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Reasons provided in the film for Prison boom beginning in the 1970s
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1. Reasons provided in the film for Prison boom beginning in the 1970s
Incarceration involves jail term confinements of people. The Prison boom is the trend in incarceration rates that have doubled more than in the past years. This is because since the rising of the drug war and the explosion of prison large population due to discretion within its system allowing the arrest and prosecution of people of color, which has alarmingly higher rates than that of whites which is the new criminal penalties according to Jim Crow, black people being more targeted at arrests and prosecution. The prison population had drastically increased since the end of the black movement and Civil rights. Whites seemed to be having drastically inferior positions.
Lack of convincing evidence that can be used to track the prisoners both in prison life and after prison life seemed contracted—no connections of the data related to the crime of the prisoners. There was a selection bias of the people to be sent to Prison.
2. Have 5 % of the population and 25 % of the world’s most significant population
The prison population list indicates a breakdown of the total population in prison. The number of people in jail accounted for 25 % of the prison population. The strict law servers clearly show that the sentencing culture has been overlooked while giving vague jail terms. Policymakers had to be installed (as a suggestion) to test for population rise in the prisons. Incarceration is then brutal to be compared to other prisons.
3. African Americans made up 12 % of the American population but 38 %of the prison population.
Most of the African American imprisoned has been due to racism. The rate of Black people’s imprisonment is more significant than the speed of white imprisonment. Racial and ethical differences have been the main source of higher Black people’s incarceration. Going to prison can hinder the development of the individual in terms of income and self-development. Most Black Americans are in jail majority being falsely imprisoned due to their difference in the race. It is believed that the black community is primarily involved in crimes compared to whites.
The consequences are either on an individual basis or a social basis. On a societal basis, it is believed that a high level of imprisonment in societies causes increased crime rates in the neighboring community back, personal experience the community, and personal crisis. The mass incarceration designed policies that dominated the white culture, mainly causing suppression to other races. The accomplishment of criminal justice cannot be recognized without the racism factor being addressed. The sentencing project produced by the state-level signifies that the black people have greatly been affected hence fairness disproportionately.
4. Roles of Civil rights movement in the 1960s
Using nonviolent protests, the civil rights movement managed to break the pattern of public services and justice acquirement being offered by the race dependency for the African Americans. The efforts made by the activists and protestors made the legislation to end racism segregation. The civil rights Act of 1960 helped strengthen the voter’s rights expanding the enforcement power of the Civil rights act 1957. The show included authorizing court-appointed referees intended to help the Black Americans register and vote, provide federal inspection of the local voters’ polling station rolls
The civil rights movement achieved the bus segregation unconstitutional, for it had lost much of its revenue through Jim Crows laws were still to be followed. The 1960 presidential elections were also closely achieved. The March on was declared in 1963 by the African American activist demanding jobs for the African Americans to be involved in the booming wartime economy. The protest was later brought down after agreeing that the ban on discrimination was removed. The 1960 civil right act gave rise to the 1964 civil right act, where more African American rights were supported, either economically or socially.
5. The US incarceration rate
The US rate is 500 prisoners per 100000. Men make up the largest population of the local jail population, and prisons have an imprisonment rate of 14 times that of women. The US has the highest population of prisoners. The incarceration rate is higher due to longer sentences and an increased likelihood of imprisonment.
6. State that imprisons blacks at a higher rate
Wisconsin is the leading county that imprisons the blacks at higher rates. At least one in a group of 36 Wisconsin is in prison. The Black population consists of 42 percent of the total population but only 6 percent of the entire state’s population.
7. In 1850, 3.2 million African Americans were enslaved. In 2007, there were 12.5 million African Americans under correction control.
8. Philadelphia jail population is at around 4600 people, which is approximately 38 %, black men
9. Why is the PA institutional law project suing the prison system in Philadelphia
This is because of the abuse and inhumane treatment in the prisons and overcrowding in the prison areas.
