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A Response to Gay’s preparing for Culturally Responsive Teaching
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A Response to Gay’s preparing for Culturally Responsive Teaching
In this article, the author uses the research findings from examining and evaluating the five essential elements of culturally responsive teaching to develop a model for guiding teachers to teach ethnically-diverse students. To prepare for culturally responsive teaching, educators should develop a culturally-diverse knowledge base where “educators understand cultural characteristics and contributions of different groups” (Gay, 2002). Teachers have a problem of developing a multi-cultural education because of their principles, premises, and principles that have a basis on “superficial or distorted information conveyed through popular culture, mass media, and critics” (Gay, 2002). Educators convert their knowledge to design a culturally relevant design through instructional plans such as formal plans, symbolic and societal curriculum. To create a learning and culturally responsive community, educators should build a community among diverse learners helping them understand “knowledge has moral and political elements and consequences, which obligate them to take social action to promote freedom, equality, and justice for everyone” (Gay, 2002). Creating a cross-cultural communication makes learning easy because “it meets meeting and community in a classroom” (Gay, 2002).
This article had me thinking a lot about how educators teach students of different ethnicities in one classroom to ensure better performance. To teach and ensure better learning, in a teaching career, I could analyze different cultures to have adequate knowledge about these students to ensure the information is appropriate for them. During teaching, I could employ formal plans like books, symbolic curriculum depicting various images that students will observe in their societies, and societal curriculum depicting the media presentation of various societies. It will be a fundamental instrumental, ensuring better performance of students from different ethnicities.
Reference
Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of teacher education, 53(2), 106-116.
Black English
July 29, 1979
If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?
By JAMES BALDWIN
left000t. Paul de Vence, France–The argument concerning the use, or the status, or the reality, of black English is rooted in American history and has absolutely nothing to do with the question the argument supposes itself to be posing. The argument has nothing to do with language itself but with the role of language. Language, incontestably, reveals the speaker. Language, also, far more dubiously, is meant to define the other–and, in this case, the other is refusing to be defined by a language that has never been able to recognize him.
People evolve a language in order to describe and thus control their circumstances, or in order not to be submerged by a reality that they cannot articulate. (And, if they cannot articulate it, they are submerged.) A Frenchman living in Paris speaks a subtly and crucially different language from that of the man living in Marseilles; neither sounds very much like a man living in Quebec; and they would all have great difficulty in apprehending what the man from Guadeloupe, or Martinique, is saying, to say nothing of the man from Senegal–although the “common” language of all these areas is French. But each has paid, and is paying, a different price for this “common” language, in which, as it turns out, they are not saying, and cannot be saying, the same things: They each have very different realities to articulate, or control.
What joins all languages, and all men, is the necessity to confront life, in order, not inconceivably, to outwit death: The price for this is the acceptance, and achievement, of one’s temporal identity. So that, for example, thought it is not taught in the schools (and this has the potential of becoming a political issue) the south of France still clings to its ancient and musical Proven�al, which resists being described as a “dialect.” And much of the tension in the Basque countries, and in Wales, is due to the Basque and Welsh determination not to allow their languages to be destroyed. This determination also feeds the flames in Ireland for many indignities the Irish have been forced to undergo at English hands is the English contempt for their language.
It goes without saying, then, that language is also a political instrument, means, and proof of power. It is the most vivid and crucial key to identify: It reveals the private identity, and connects one with, or divorces one from, the larger, public, or communal identity. There have been, and are, times, and places, when to speak a certain language could be dangerous, even fatal. Or, one may speak the same language, but in such a way that one’s antecedents are revealed, or (one hopes) hidden. This is true in France, and is absolutely true in England: The range (and reign) of accents on that damp little island make England coherent for the English and totally incomprehensible for everyone else. To open your mouth in England is (if I may use black English) to “put your business in the street”: You have confessed your parents, your youth, your school, your salary, your self-esteem, and, alas, your future.
Now, I do not know what white Americans would sound like if there had never been any black people in the United States, but they would not sound the way they sound. Jazz, for example, is a very specific sexual term, as in jazz me, baby, but white people purified it into the Jazz Age. Sock it to me, which means, roughly, the same thing, has been adopted by Nathaniel Hawthorne’s descendants with no qualms or hesitations at all, along with let it all hang out and right on! Beat to his socks which was once the black’s most total and despairing image of poverty, was transformed into a thing called the Beat Generation, which phenomenon was, largely, composed of uptight, middle- class white people, imitating poverty, trying to get down, to get with it, doing their thing, doing their despairing best to be funky, which we, the blacks, never dreamed of doing–we were funky, baby, like funkwas going out of style.
