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Consulting Project

Consulting Project

Name

Institution

Year

Part 1

Employee selection is a very complex process that seeks to identify talents, abilities, and skills that the job seeker brings to the organization. One of the main merits used when look for an employee is the skill level that can be measured from different angles. The employee section at the organization takes many forms and guided by how and where the value of talent or productivity lies. One of the prime avenues to make value in an organization is to always derive and get the best skills or talents that can help drive the agenda or objectives forward. In line with this, the progressive growth and goal accomplishment relies on the talents that an organza ion relies on in the delivery of tasks. Right from the managerial task to minor tasks, skill searching is done with a key focus on the best persons to deliver the tasks. Being a legal profession, employee selection is first done on the basis of the persons who are eligible in legal matters.

The selection is thus done on the line of value addition that has to be derived from the most inclusive values and talents. To select the employees, key strengths like cognitive ability, personality, interests, values, physical abilities are utilized. One of the most important of this is the cognitive and personality values that are key in this profession. The other key aspects in the selectin is the person’s interest and ascribed values that have to be tied to what and how they value the profession. Area of interest is vital when looking at the key elements of performance that a person needs to deliver the given tasks. The other major parameter used in the employee selectin is the values and level of profession. An individual seeking to work in the organization is required to have attained the minimum professional or academic merits. The other aspect would be the level of experience for those who have worked in other organization. The minimum requirement in terms of years of experience is three years. These requirements are key when determining those who qualify and can deliver to their best.

To improve the organization’s employee selection methods, I would propose for a review of the merits that are applied in every job rank. In particular, I would recommend for a more skill-based selection approach than the level of experience. This would ensure that the selected persons have what it takes to run the tasks given. The other change would be to focus on one’s interest and passion that would help recognize those who have the right spirt to do the job. I believe that passion and interest are key to defining one’s love for the job that would help measure how best they will freely deliver on the given tasks. In addition, the best avenue to attaining the right results and performance is to have the most qualified persons. This brings the need for in-depth analysis ad review of what the employee can do even without close supervision. There is therefore a need to employ persons based on their level of skill and passion or interest in the profession.

Part 2

Question 4

Job training is a key aspect of value addition that ensures good performance. The performance is centered on a valid and integral aspect of improving skill level of the workforce. The key to ensuring that the workers have the right skills is by adding value to what they already pose (Rawat et al., 2016). The training and value addition are thus a key component of the performance improvement. Training at the organization has been the pillar to good performance and efficiency. Over the years, training has been done with an objective to build talents and to enhance efficiency that is the root to good performance. To ensure that training is effective and directed to its intended areas, job evaluation and performance is done at a regular pattern. The areas of weakness are noted and more efforts directed to putting the right efforts and building the right avenues to skill enhancement. One of the key values of a strong training model is to have the talent identification process through which skills can be directed and enhanced. This makes training at the organization effective on the aspects of creating an outlet for stable and productive workforce. The other approach to training is having a goal directed factor that seeks to ensure that every employee performs within his or her area of expertise. This makes training easy because the value addition process is directed towards the intended area. Another way to look at training at the organization is its inclusivity to all areas of performance and departments. The key here is to build a strong work development module that is centered around talents and productivity of the workers. One of the guiding principles in the way the training is done has always been the performance rate or effectiveness ratio. The input-output approach has proven an effective value when creating the right talents and improving the worker performance.

The training programs were in particular effective as they were the basis to the creatin of the right skill enhancement. The skill improvement under the training programs was mainly directed to creating the right outlet for ideas and helping improve on work delivery

(Bryson et al., 2017). The training also helped create the link between the output and efficiency where the performance was measured through the task delivery and ease of carrying out the various roles. In most cases, the value for an inclusive module and the derived skill improvement as stated in the training modules weas greatly encouraged. The training was thus a vital channel to add value to the talents at the work place as well as improving how the tasks were delivered. In particular, the training helped model the workers to positive thinning and productivity that was greatly needed in the delivery of the tasks. One of the key areas that the training helped was in diverting the energy and talents to one point or the right channels to enhance productivity as well as in improving the task delivery. The training programs were beneficial when looking at the inclusive learning and skill improvement platform they provided. In particular, the training helped create the right value for key skills where people could not understand and generate the right efforts to learning.

To improve the training skills and the approach to performance enhancement, I would propose some key changes in regard to the program structure. First, the training should be hinged on ensuring that the workers understand the tasks they should handle. The second approach is to ensure that there is adequate information sharing that will help link the workers and thus improve ideas are passed on easily (Nielsen et al., 2017). The other major step would be to create the right avenue that would be vital in enhancing the effectiveness of the raining. The training should also be geared towards enhancing the areas of weakness that should be directed to the most urgent needs.