10. Discuss some of the reforms to reduce overcrowding in Philadelphia and the most successful method.
By giving out better information which allows visitors to plan their visit reducing delay rates
By managing the flow of the prisoners
By creating supportive experience used in dispersing visitors
The most efficient way is by building better infrastructures to a point where overcrowding can be avoided.
10. A blow boat is a flattened bottom boat powered by an airplane propeller projecting above the sterns and used in swamps or shallow waters.
11. Most of the people in the county jail are serving their sentences
16 – 17. Consequences after leaving prison with a felony record
Restrictions of professional licenses
Ineligibility for public funds, including welfare benefits
Loss of voting right
Deportation for immigrants
Some of these consequences are fair at some degree level
18 – 19.
Under Caste is hereditary social behaviors that restrict some of their occupation and association with others; in Racial Caste, it determines the association of other races other than his original. People with criminal records are banned from association with other people, communities, or races.
20- 21. Discretion is defined as the right of someone to make a decision.
Discretion gives the police the right to carry out their job at any circumstance; hence can falsely arrest an individual with the wrong case.
Change in evaluation is connected to the theoretical image of policy keeper; hence can cause inequitable consequences arising from the police power.
Stronger force can be used in bringing “peace “to the community
22.43 % of the participants envision are black drug users
23 – 24; Recidivism is a person’s relapse to criminal behavior after undergoing intervention of a previous crime. They have a higher rate because of community upbringing and lack of resources immediately after prison release.
25. About 38 ,500 people
26. Pre-entry is the action of entering beforehand.
27. The case has to be first passed at the local magistrates, which after several appeals, are passed to the high Court.
28 -31. suggestions listed towards the end of the war on drugs
By knowing how to resist temptation
By surrounding oneself with the right company that doesn’t use drugs
Distracting oneself with more valuable activities
Learning how to cope with stress by relaxing without the use of drugs
Avoiding places where one knows the drugs would be available
32 -35 Suggestions listed for criminal justice and prison reform
By focusing on evidence-based rehabilitation strategies
Reduce recidivism
Address, co behavior issues related to criminality
Offering guidance and counseling to the prisoners immediately after serving their sentences
36 -40. This video has helped educate people on sources of crimes and prison rules in different countries. Some of the policies by the prison rule are also stated.
References
Yin .R. K ., et .al (1976 ) A review of case studies of Technological investigation in state and local services.Santa Monica
Rogovin C ( 1973 ) The genesis of law enforcement assistance administration: a personal account. Columbia human rights law.Review 5 (1) 9 – 25
Use of Suffering in the Creation of Meaning
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Use of Suffering in the Creation of Meaning
Writers differently use their intellectual capacity and literary skills to appeal to the empathetic moods of readers. Scenarios are created that depict subjection to unfolding suffering that is the writer’s point of connection with the reader. This paper does a literary appreciation and explains how pain has been used to create meaning in two pieces of literature; Orwell’s Such, Such Were the Joys and Diamond’s Last American.