Now, no one can eat his cake, and have it, too, and it is late in the day to attempt to penalize black people for having created a language that permits the nation its only glimpse of reality, a language without which the nation would be even more whipped than it is.
I say that the present skirmish is rooted in American history, and it is. Black English is the creation of the black diaspora. Blacks came to the United States chained to each other, but from different tribes: Neither could speak the other’s language. If two black people, at that bitter hour of the world’s history, had been able to speak to each other, the institution of chattel slavery could never have lasted as long as it did. Subsequently, the slave was given, under the eye, and the gun, of his master, Congo Square, and the Bible–or in other words, and under these conditions, the slave began the formation of the black church, and it is within this unprecedented tabernacle that black English began to be formed. This was not, merely, as in the European example, the adoption of a foreign tongue, but an alchemy that transformed ancient elements into a new language: A language comes into existence by means of brutal necessity, and the rules of the language are dictated by what the language must convey.
There was a moment, in time, and in this place, when my brother, or my mother, or my father, or my sister, had to convey to me, for example, the danger in which I was standing from the white man standing just behind me, and to convey this with a speed, and in a language, that the white man could not possibly understand, and that, indeed, he cannot understand, until today. He cannot afford to understand it. This understanding would reveal to him too much about himself, and smash that mirror before which he has been frozen for so long.
Now, if this passion, this skill, this (to quote Toni Morrison) “sheer intelligence,” this incredible music, the mighty achievement of having brought a people utterly unknown to, or despised by “history”–to have brought this people to their present, troubled, troubling, and unassailable and unanswerable place–if this absolutely unprecedented journey does not indicate that black English is a language, I am curious to know what definition of language is to be trusted.
A people at the center of the Western world, and in the midst of so hostile a population, has not endured and transcended by means of what is patronizingly called a “dialect.” We, the blacks, are in trouble, certainly, but we are not doomed, and we are not inarticulate because we are not compelled to defend a morality that we know to be a lie.
The brutal truth is that the bulk of white people in American never had any interest in educating black people, except as this could serve white purposes. It is not the black child’s language that is in question, it is not his language that is despised: It is his experience. A child cannot be taught by anyone who despises him, and a child cannot afford to be fooled. A child cannot be taught by anyone whose demand, essentially, is that the child repudiate his experience, and all that gives him sustenance, and enter a limbo in which he will no longer be black, and in which he knows that he can never become white. Black people have lost too many black children that way.
And, after all, finally, in a country with standards so untrustworthy, a country that makes heroes of so many criminal mediocrities, a country unable to face why so many of the nonwhite are in prison, or on the needle, or standing, futureless, in the streets–it may very well be that both the child, and his elder, have concluded that they have nothing whatever to learn from the people of a country that has managed to learn so little.
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Low Attendance in Government School
Low Attendance in Government School
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Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256279” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc392256279 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256280” Research Problem: Low attendance in government school PAGEREF _Toc392256280 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256281” Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc392256281 h 5
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256282” Research Instruments PAGEREF _Toc392256282 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256283” Research Approach PAGEREF _Toc392256283 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256284” Reviewing Literature PAGEREF _Toc392256284 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256285” The importance of good attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256285 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256286” Parents’ views about low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256286 h 7
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256287” The causes of low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256287 h 7
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256288” The effects of low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256288 h 8
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256289” Findings PAGEREF _Toc392256289 h 8
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256290” Physical Factors PAGEREF _Toc392256290 h 8
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256291” Health PAGEREF _Toc392256291 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256292” Definite Attitude PAGEREF _Toc392256292 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256293” Educator Related PAGEREF _Toc392256293 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256294” Classroom Atmosphere PAGEREF _Toc392256294 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256295” Home-Related PAGEREF _Toc392256295 h 10
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256296” Discussion PAGEREF _Toc392256296 h 10
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256297” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc392256297 h 11
HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256298” References PAGEREF _Toc392256298 h 12
IntroductionThe issue of low school attendance is presently the center of compelling movement in schools and government schools in Abu Dhabi. It is additionally a high necessity approach concern (Abu-Samaha & Shishakly, 2008 )for which the Government has set a focus to decrease levels of low attendance by one third by 2002. In spite of these efforts, students ‘ nonattendance remains a perplexing and complex issue. This paper presents results from an investigation of low attendance from government schools. The study investigated the perspectives of more alternates that are children, folks, educators, and others working nearly with students about the reason for low school attendance, the parts that folks play in low attendance and the measures taken by Abu Dhabi government and schools to diminish unsuccessful attendance levels. Data was accumulated from 13 elementary schools and 14 optional schools in seven Abu Dhabi government in different parts of the UAE. Altogether, instruction experts, auxiliary school students were questioned, and elementary school students and several finished surveys.