To improve on this job, I would propose for an inclusive review of the key performance evaluation. Performance has to be hinged on the real and inclusive modules that are directed to the right areas. One of the ways to boost performance is to look at how and where the workers are failing to deliver. The performance enhancement methods should also be inclusive and have the full capacity in improving the key areas (Bryson et al., 2017). One of the best ways towards this is to look at what and how the performance can be laid down and directed towards the right areas. Still, there is need to have the best task delivery modules as noted above that have to align and pinpoint to what is needed in the current modules. Another area of concern is the inclusive and diverse mechanisms that can be applied when looking at both the input-output element of task delivery that should be directed to making sure that there is efficiency and productivity. In order to boost the value of the task delivered, there should be regular assessment that can and must align with the laid down objectives.

Part 3

Question 1

SMEs operate under a very tight and competitive niche in the field of business or corporate sector. The key to good performance is always about the motivation and the boost to work that comes with various values tied to results (Nielsen et al., 2017). The employees as the key factor in an SME have a key role to play but must also be motivated to work. One of the main ways to motivate the employees is to reward them for the good results they produce. Additionally, the performance should be measured and rewards given as a way to encourage others to do their best. The idea of having effective reward system should be upheld as it is one of the main ways to boost performance (Gerhart & Fang, 2015). Rewarding employees on performance basis is key to deriving the right productivity in an SME. The other main approach is to create the right work environment that will be conducive to productivity and thus motivate performance.

Conducive working environment goes a long way in motivating the employees to deliver good results. Just like in a reward system, good working environment helps induce good work spirit and thus the workers are able to produce good results. To boost work delivery or motivate workers in this organization, I would propose that the management adopts the right reward systems. This can vary from monetary to non-monetary rewards. For example, the management can create the right performance timeline where results are measured at a given time and rewards given to those who give the best results. The reward system should also be base don improvement basis where those who add value to their previous results get recognized and rewarded. Such measures will also encourage the other employees to work hard in a bid to get recognized and rewarded.

Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory best fits the explanation for motivation at work place. The theory states that performance is always an end result of motivation that a worker gets when performing a task. The theory helps explain how people derive good sprit in work with the focus on the reward they will get when the deliver the needed results (Ojo et al., 2018). Abraham Maslow’s theory argues that humans have a series of needs, some of which must be met before they can turn their attention toward others. Certain universal needs are the most pressing, while more “acquired” emotions are of secondary importance. Motivation and Performance. Motivation is the combination of a person’s desire and energy directed at achieving a goal. It is the cause of action. It is the cause of action. Motivation can be intrinsic, such as satisfaction and feelings of achievement; or extrinsic, such as rewards, punishment, and goal attainment. Collective and performance-based rewards can help motivate the employees in task delivery (Gerhart & Fang, 2015). For example, the management at the firm can establish means of rewarding like in cash, paid holidays, or job promotion. These direct and strong reward models have proven to be effective avenues to motivating workers to do better in their respective tasks. Most importantly, the reward should target the low ranks or junior employees who should be encouraged to do better to rise in ranks. The job promotion is always strong way to reward the best performing employees and thus boosting performance.

Question 2

One of the main job stressors is workload that often results from accumulated tasks. The job stressor can be termed as the tedious aspect of the profession mainly in terms of time constraints. The major source of stress in the job is the time pressure where the workers find themselves cornered by time and job overload (Nielsen et al., 2017). The issue hinders effectiveness in task delivery thus putting the works under more pressure. Stressors at work place can vary in terms of intensity and nature. One of the main ways to identify the stressors in the workplace is to look at how and where the employees are complaining on the work lateness or time pressure. These factors can help identify the various stressors that hinder effectiveness at the workplace.

Job stressors also arise from the increased tasks that often lead to pressure in the delivery. In some cases, some workers are forced to work overtime thus adding more pressure to their schedules. The issue is often caused by the lack of effectiveness when dealing with the added tasks as well as the time limit during weekdays. To fight this work stress, the management lays down the work protocol by prioritizing on the most demanding tasks. Task urgency is also a vital aspect when allocating the various duties that have to be done. In line with this, the management has derived the right procedures that can be applied when there is work overload. These aspects of work division and sharing of tasks has helped minimize cases of work overload stress. The other aspect is the maximizing of the available time that has added to the task delivery efficiency. These factors are key when addressing the issue of work stress as well as improving work delivery.

