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Medical Technology and Information Technology
Healthcare Delivery
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Institution
Medical Technology and Information Technology
Medical technology refers to the processes, equipment and procedures by which medical care is provided. For instance, changes in new technology will involve new surgical and medical procedures, drugs, medical, medical devices and new support systems. Examples of medical procedures include angioplasty and joint replacements. Changes in technology involve the use of biological agents while the support systems include telemedicine, electronic medical records and the sharing of medical information. In addition, technological changes in medical devices include the use of CT scanners and implantable defibrillators. Every field of medicine has some type of medical technology that is continuously affected by new technology (Dössel & Schlegel, 2010).
In the United States, Traditional Medical Technology (TMT) has been evolving in treatment of the heart disease. In 1970s, cardiac care units were implemented and irregular heartbeat was managed by use of lidocaine. Three hours after a heart attack, beta-blockers were used to reduce the blood pressure. As the use clot-buster drugs increased in hospitals, coronary artery bypass surgery became the most common technology. In the 1980s, to prevent reoccurrences after a patient had suffered a heart attack, blood thinning agents were used. The short-term beta-blocker therapy was changed to maintenance therapy, and after the patients with a heart attack stabilized, angioplasty was used. By 1990s, cardiac rehabilitation programs were later introduced, and implantable cardiac defibrillators were used for those patients who had irregular heartbeats. In 2000, new drug strategies were developed for long-term management of heart attack which included, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, statins and aspirin. As a result of the evolving Traditional Medical Technology, mortality rate for patients with a heart attack reduced by half between 1980-2000. Another example of traditional evolution of medical technology is the treatment of pre-term babies. There was very little that was done in 1950. However, by 1990, artificial pulmonary surfactants and special ventilators were used to help the lungs of the infants to develop. In additional, neonatal intensive care units and the use of steroids for the babies reduced the infant mortality rate to one-third compared to the year 1950 (Dössel & Schlegel, 2010).
Today, as technology improves, medical providers have improved the quality of healthcare through information gathering, communication, treatment and research. For instance, people are relying on the internet more than ever to search for healthcare information about symptoms of diseases, their methods of treatment and medicines available. Information technology has improved patient care and work efficiency as nurses and doctors can use emails, texts, video conferencing devices to consult with other colleagues all around the world. Additionally, the use of Electronic Health Records (EHR) that contains a database of patient’s history medical record has encouraged patient’s participation in the treatment process (Dössel & Schlegel, 2010).
There are some technological advances that have combined medical technology and information technology. For example, telemedicine has enhanced exchange patients information from one site to another by use of electronic communication. Telemedicine has brought improvement of the clinical health status of the patient. For over forty years, medical providers have been using demonstrations to extend healthcare to patients who are in remote areas. However, the use of telemedicine has rapidly spread and integrated operations in hospitals and private physician offices, with consumers at home and the workplaces. Telemedicine aims at providing remote clinical services by use of information technology (Dössel & Schlegel, 2010).
References
Dössel, O., & Schlegel, W.C. (2010). World congress on medical physics and biomedical
engineering september 7 – 12, 2009 Munich, Germany: Vol. 25/VII diagnostic and therapeutic instrumentation, clinical engineering. Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media.
Louisa Adams
Louisa Adams
Outline
Introduction of the major topic as Louisa Adams Commemorative gold coins
The launching of the coins
Issue of the 24-karat and the ten dollar dominated series of gold as related to the launch
The sale of uncirculated and proof coins
Possibility of Louisa Adam Security coins scarcity
Conclusion of the speech
Louisa Adams
Commemorative Speech
This day is a great day for it marks the final day of the First Spouse Gold Coins. It is the day when this kind of rare coins would be launched as a way of marking the sixth release in order to commemorate the program in an honor of all American First Ladies. The first ladies are great in showing the symbol of American culture and diversities. For this reason, the deserve respect and aspect of commemoration with respect to this day and the First Spouse Gold Coins.
The coins are to be launched after which collectors can have their share in accordance the past Mint practices and policies. The opportunity is open until Thursday morning after which further collection may not be possible. The collection of the coins would be done from The U.S. Mint. All interested parties would have to observe time since they mark the most limited series of coins currently.
Most of you know at least something about the 24-karat. It is associated with the ten dollar dominated series of gold that began in the year 2007. Since then, only eight coin of the same kind existed and were only available at the US Mint. This was however at all times. Only a new release of the coins forces the replacement of the existed ones. The oldest coins have been pooled prior to the release of new one.
On the same Thursday that marks the deadline of the collection of the coins, the uncirculated coins, particularly the “Letitia Tyler First Spouse Gold Coins”, would go on sale. This as well includes the new proof coins. The uncirculated coins would cost as much as six hundred and twenty nine US dollar per piece while the latter would be relatively cheaper by up to thirteen dollars apiece. This is scheduled to take place on the same Thursday making the last opportunity for collectors to get the coins. At the same time, collectors may find Mint hardly selling the Louisa Adam coins. This follows the fact that they have been in availability for more than thirteen months. This kind of coin has actually taken longer than any of you would expect with any other coin.