Going to class consistently is urgently critical for an understudy’s instruction and social abilities. Endless low-attendant students are set off guard both socially and scholastically. They pass up a great opportunity for basic phases of social association and improvement with their associates and in the meantime affects adversely on their scholastic advancement. This can come about to low respect toward oneself, social disengagement, and disappointment that could well have accelerated low attendance in any case.
School low attendance is a disturbing issue for executives, instructors, the population, and the public largely, and for the students specifically. Unaccepted nonattendance has a negative impact on associate relationship which could result in low attendance . As indicated by Barza (2013), instructors recognized impacts of low attendance on students as: scholastic under- accomplishment, trouble in making companions which could prompt weariness, misfortune of trust. Additionally, delayed nonattendance can have malicious impacts for the youngster in later life. Students who are missing from school are at the most serious danger of dropping out of school early.
Low attendance additionally influences the instructor’s capability present class work in a consecutive and composed way. This can have an impact on the advancement of every one of students going to the class. The groups of ongoing truants can likewise endure. For a destitution stricken family, it may mean a continuation of the neediness and unemployment cycle that may run in the crew. This additionally helps family clashes.
The general public likewise endures as the offspring of school age stay nearby in the avenues. They might be discovered simply traipsing around. Since they don’t have anything to do, they depend on trivial law violations like taking other individuals’ paraphernalia and properties. Others may fall back on medication compulsion and other conduct that is adverse to pop culture. In this way, if the understudy continues being far from school for a long time, he may grow up to be an obligation of his group and of his nation overall.
It is the point of each school to reduce, if not annihilate low attendance among its learners. One method for tending to this issue is to recognize the reasons why learners get truant from school. When they are singled out, comprehended and examined, particular movements and measures could be embraced. This will in the end redound to the better execution of the learners, instructors and the school when all is said in done.
Research Problem: Low attendance in government school
Since the management of the Government Education Act of 2002, the Abu Dhabi Government has indulged students to guarantee their students go to class. Under present enactment, Abu Dhabi students have a legitimate commitment to guarantee their children go to class between the ages of 6.5 and 16 years. Folks additionally have a commitment to guarantee their children are partaking in school, preparing or ability until they turn 16 or accomplish a recommended capability. Abu Dhabi Government schools work for pretty nearly 200 days every year. Scholars are required to go to class on every a days unless there is a sensible reason. Although individual school and person attendance rates shift extensively, over late years, on any day, 8% of Abu Dhabi’s 380,000 Government school studied in 2010 indicated that were Low attendance from Government school. In light of 2007–2010 information, give or take 60% of Abu Dhabi Government School learners were missing for 80 or more days for every year.
While some learner in attendance is unavoidable and justifiable because of disease and so forth, or upheld through school disciplinary nonattendances, a lot of students are definitely not. These could be unexplained or unapproved low attendance s. Poor school attendance might be connected to various related short and long haul unfriendly conclusions for scholars including lower scholarly results, early school leaving, substance use, neediness, and unemployment and negative wellbeing conclusions. However, these elements may be interrelated in intricate ways and variables that prompt low levels of attendance may additionally freely prompt some of these antagonistic results.
Research QuestionsThe study has five principle questions points, which were to:
Carry out a redesign of late writing on low attendance
Examine the perspectives of more children students about the reasons and purposes behind low attendance
Examine the perspectives of folks, instructors, and others working nearly with students about the reason for low attendance.
Examine the parts folks play in low attendance ; and
Examine the measures taken to decrease levels of low attendance in government schools in Abu Dhabi.
Research InstrumentsThe two research instruments used in the study are surveys and interviews. The transcribing 6 Interviews will be the main source of data and surveys will be the secondary instrument.