Such, Such Were the Joys
After his admission at Crossgates, the writer tells, he began experiencing a series of interconnected suffering that left both psychological and physical impacts on him.The first suffering was the withdrawal from home that often leaves children with a sense of insecurity and the stress of adoption to a new environment. Children become sick when taken away from home and grow lonely so to miss their family settings.The first suffering subjected the writer to his tribulations that have made him hate the school memories and loathe the idea of visiting his former school.The new environment had a psychological impact on him, something that he now believes happens to every child who has been taken away from home. He started bedwetting, again, at the age of eight. Seemingly, he had been relieved of this uncontrollable problem four years prior, at the age of four. The problem further scaled his isolation as he was the only one bedwetting in their dormitory. He felt odd and that the others must have been looking down upon him because the problem was considered to plague only generations of the younger age. The author wants to connect to the readers in this case by making them understand his situation and then sympathize. He portrays his state of bed pissing as something he did not will, but something that plagued him. He also wants the reader to understand his state of loneliness.Bed pissing was compounded by several other problems that tormented the writer mentally and brought physical pain along. When he is called and warned by Mrs. Bingo, the author develops an enormous amount of fear. He misconceives everything that he is told at this point as a result of little focus resultant of the fear. The fear inspired in him on that day was so great that he seriously prayed to God to take away from him the problem of bedwetting. Suffering is taken to another level when the writer awakes to realize that God did not answer his prayers to stop his problems. Psychological torture scales and the author fails to understand why even after praying and making resolutions with God, his problems still persist.At this state, the matron asks him to report to the Headmaster in which case he gets punished by cane. When he makes a confession to his mates that the punishment wasn’t that painful, he is subjected to a repeat of the same. Moreover, the second punishment is harsher than the first. The writer suffers physical torture from parties who do not understand that his bedwetting is not deliberate. When he is getting punished, he feels like he is in the world in which he is a loner.The author also makes us realize that there is a group of bigger boys, referred to as the Sixth Grade that are warranted to mete out punishments to the younger smaller boys. The more adolescent boys, hence, live in a state of fear not of just the administration, but of fellow students.The writer through all his suffering makes to clear that he is a loner in that school and that none, including the management, understand the problems that befall him. He clarifies his innocence, and the psychological torture that is not tended to, but serves to subject him to more suffering.
The Last American
The literary piece covers the environmental inequities that man commit that have negative repercussions on his life.The overexploitation of environmental resources weakened Agriculture and other economic activities that always played the backbone of ancient empires. Implications of a degraded environment went even further as enemies always sought to take advantage and attack the legendary countries, a factor that always led to their subsequent collapse. Water scarcity could result from overuse of land and land clearance that left the soil bare and incapable of holding enough water. Underground reservoirs could only serve too long but were subject to depletion after which such populated cities were left in a quagmire.Helplessness that resulted from agriculture was caused by poor agricultural practices that did not aim at increasing Agricultural Production to sustain the large populations while protecting the environment.Relevance of protection of the environment is elaborated further in the modern world. Clearing of vegetation and establishing of towns and cities in dry places with no adequate supply of water, deprives man of clean water. Environmental degradation also takes the green cover along with it. The writer lays bare the risks including health hazards that man exposes himself to when he falls short in accomplishing his roles of caring for the environment as he supposedly should.Hampered Agriculture creates a state of malnutrition and weakness. Malnutrition is the source for slowed production and subjection to foreign rule. It can also set way for health plagues.The writer wins the readers to his side when clarifies the suffering that people are subjected to and acts to stem out the root causes. He links the issues to each other and then to the root cause. He further goes to the extent of explaining the actions that should have been taken at that time, and the actions that should be taken at the present. He elaborates how scarcity of some resources results from overexploitation of others, or how poor leadership catapults man’s problems. By associating the ancient dynasties to the present world, the author is implying that if no drastic measures are taken, the current dynasties night just end in the same state as the previous.
Conclusion
Suffering is always used by the writers to appeal to the reader’s intellect to understand the situation at hand. It has been used in the first instance by Orwell to win the reader to his side of questioning just how the ancient curriculum was run. In the second case, it is used by Diamond to help the reader understand the repercussions of poor environmental care and impacts of poor leadership on the well-being of the country. That achieved, the reader develops the same attitude as the writer and wants to help protect the environment.Suffering as a literary tool, is used to create meaning for literary pieces and win the readers’ sympathy. Moreover, it is used to develop a new mentality in the readers.
Social Factors that Motivated Reform Movements in the North before the Civil War
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Social Factors that Motivated Reform Movements in the North before the Civil War
Both non-violent and occasionally violent in nature, the Pre-Civil War era is probably marked as one of the most chronically monumental in the history of America. This period occurred between 1815 and 1850 AD and was characterized by numerous civil, social, moral, political, and religious controversies. It is worth noting that many socialists and historical political scientists credit this period as the genesis of American reforms. It is the series of reformations, civil rights activism, demand for better services, equal rights for women, enlightening, and evangelical revivalism that gave rise to activities inspiring change. Socially considered, a number of societal political transformations, religious factors, cultural establishments, and economic developments took center-stage in inspiring reforms directly or indirectly.