References

Bryson, A., Forth, J., & Stokes, L. (2017). Does employees’ subjective well-being affect workplace performance?. Human relations, 70(8), 1017-1037.

Gerhart, B., & Fang, M. (2015). Pay, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, performance, and creativity in the workplace: Revisiting long-held beliefs.

Nielsen, K., Nielsen, M. B., Ogbonnaya, C., Känsälä, M., Saari, E., & Isaksson, K. (2017). Workplace resources to improve both employee well-being and performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Work & Stress, 31(2), 101-120.

Ojo, S. O., Bailey, D. P., Chater, A. M., & Hewson, D. J. (2018). The impact of active workstations on workplace productivity and performance: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(3), 417.

Rawat, P. S., & Basergekar, P. (2016). Managing workplace diversity: Performance of minority employees. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 488-501.

Consulting Company

Name

Course Name

Case Study 2

Date

Instructor’s Name

Consulting Company

Early Riser Consultants is a company that offers organizational behavior consulting practice. The organization specializes in cross-cultural group as well as team dynamics and problems. As organizations are going global, there is need to successfully manage cross-cultural teams. The company is in need of an organizational behavior practitioner who will be responsible for identifying, documenting, analyzing and assessing behavioral problems and issues and recommending intervention strategies, tools and methods for successfully restructuring the company, enhancing team effectiveness and performance and hence organizational performance. Bon Vivant Specialties on the other hand is a company in need of an OB specialist who will offer the services offered by Early Riser Consultants. As the manager of Early Riser Consultants, I am the best candidate that Chinn needs to be hired by Chinn.

Knowledge, Skills and Abilities

Some of the knowledge, skills and abilities that I possess include the following:

Self-competency

I have applied the knowledge, skills and abilities for assessing my own weaknesses and strengths, setting and pursuing personal and professional goals and balancing personal life and work.

Communication competency

I have applied knowledge, skills and abilities that can enable me to use electronic, written, nonverbal, verbal and listening modes of communication to transmit understand and receive feelings, thoughts and ideas. This greatly facilitated the communication in the company that I was working for (Nelson & Quick, 2012).

Diversity competency

I have applied the knowledge, skills and abilities for valuing unique organizational, group and individual characteristics and embracing such qualities as potential roots of strength and appreciating the uniqueness of each.

Across cultures competency

I have applied knowledge, skills and abilities for recognizing and embracing differences and similarities among cultures and nations and approaching key issues with a curious and open mind. This enabled cultural diversity where different cultures came together and worked without any consideration of the existing differences (Schermerhorn, 2012).

Team competency

I have applied the knowledge, skills and abilities for developing, supporting and leading groups to achieve their goals. The teams in the organizations that hired me became very effective and productive and the organization achieved its performance goals.

Change Competency

I have applied the knowledge, skills and abilities for recognizing and implementing new transformations or needed adaptations in the technologies, structures, strategies, tasks and people. This brought a lot of positive change in the company that hired me (Nelson & Quick, 2012).

Problems associated with cross cultural team

1). Misunderstandings: This result from inadequate information or communication problems in the organization. Different cultures have different beliefs and tastes. If these cultures are not well managed, the differences can bring a lot of misunderstanding as the company is going global and embracing diverse cultures (Nelson & Quick, 1996).

2). Parochial self-interests: this arises when individuals in the organization are more concerned with the personal implications.

3). Disagreement over the necessity for change: This arises from no justification for change from some of the board, and the possibility of an outcrop in the disagreement between the advantages and the disadvantages of the proposed change (Schermerhorn, 2012).

4). Low tolerance for the proposed change: this might result from the difference in the assessment of the solution or the perception of sense of insecurity among the employees in the organization.

5). Possible organizational changes to change: existing power structures, resistance presented by the work groups, failures from the previously tried change initiatives, and the already existing power structures in the organization (Nelson & Quick, 2012).

Recommendation

1). Relationship management: This action will be helpful because it aids in the development of relationship contracts and networks that are necessary for the achievement of the set goals in the team

2). Change leadership: Change leadership will enable an effective communication of the team’s initiatives in an approach that aids in the inspiration of adaptive action.

3). Team facilitation: Team facilitation generally aids in the utilization of group processes skills in the inspiration of better working relationship among team members who are diversified in order to achieve the goals of the team (Nelson & Quick, 1996).

4). Empowerment: The inclusion of empowerment in the effective leadership will enhance the ability of sharing information, delegation of meaningful responsibility, participitative soliciting of the ideas, and enabling employees to feel motivated and capable of assuming greater responsibilities (Schermerhorn, 2012).