Research Approach
This study utilized the descriptive survey method. A survey was utilized to focus the reason for low attendance among the students where they appraised every circumstance/ reason introduced. All the information assembled from the respondents were sorted out, tallied, organized and exhibited in an arrangement of tables and diagrams. Recurrence tallies, rate weight values, and weighted mean were utilized as a part of the examination and translation of information. The reactions of the students were broke down utilizing a 5-point Likert Scale with the accompanying equal: 1 –Never, 2 –Rarely, 3 –Sometimes, 4 -Very Often, and 5 -Always
It is be to be noted that the poll given to the learners were given in their local tongue with the goal them should see better what they were replying, subsequently, giving more risks of precise reactions. The adjusting of figures was carried out to mean characterization of reactions. The measure of focal propensity particularly the mean was utilized to focus the normal estimation of reaction of the students.
Reviewing LiteratureThe importance of good attendanceThe Abu Dhabi government and instructors in our example accepted that great attendance was critical on the grounds that it is interfaced to students’ accomplishment and future vocation prospects. They called attention to that poor attendance has unfavorable consequences for Key Stage 2 and 3 tests and is connected with problematic conduct. By and by the necessity given to attendance changed amongst Abu Dhabi government and schools in light of the fact that some had been more fruitful at tending to the issue. Numerous Abu Dhabi agents felt that schools were over-prepared to acknowledge the reasons given for unlucky deficiency (Dickson, 2013). Conversely, educators focused on that they emulated counsel on attendance given in Abu Dhabi rules. A few Abu Dhabi education agents and a few head teachers imagined that it was unhelpful to recognize distinctive sorts of approved and unapproved nonattendance on the grounds that folks frequently excused their children’ unlucky deficiencies. Most thought it was imperative for schools to be proactive in examining unlucky deficiencies, work in organization with different organizations, and assemble a society of adapting inside a group.
Parents’ views about low attendance
In the principle folks accepted that school-related components were the reason for students’ poor attendance . Notwithstanding, most folks still felt that their children’ instruction was profitable and accepted that great attendance was paramount. Folks of poor attenders were less positive about school and more inclined to keep their children off school (Ridge, Farah & Shami, 2012).
The causes of low attendance
37% of the 678 elementary school students said that sooner or later they had truanted without their guardians’ information. They highlighted school-related purposes behind their low attendance . Being tormented was the in all likelihood cause. Different reasons included fatigue, abhorrence of educators and evasion of tests. Most students thought their guardians would keep them off school for reasons which schools would consider adequate, however a couple of showed that their guardians approved unlucky deficiencies which were unsatisfactory to the school. Particular motivations to miss school incorporated the craving to inspire companions and surliness (Abou-Saleh, Mohammed et al., 1998).
26% of the 518 optional school students confessed to having skipped school sooner or later. In schools with all-white admissions, young ladies in Years 7, 8 and 9 were more inclined to truant than young men. Not many students from ethnic minority gatherings confessed to low attendance . Auxiliary students’ purposes behind unlucky deficiency concentrated on school as opposed to home and included weariness, issues with lessons and educators, reckoning of inconvenience, dissatisfaction at school runs, the size and intricacy of optional schools and dread of returning after a long low attendance . Tormenting, having no companions and companion weight to ‘bunk off’ were additionally said. A few students specified home-related elements, for example, trouble when folks part up, and a couple of noted individual components, for example, sluggishness and the propensity of poor attendance .
The effects of low attendance
Abu Dhabi government and educators accepted truants invested their time close home or with their guardians. They would regularly be unwinding yet some were possessed as careers of their guardians or more children. Actually when out of the house, truants were well on the way to be with their guardians or in parks, woods or open spots, for example, strip malls. Just a couple of truants were thought to get included in wrongdoing. Confirmation from self-reported truants gives a comparable picture.
Practically all the Abu Dhabi government and educators suspected that low attendance influenced students ‘ scholarly accomplishment. It could likewise detach students from their colleagues. Educators called attention to that low attendance could influence standard attenders. At the point when truants came back to class, they were more inclined to be troublesome, and interest instructors’ consideration. This upset the work of different students as well as brought on hatred.
FindingsPhysical Factors
Among the things referred to, the separation of their home to the school and the threat postured by strolling to the school has the same reaction normal or a mean of 2.04. It implies that both are not explanations behind them to be low attendant from government school.
Health
Fever/influenza is the most widely recognized reason of learners for being low attendance. It has the most noteworthy reaction normal of 4.4. It is trailed by cerebral pain with a normal reaction of 2.37. Different ailments like the runs come in third with 1.61 normal reactions. The slightest regular explanation behind them for being truant is stomachache with 3.29 averages.