In general, most reforms had two fronts of societal approach. In the first, reformers hoped that collective movements would help in relieving the social problems that the society had presented in the era. Typically, a characteristic violent and vehement society had emerged in the preceding period. Perhaps, reformists believed that the changes they advocatedwould help secure them a safer society. There also existed a constantly widening gap in class divisions, societal stratification, and wealth distribution. Thus, there were some few, but extremely rich individuals with a contrasting majority languishing in abject poverty. The implication of this was that opportunities would differ in relation to wealth and financial ability; with the rich accessing better education, healthcare, and other services. Analytically, this social element is common for spurring revolutions across the history of humanity. The probable aim of revolts related to this scenario is the hope to achieve an equal society that distributes resources fairly and offers equal opportunities to its populations. The second front was religious and evangelically oriented.
Considering political establishments and transformations, numerous occurrences increased relative individual freedom and expanded space for political activism that would later result in reform movements. As explained by Blau, it is this range of political activities that were later to be called Jacksonian Democracy (94). Between 1815 and 1840, the laws that required individuals to own certain amounts of property in order to be able to vote or hold various offices got abolished. Again, shouting loudly to garner higher amounts of votes during elections also got discredited. Notably, various institutions previously entrusted with the task of handpicking individuals to hold political and administrative offices had this privilege taken away from them and given to the electorate (Blau 373). The consequence was an increased voter participation in the election with improved enthusiasm towards political activities. Undoubtedly, these and other political changes were partly responsible for motivating reform movements.
Religion, morality, and the general spirit of societal reformation are other social factors motivating movements and activism in the pre-civil war era. Increasingly, absence of the rule of law, violence, continuous transgression, and evildoing became the order of the day. While religious reformers sought to give people an opportunity to serve the supernatural and live Godly lives, moral reformers battled societal evils like drunkenness, prostitution, profanity, and all social ills. On the other and social reformers sought positions that would ensure societal uprightness in terms of education, enlightenment and development. Thus, as explained by Mintz, there was increased establishment of prisons to curb crime, advocacy for the abolishment of slavery, and the fight for equal rights amongst men and women. Not only did reformers advocate for the establishment of good public schools, but also did they fight for Especially Education for the hearing impaired, visually impaired, physically handicapped, and other health impairments previously sidelined in the provision of education (50-79). Hence, the social elements of religion and morality spurred numerous reform movements that aimed at establishing improved living conditions and more moral lifestyles for the citizens.
Characterized by typical inventions, innovations and discoveries, the 19th Century America was probably one of the most emerging economic societies. Just to mention but a few, the reaper, electric light, steam locomotive, miner’s lamp, stethoscope, typewriter, matches, electromagnets, and the stereoscope were all invented during this period (Parish 685). The most instrumental of these discoveries were in transport, communication, and construction industries. Thus, the construction or modern roads, railways, and the invention of steam engines and steamboats facilitated rapid economic growth. Ultimately, cities began to rise along transportation lines. Interaction and enlightenment increased. Most of all, major parts of the population were empowered economically (Parish 215). The fact that manufacturing and improved transportation increased production also acted as a catalyzing factor to of Reform movements in the north before the civil war. Additional reasons why this was achieved included socialization in the process of trade and enlightenment through interaction.
Undeniably, numerous reform movements and civil activities characterized the pre-civil war era. Each of these advocated different elements in the society. Commonly, the social structure of the society presented various factors that made it suitable for reform movements to occur. These included politics, religion, culture, and economic developments.
Works Cited
Blau, Joseph L. Social Theories of Jacksonian Democracy: Representative Writings of the Period 1825-1850. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 2003. Print.
Mintz, Steven. Moralists and Modernizers: America’s Pre-Civil War Reformers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Print.
Parish, Peter J. Reader’s Guide to American History. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997. Print.