5). Flexibility: This enhances the ability to change procedures and processes whenever they are necessary in the organization.

6). Interpersonal Understanding: This enables the ability to value and understand the inputs of the diverse individuals in the organization.

7). Entrepreneurial Innovation: This enables the championing of new production processes, services, and products in the organization.

8). Strategic Thinking: this enables the ability to study and understanding the changes in the conditions in the markets, the trends, opportunities, and the identification of optimal conditions.

References:

Nelson, D. L., & Quick, J. C. (2012). Organizational behavior: Science, the real world, and you. Mason, Ohio: South-Western.

Schermerhorn, J. R. (2012). Organizational behavior. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

Nelson, D. L., & Quick, J. C. (1996). Organizational behavior: The essentials. Minneapolis, MN: West Publ.

Constant Capital, Variable Capital, and Surplus Value

Constant Capital, Variable Capital, and Surplus Value

Professor

Institution

Name

Course

Date

Constant Capital, Variable Capital, and Surplus Value

Introduction

Constant capital is the total cost of a production process at a given time that does not change, referred to as the fixed costs of production. This could cover the costs of machinery, setting up the plant, equipments, new technology, computers, fixed assets like furniture, etc. These costs do not change whether production has taken place or not. On the other hand, variable capital is the costs that change with the level of production. This could include cost of raw materials, electricity, fuel, employee wages, etc. Surplus value can be defined as the new value created by workers in excess of their own labour cost or simply referred to as gross profit. This surplus value is the basis of capital accumulation. Thus, capital accumulation is the gathering or amassing of objects of value that increases wealth through concentration. Capital accumulation is the creation of wealth or financial asset which is later invested for the purpose of making more money. Human capital is another form of capital where one can invest to improve his or her abilities through education.

Capitalism from an economic viewpoint is the economic activity that is structured around capital accumulation. Factors of production are those variables that enable inputs to be put in place with the ultimate result of finished goods or services. Therefore, input determines the quantity of output. In economics, factors of production are the inputs into the general production of other useful products, they include, land, capital, labour and the entrepreneur organizing the factors together. Stocks like land and labour and capital goods are referred to as primary factors of production because they facilitate production, but neither becomes part of the product, e.g., Raw materials or become significantly transformed by the production process such as fuel or electricity. Other factors of production include include natural recourses, human capital (Stock of knowledge), state of technology, entrepreneurship, etc.

Role of Constant Capital on Capital Accumulation

Combining certain materials, tools, machines, and labour produces goods and services that people wish to purchase since they consider these goods and services essential. Some economist refers this attribute of commodities as use value, i.e., The production process of combining these different factors of production to make something useful. Therefore, labour power, tools, and machinery are all indispensable factors that can not be made. The problem is how can these factors of production be most efficiently combined by using the fewest input factors. Efficiency is using all the available factors of production to produce the highest possible output. Sometimes the level of unemployment prevails to contain workers’ demand for higher wages, fewer working hours, and better working conditions. Labour power is also wasted workers who are able and willing to work cannot find jobs. This implies that unemployment is foregone production, and cannot be referred to as efficiency. Labour power can be used in a way that it harms the health of workers who will need medical services. This can be averted if higher standards of occupational safety and health are put in place.

Efficiency can be defined economically as the costs a company must incur without considering the side effects the effects the business might have on the environment, health of workers, and the society. The neglect of social costs in mainstream economics leads to aspects of the process of production that will go beyond the minimum input. All companies are concern with profit maximization; therefore, costs must be as low as possible. Economists define profit as the difference between between company revenue and the cost of buying materials, machines, hiring workers, etc. Is labour the ultimate source of a company’s profits? To answer this question, a basic distinction must be made between the working class and the capitalists.

Alot of the money goes to speculating in land, financial assets, and commodities, but these speculations do not produce items of value. So they do not generate profit. It just involves moving existing values amounts from one pocket to another. It is important to note that, money is used to purchase a means of production and hiring employees who produces sellable goods and services can create value. Only when the original value of capital is smaller than the value of the commodities produced, and then revenue a company receives by selling these commodities can be termed as profit. Therefore, the difference between the revenue and the original capital is called the surplus value. Thus, the profit accumulation process begins when with money spent on markets, i.e., labour power and other means of production, and ends with money earned when a firm sells these commodities, i.e., goods and services. A company pays for the means of production and labour power according to the exchange value of these factors. Labour power is quite crucial as the value of raw materials is determined by the time and labour required to extract and process them.

