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This paper presents a critical analysis of the results of a study conducted by Risnes at al. (2013, p. 420).
Critical Analysis
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Critical Analysis
This paper presents a critical analysis of the results of a study conducted by Risnes at al. (2013, p. 420). The study was carried out to determine the psychiatric effects of a severe cardio-respiratory failure treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The results of the study are presented in a journal article published in psychosomatic journal. Risnes at al. (2013, p. 421) conducted a quantitative research and thus, the results of the study were analyzed using statistical tools. The results were analyzed using SPSS v. 15.0 and were also subjected to test and the Mann–Whitney U-test. The researchers used tables to present the results.
The results of the study presented in the article are reliable. Before commencing, the researchers conducted numerous pilot studies to check the consistency and stability of data collection instruments. The process of checking the reliability of the scales that were applied in data collection took 9 months. The instruments were found to be produce consistent and stable results in different contexts. Thus, the results produced by the instruments can be said to be reliable. The researchers did not report any examination of validity of their research. However, it is clear that the results of the study provide answers to the key question of the study. In other words, the researchers did not deviate from the key objective of the study. Furthermore, the results of the study mainly correspond to the results of previous studies conducted on the same topic.
However, results on the impact of ECMO on neuropsychiatric morbidity produced mixed results. While strong positive link was found between the two variables in some cases, no association was reported in others. This makes it difficult to make a general conclusion from the results of the study. Despite the fact that the researchers acknowledge the issue, they make a general conclusion from the results of the study.
References
Risnes, I. et al. (2013). “Psychiatric Outcome after Severe Cardio-Respiratory Failure Treated
with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Case-Series.” Psychosomatics 2013; 54:418–427)
There are four primary points of view on deviance, even though there are many different sociological theories about crime S
Criminology
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Criminology
There are four primary points of view on deviance, even though there are many different sociological theories about crime: Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Labeling Theory are some of the approaches that have been proposed. The purpose of criminological theory is to aid in the comprehension of crime trends and the criminal justice system (Janet & Daniel, 2021). Theories address the creation and breaking of laws, deviant or unlawful conduct, and criminal behavior patterns. Individual approaches might be global or micro. Several factors affect the likelihood and perspective of crime by individuals in America. People disobey the law for various reasons, including poverty, poor parenting, low self-esteem, and drinking/substance misuse. Because of their birth circumstances, certain people are more likely to become criminals.
The proposed criminal categorization is based on 11 first-level categories that give the classification a broad framework. The following are some of the crime trend categories: Acts that cause death or are intended to cause death, Acts that cause or seek to cause harm to another person, sexually harmful activities, and acts of violence or threats of violence against a person involving the property. The significance of studying these crime trends is that it enables an individual to unearth the underlying intentions for a given crime and thus help in the development of prevention mechanisms for the future.
References
Janet L. Lauritsen and Daniel L. Cork. (2021). Read “Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime” at NAP.edu. The National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. Retrieved from
https://www.nap.edu/read/23492/chapter/7#126
Substantive laws are laws of crime that are defined by statutes and prescribe what is to be done and also proscribes what is
Crime and criminal law
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Substantive laws are laws of crime that are defined by statutes and prescribe what is to be done and also proscribes what is not to be done. Procedural law on the other hand lays out the rules that the state must follow in prosecuting suspects. Criminal laws are enforced by the state, and its violation is regarded as acts against the state and the victim. A crime is an act of violation of criminal law for which a punishment is prescribed. The prosecutors must prove the intent to commit the crime. Crime is a subcategory of all harmful acts. The largest circle consists of all harms, personal, social, criminal, and non-criminal offenses. The lower subcategory consists of social harms that are regulated by the state but not by the criminal justice system. Mala prohibita and mala in se forms the third circle while the core consists of mala in se crimes that cause the most harm to society. mala in se is differentiated from mala prohibita on three concepts namely consensus, seriousness, and harm.
Criminal law emanates from state and federal constitutions, state and federal statutes, and common law. There are several limitations to criminal laws. First, criminal law cannot criminalize any conduct it pleases. Laws that infringe the rights of individuals such as freedom of speech are prohibited. The law must be narrow in conformity to the overbreadth doctrine. The criminal law be void of vagueness, that is, it must state the offense it is prohibiting and punishment it will accord. The people have a right to fair notice. The other limitations include that it must not limit the due process. It should also avoid restricting equal protection. The principles of ex post facto laws and bills of attainder limit criminal law.
There are five elements of criminal liability that constitute corpus delecti. First, actus reus which states that there must be an act for criminal liability to attach. Thoughts alone are not valid grounds for criminal liability. There are three forms of actus reus namely possession, omission, and voluntary movements. Secondly, mens rea affirms that there must some sort of guilt mind. The concept introduces discussions on intent and motive which must be proven in a court of law. Intent refers to the desire to do an act while motive refers to the reason why an action was undertaken. Thirdly, concurrence which is an aggregate of criminal act and intent. Fourth, causation is the criminal act that is the cause of harm. It has two forms, legal and factual causations. The fifth element is harm, which can either be physical or mental.
Inchoate crimes are crimes that occur in the preparation of an offense. There are three forms of inchoate crimes. Solicitation is where a person is induced to commit a crime. The other two are conspiracy and attempt. The defense is a reaction by the defendant to the complaint and may either be an alibi or an affirmative defense. In alibi defenses, the person asserts that they are not guilty of the crimes committed. Affirmative defenses are grouped into two justification and excusation. In justification defenses, the defendant argues that they are not liable for the crimes they admit to having committed. The defendant may claim that they committed the crimes in acts of self-defense or in the line of a public duty or in some cases take the form of consent. In excuse defenses, the defendant admits wrongdoing but claims that the situation was entirely to blame for their actions. It may take various forms such as duress, intoxication, age, and insanity, all of which have to be justified in court.
In procedural defenses, the defendant claim that the criminal justice system sullied the standard due process in developing their case. Defendants get acquitted if they can prove the claims. Crimes are grouped based on the type of act. Hence there can be crimes against a person, a society, property, or morality. The crimes against persons include murder, manslaughter, negligible homicide, forcible rape, aggravated assault, and robbery. The crimes against property are burglary, theft, and arson. The other form is crimes against public order and morality where the offender is not easily identified.
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Book review.