People also should have expectations of scarcity as far as the Louisa Adams coins are concerned. It could be clear to most of you that about the coin stock held by Mint. The US Mint is only hold uncirculated coins totaling to four thousand, two hundred and twenty-three while the proof Louisa Adams Coins are more at six thousand, nine hundred and fifty. This is not a significant number following that each of you may aspire to have one. This is a threat to those collectors hoping to get one or two of each kind later. There is a great likelihood that no one among you or beyond this group of people wants to be left out. Given that the current trend persists, the coins may end up becoming the scarcest in history and in the series.
It is therefore very kind of you to get at least on coin to promote the prevailing culture. You can simply do this by ordering only or going personally to the US Mint to purchase one. America is one country that is full of rich cultural diversities. The country can preserve its culture only if your support is admitted. Thank you for paying attention and wish you good luck.
A Response Paper on the Constitution of the United States
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A Response Paper on the Constitution of the United States
After the American Revolution, efforts to build the new nation were commenced. However, issues concerning the most suitable scope of governance, the arrangement of state and national governments, the role of the citizenry in government and decision-making, and relations among the states, were viciously debated. The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation in 1777 that created a legislative weak national government and strong state governments. However, the weak federal government could not enforce laws or resolve intestate disputes due to its weakness (Corbett 198). In addition, the debt from the Revolution, the postwar depression, the lack of national tax and fiscal policies, further weakened the feeble national government. These challenges were re-evaluated in 1787 at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. The primary purpose of the Philadelphia Convention was to amend the Articles of Confederation to deal with the economic problems that plagued the thirteen states of the Confederation. However, during the Convention, the delegates decided to create a new structure for the national government. This structure became the United States Constitution.
From records kept by Virginia’s representative James Madison, The United States Constitution was created by fifty-five men in Philadelphia, in secret, due to the controversial nature of the subject (Corbett 201). The delegates mainly focused on the manner in which representatives to the new national government would be chosen and the appropriate representation for each state. James Madison, in the Virginia Plan, proposed for a strong national government made up of a legislative branch, an executive branch, and the judicial branch. The legislature would comprise two houses (bicameral legislature), the upper and lower house. People in the states would elect members of the lower chamber while the members of the upper house would sent by the States. Madison further proposed proportional representation, whereby, more populous states, like Virginia, would have higher representation in the upper house. The higher representation in the upper house would mean that populous states would have more political power to safeguard their interests. Therefore, Virginia could safeguard slavery among other interests (Corbett 203). Patterson from New Jersey countered this proposal as it disadvantaged smaller states and proposed that all states have equal votes in a one-house legislature. Patterson also stated that economic challenges could be addressed by vesting Congress the power to regulate commerce and to collect revenue from various taxes (U.S. Constitution). Roger Sherman from Connecticut proposed a compromise to break the impasse on representation in government. This compromise is referred to as the Great Compromise, where, the upper house (Senate), would have an equal representation of all the states by having two senators each, while the lower house would have proportional representation.
The Constitution was important because it dealt with the major economic and political problems of that era, that is, the inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation to distribute power between the national and state governments. The weak Confederation government was faced with underdeveloped fiscal policies in addition to the debts from the war, and this resulted in postwar depression which in turn caused unrests such as the Shays’ Rebellion (Corbett 201). The financial crisis of the government worried some Congress members who argued that the national government needed more power, especially financial power by taxation (Corbett 198). By revising the Confederation government in 1787, the delegates at the Constitutional Convention created at the a new framework, the U.S. Constitution which then addressed issues such as the representation of people and states in government and slavery and how slaves would be accounted for. Many members in the Constitutional Convention were however uncertain about democracy, as they believed it would undermine the republic by promoting anarchy. The Constitution therefore moderated democratic biases to prevent handing the people too much power. For instance, the president would be elected by electors appointed by States (the electors would be equal to the number of senators and representatives in the state) rather than the general public to avoid anarchy (U.S. Constitution). This mode of electing the president was however later amended in the 12th Amendment.
Despite the fact that the Constitution promised a solution to the economic and political stalemate in the nation, it was met with opposition from Anti-Federalists who reasonably argued that the Constitution consolidated all power in the federal government and hence robbed the states and citizens of their power of autonomy. The Constitution seemed to mirror the old centralized British system that they had fought against during the Revolution, where the rich aristocrats would run the government and represent their needs while neglecting those of the common man. The Anti-Federalists demanded for the protection of individual rights by incorporating a Bill of Rights into the Constitution and in 1789, Congress approved the Bill of Rights introduced by James Madison.
Works Cited
BIBLIOGRAPHY Corbett, P. Scott. U.S. History. Houston: OpenStax College, 2017. Print.