Capitalists force workers to work more hours, and considering the principle of equal exchange, the worker is paid according to the value of his or her labour power (Wage Goods). If they work for more time than are needed to make those wage goods, additional wealth, surplus value is produced.

Rosefielde, (2001), argue that the production of surplus value is the principle reason to hire workers. A company realizes this wealth when it sells all the goods and services that are made within a given time. This labour that produces a value that is higher than the money invested originally, and that portion of the outlay is termed as variable capital. It should be noted that only constant and variable capital represents the cost of buying the means of production. Hiring labour power and the surplus value represents the additional value. Companies use this surplus value to pay dividends for shareholders, interest to creditors, rent to land owners, and salaries to managers, who are the capitalists’ class. The capitalists’ class lives off the surplus value that is produced by the working class. What the capitalist’ class do with the surplus value is up to them, as they own the means of production and the labour power, as well as the commodities produced by their companies. They can hire more managers, live in luxury, invest in additional means of production and labour power, and keeps the process of capital accumulation going. The only factors that can limit this process of capital accumulation and disposal by the capitalists’ are competition from other capitalists’ enterprises and certain technologies.

Neoclassical economic theories analyses inequality, underemployment, poverty, and wages as objectively, yet they are wrong. Inequality manifests differences in productivity. It is imperative to note that minimum wages, and union negotiated wages cause job losses. Welfare and social welfare programs drive people out of the labour force. People are poor and underemployed because they are unproductive. Poor nations will become rich if they accept the neoliberal programs such as free markets, deregulation, privatization, foreign investments, and free trade.

Capitalists’ economies are expansionary in nature, and the rule of the market will always follow. Capitalists will put everything everywhere for sale so long as it brings in profits, and commoditisation of everything, everywhere is as natural, inevitable and good. Neoclassical economics made people believe that it is the system that maintains capitalism. Capitalist economies are engines of economic growth, even the industrial revolution occurred among the capitalist, not in feudalists. Capitalism paved way for technological innovations and rapidly rising output. Growth is uneven among nations, with most of the growth concentrated in few rich capitalist countries. The output produced in capitalist economies could be harmful to human beings and the natural world.

According to Keen,(2004), Compared to other economic systems, capitalism can deliver lots of goods and services. What makes the growth of output possible in capitalists’ societies is the difference between radical economics and neoclassical economics, i.e., the profits of the capitalists. Only if, they make profits will they produce output; and will they invest these profits in new means of production and cause the economy to grow. They begin with some money and end up with a larger sum. Profits are made possible by the exploitation of wage workers, therefore, capitalism can be described as a system whose motto is the accumulation of capital. This ceaseless drive by individual capitalists to make money and achieve growth, (accumulation of capital) is predicated upon the extraction of a surplus from the labour of the workers (Rosefielde, 2001).

Accumulation of Capital

To become a capitalist, it is important to have enough money as it is the main stay of such organizations or systems. Capitalist enterprises cannot be started without money; money is the starting point of capitalist production. This capital money is the one that is used to organise the production of output, i.e., the money capital must undergo a series of transformation with the ultimate aim of converting the original sum into a large sum of money. When they still have capital, the means of production are acquired to facilitate efficiency in production. These inputs are called commodity, capital which includes all nonhuman means of production: factors such as land, buildings, equipment, machinery, and raw materials (constant capital). Others will be used to purchase human means of production, i.e., labour power, which is purchased like any other commodity (variable capital). Once the required amounts of variable and constant capitals are bought, under the control of the capitalist, it is used to produce the desired output. The output is considered as commodities of sale which are returned into the market for selling. If the money obtained from the sale is successful, profits are made accumulation of wealth (Karl, 1997).

Conclusion

Businesses must use a large part of the profits to begin another process of capital accumulation. Capitalists must not only make profits but must see that their capital grows. This is not based on greed, but the kind of competition they are facing. If capitalists do not invest profits in expanded production, and their rivals do. They will not be able to compete effectively in the long run. They may not acquire the best equipment, develop a research facility, enlarge their advertisement budgets, or get bank loans at favourable terms. Failure to do so might lead to disastrous consequences such as closure or bankruptcy, and all amenities such as prestige, high incomes, and political power. Competition forces each capitalist to make profits grow, i.e., accumulate capital.

References

Keen s. (2004). Debunking Economics; The Naked Emperor of the Social Sciences, 2004, p. 294

Karl M., (1997)”Constant capital and variable capital”, in Capital Vol. 1, Chapter 8

Rosefielde, S., (2001), Premature Deaths: Russia’s Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective. Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 53, No. 8 (Dec., 2001), pp. 1159-1176 : Taylor & Francis, Ltd.