than one can imagine. “The Final Girls” excellently blends humor and horror and is among the best horror-comedy films. Looking at its official trailer, it portrays an exceptionally meta-horror movie, and this film pokes fun specifically at its genre; this appears unique. It has horrifying elements, such as Max getting freaked out by her deceased mother being 20 years younger compared to her last memories of her. There are also humorous features where Duncan utters that every individual involved in sex dies; this becomes the basis of every joke in the film. Therefore, “The Final Girls” effectively portrays the connection between horror and humor.
References
Crowther, S. (2021). Bloody Disgusting! Abjection, Excess & Absurdity: The Carnivalesque Cohesion Between Horror & Comedy in Film & Television.
Martin, G. N. (2019). (Why) do you like scary movies? A review of the empirical research on psychological responses to horror films. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2298.
Sweet Dreams Studios. (2021). FINAL GIRL – Full Film. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKeTMmLOWck