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A Review of “Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron.”
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A Review of “Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron.”
The article is a report on an experiment that describes the benefits of lipocalin 2 in the body’s immunity and its response to pathogens. To illustrate how lipocalin 2 works in vivo in the mammalian immune system, the scientists experiment on laboratory mice. They infect mice that can auto-generate lipocalin 2 with a sub-lethal experimental species of Escherichia coli bacteria, H9049. The scientists then generate mice that are deficient in lipocalin and infect these mice with a similar dose of E. coli. The scientists use uninfected mice as the control group of the experiment. Ultimately, the lipocalin-2-deficient mice exhibit higher levels of bacterial levels in their livers and spleens than in those with lipocalin 2. However, the numbers of leukocytes, the iron distribution, and the infiltration levels in both sets of mice (infected mice) are similar. This study reveals another constituent of the mammalian immune system.
An understanding of the mechanism of action of lipocalin 2 is significant in the fight against disease-causing-pathogens since lipocalin 2 is seen to bind many siderophores. Siderophores are synthesized by bacteria in an iron-deficient environment to look for iron from iron-binding proteins and transport it back to the bacteria. Despite lipocalin 2 binding many catecholate-type siderophores, such as enterocheline, it does not bind poly-carboxylate-type siderophores or hydroxamate-type siderophores.
This study is essential since it details the benefits of lipocalin 2 in the inhibition of bacterial growth. Lipocalin 2 works by sequestering iron that is much needed for the growth of bacteremia in the first stages of infection. From the study, the mice that could not secrete lipocalin 2 died within the first forty-two hours of administering the E. coli. Before dying, the mice displayed physical signs of sepsis such as ruffled fur, hunched posture, and lethargy. This finding has a considerable impact on the clinical treatment of bacterial sepsis. The role of lipocalin 2 in the fight against pathogens by limiting their growth is crucial since bacteria such as E. coli can cause intestinal infection which is accompanied by symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. Moreover, dangerous bacteria like salmonella that depend on catecholate siderophores can be eliminated using lipocalin 2.
The next experiment that the scientists could undertake should involve the role of lipocalin 2 in the apoptosis of cells. Just like the positive role of lipocalin 2 in fighting pathogens has been studied, so should its adverse effects. This experiment would be significant since many scientists debate the role of lipocalin 2, with some refuting the claim that lipocalin 2 induces apoptosis.
Black Lives Matter and Use of Body Camera (2)
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Black Lives Matter and Use of Body Camera
Introduction
Black Lives Matter Movement was founded in 2013 after the death of Trayvon Martin.
Talk of the killings and maiming of minority groups including statistical representation.
Police brutality is the use of excessive force by police officers on its citizens
With the recants movements on black lives matter there is need to look on the matter.
There are debates on all lives matter issue as well as black lives matter with all lives matter wanting to diminish all lives matter movement.
Thesis statement: This paper will generally examine Black B Lives, Movement and the use of body camera to help reduce police brutality
Body: Extent of police brutality.
Why are African Americans mostly targets of police brutality?
Police seem to target African Americans and most attacks seem to be racially motivated
There are laws in place that seem to contribute of police brutality such as Stop and Search laws
Recants protests on black lives matter
George Floyd’s murder led to a lot of protests all over United States most people stating the protests are no longer peaceful.
Colin Kaeprick did a protest where he knelt and got a lot of back lash including the fact that it was disrespectful but now people believe he was right
Incorporate ideas of Malcolm X and Martin Luther on peaceful protest when it comes to matters of racism.
Implementation of body cameras to help reduce police brutality
Most police brutality cases are usually the words of the officer against the police use of cameras would help
Use of body cameras will help show the side of the story if excessive force will be used.
Blue Code of silence is the leading reason as to why most police officers get away with brutality.
Conclusion
Although racism has greatly reduced the issue of systemic racism is now visible when it comes to police brutality
Achievements that have been achieved by the BLM including firing of police officers implicated in George Floyd murder.
There needs to eliminate laws that are targeting the minorities
Although all lives matter there is evidence that black lives do not matter is reason enough to protest.
A Review of “Lack of antibody affinity maturation due to poor Toll-like receptor stimulation leads to enhanced respiratory sy
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Date:A Review of “Lack of antibody affinity maturation due to poor Toll-like receptor stimulation leads to enhanced respiratory syncytial virus disease”
The article is a report on an experiment that describes the nonreplicating vaccines against the RSV, ERD prime. To clearly illustrate how the nonreplicating viruses, the scientists’ experiment on laboratory mice. They infect the mice with RSV infection. The scientists then use the uninfected mice as a control experiment. RSV benefits of lipocalin 2 in the body’s immunity and its response to pathogens. All the mice seemed challenged after the vaccination. However, those mice that had been immunized with PFP, UVRSV and FIRSV had increased levels of AHR while compared to the mice that were previously immunized with placebo and the ones that were had been protected by a previous WT RSV infection.
An understanding on how the nonreplicating vaccines against the RSV, ERD prime. The acetylcholine challenge to AHR can be defined by the rise caused by the pressure caused in the peak airway. The experiment also showed that peribronchiolar pneumonia, Congo Red and hematoxylin stains demonstrates pulmonary eosinophilia. Conversely, periodic acid- Schiff shows the enhanced production of bronchiolar mucus in PFP, FIRSV, UVRSV recipients. Lack of protection by the antibody stimulated by FIRSV against the RSV infection is caused by a mechanism that has remained unclear for many years and has hampered the development of other vaccines against infection causing the virus. The research shows that the response from the antibodies is greatly stimulated by the RSV immunogens that are inactivated and is associated with the ERD4 development, and this results from the absence of affinity due to TLR deficiency activation in B cells.
This study is essential since it details the significance of the activation of TLR in B cells for ERD prevention and protection against the RSV infection. It also details how membrane fusion is initiated, MyD88-independent and MyD88-dependent pathways lead to the activation of various transcription factors. Once the RSV starts replicating and transcribing its genome, the detection of TLR-mediated seems to rely on the associated mechanisms of autophagy that engage in both the TLR3 and TLR7 in endosomal sections. The findings of the study can greatly help in clarifying why none of kids who are seropositive for RSV infection before they are immunized with FIRSV develop ERD4 without the WT RSV infection and this confers only partial protection against exposures. The study also explains how no child can ever develop the ERD twice since the B cells stimulated by the infection during ERD outcompetes pathogenic B cells set by the FIRSV. In addition, the study also shows the importance of antibody avidity in responses that are protective against the RSV infection and the ERD pathogenesis. Poor stimulation of TLR by the RSV vaccines that are inactivated was linked to lack of maturation and lead to production of antibodies that are nonprotective.
The next experiment that the scientists could undertake should involve the effectiveness of RSV vaccines for children in neutralizing antibodies that have similar avidity for antigens that are protective so as to stimulate live virus inoculation. This is due to the fact that the RSV infection can continue to spread for a long period in individuals who are aged under six months and individuals who have immune systems that are weak.