Definite Attitude
That the person doesn’t wake up right on time is the most well-known motivation behind why he/she is missing. This record for 2.95 mean. An alternate reason normally referred to is that they can’t focus on their studies and that they were not ready to study their lessons. This came about because of 4.42 and 4.38 mean individually. Feeling slow and playing workplace refreshments additionally keep them far from school. The previous has a reaction normal of 2.26 while the recent has 2.24.
Educator Related
At the point when the students are reproved for their awful conduct by the instructor, this has a tendency to make them be truant from their classes. It has the most astounding normal reaction of 2.48 while the reason that they cannot comprehend their lessons takes after close behind with 1.92 mean.
Classroom Atmosphere
The most noteworthy mean of 2.57 was agreed to commotion inside the classroom which implies that this is the essential motivation behind why they have a tendency to be truant. Harassing by individual understudy takes after with 4.19 reactions normal.
Home-Related
Guardians request that I be missing from school” reason came about to the most elevated mean of 2.52. Family unit tasks come next with a reaction normal of 1.87. Alternate reasons extended from 1.18 to 1.59 incorporate having no cash to use for snacks and other little costs in school, no breakfast/nourishment, and that their guardians squabbled.
Discussion
Low attendance is accepted to have a real effect on scholar adapting, however exactly how low attendance influences scholastic accomplishment has not yet been clarified. The straightforward examination of indigenous learners’ low attendance rates shows a genuine test to teachers in Abu Dhabi, regardless of the possibility that there are different elements that impact what has all the earmarks of being higher rates. While indigenous learners’ unlucky deficiency rates are not as high as first thought, they are still higher, on normal, holding different components steady, than non-indigenous scholars’ low attendance rates by about 60 for every penny. Comparative discoveries exist for students from lower grade foundations: lower grade students ‘ nonattendance rates are higher than center/upper grade learners’ are, yet the contrast is not as extraordinary in the wake of controlling for school-level variables.
The discovering reported above about the rate of indigenous students in a school and its impact on an indigenous person’s low attendance rate offers belief to speculations expressing that instructive burden is exacerbated by centralizations of comparably distraught scholars, despite the fact that this applies in this examination to indigenous students just. It is safe to say that it is an issue of importance for indigenous scholars. Schools that select higher extents of indigenous students are placed in more remote zones of Abu Dhabi, and these schools do have higher unlucky deficiency rates than different schools.
While contrasts in unlucky deficiency rates change as per scholar foundation, this clarifies just 28 to 29 for every penny of the difference; a great part of the fluctuation in school low attendance rates stays to be clarified. Some of this change may be clarified by scholar calculates not utilized within the present study, for example, those that look at mentality to class, folks’ instruction levels and past accomplishment, among others. School considers that were excluded, for example, school association, initiative and age of the showing staff, might additionally help to clarify a percentage of the change (Ridge, Farah, & Shami, 2012).
This study has highlighted the criticalness of gathering a fitting outline for investigation of school information, particularly when the information are accumulated as a major aspect of an instructive framework’s regulatory gathering. Such information are regularly used to build oversimplified benchmarks for the framework, and for every individual site inside the framework, as a component of a responsibility program. While such a methodology may be the perfect in light of the fact that we accept that scholar foundation ought not have a negative impact on learner accomplishment, in all actuality there are still accomplishment contrasts connected with foundation qualities. In the event that benchmarks for low attendance are to be situated, they must record for a portion of the contrasts between person syntheses of the school, generally schools may be undeservedly punished.
ConclusionAmong all the reasons exhibited, health is the essential motivation behind why learners are missing from their classes. Diseases is the heading offender in this class. Oral wellbeing, which as per the Department of Education is the primary motivation behind why students are missing, is simply third among the reasons referred to in the said classification by the Grade students considering over in other government School. This means that the government should come up with policies that favor school attendance in Abu Dhabi.
ReferencesAbu-Samaha, A. M., & Shishakly, R. (2008). Assessment of school information system utilization in the ABU DHABI primary schools. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 5, 525-542.
Barza, L. (2013). School-business partnerships: the case of the ABU DHABI. Journal of Strategy and Management, 6(2), 180-189.
Dickson, M. (2013). Jobs for the Boys: Teaching as a career choice for secondary school boys in Abu Dhabi, ABU DHABI.
Eapen, V., Al-Gazali, L., Bin-Othman, S., & Abou-Saleh, Mohammed. (1998). Mental health problems among schoolchildren in United Arab Emirates: prevalence and risk factors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(8), 880-886.
Ridge, N., Farah, S., & Shami, S. (2012). Patterns and Perceptions in Male Secondary School Dropouts in the United Arab Emirates.