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A Reflection of ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ By Martin Luther King
A Reflection of ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ By Martin Luther King
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A Reflection of ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ By Martin Luther King
Martin Luther King Junior wrote the ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail” as a response to being called an outsider, in the wake of nonviolent protests taking place in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963. In the letter, Martin Luther King specifically responds to a statement made by eight white clergymen terming the protests as “unwise and untimely” and condemning outsiders leading them. The statement had been published in a local newspaper at the time. Martin Luther Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested on April 12, 1963, for being a non-violent leader in the civil right movement of the 1950s. On this specific day of his arrest, Jing had taken part in peaceful march against anti-segregation. He was arrested for not having a parade permit for the peaceful march and placed at a jail in Birmingham in Alabama.
King argues that people have the moral duty to break away from unjust laws. He also asserts that people should take collective action instead of potentially waiting forever for courts to deliver justice. The main thesis in Martin Luther King’s letter is that at times civil disobedience is a necessary reaction to injustice. King explains that the state, church, and citizens have to stand for civil rights and social justice. In his letter, Martin Luther King refutes the accusation that he agitates the community and proceeds to outline how valuable nonviolent protests are in the name of social justice.
Martin Luther King starts by referring to the eight clergymen as individuals of “genuine goodwill” and acknowledges how sincere their concern is hence setting a tone for a sensible dialogue. King then proceeds to claims of being an outsider by stating that he had been called upon to support African American residents in their fight for civil rights seeing that he was a leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Additionally, King argues that he had gone to Birmingham only because there was injustice and like early Christians such as Apostle Paul, he had to heed to the call for aid. In the letter, King refutes arguments by critics concerning segregation laws. He explained that such battles ought to be fought in courts rather than the streets. He explained that it is only direct action that can push the white majority into confronting racism issues to attain true dialogue. He argues that while he and other protesters were arrested for breaking the laws, those laws are unjust and immoral hence making civil disobedience a patriotic response.
In addition to directly taking on the criticism presented by the eight clergymen, Martin Luther used the letter to present his own judgments. King showcases how disappointed he was at white moderates that he deemed more harmful to the racial equality cause than the Ku Klux Klan. King condemned moderate claims that supported the cause while at the same time rejecting all attempts for direct action. Martin Luther would rather be viewed as an extremist for what he believed in rather than be a by-stander and passively watch ass these injustices continues to persist. Additionally, in this letter, Martin Luther King also talked the claims that action taken by Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) as extreme. He talks about himself as being caught in between two conflicting forces advocating for black change. On one hand, complacent blacks that have been demeaned too much that they believe in change or those that have been successful and are not willing to make sacrifices for true equality. On the other hand, there were those who had violent factions and had been exemplified by Elijah’s Muhammad and his Muslim movement. Martin Luther posits that his position was between these two extremes. Essentially, King advocated for peaceful but non-violent protests.
Worth noting, Martin Luther King continues by expressing his criticism in the leadership of the white for supporting status quo. King expected the church to do more. King considered the church as an institution that should transform society. He lamented that the contemporary church had swayed and fallen far off its cause and early Christian origins. He views modern day church as an irrelevant social hub that no longer inspires society. Despite how concerned he was for lack of support to the desegregation and racial equality cause, Martin Luther concluded his letter with hope that African Americans will get the equality and freedom they were pushing for.
In my viewpoint, Martin Luther King’s position was justified as it gave the people the power to push for what they considered right and call out unjustness. I agree that, at times, people must take the necessary action needed to attain a good cause. In this case, I believe that parades were necessary actions to ensure injustice of segregation of the colored and non-colored people were called out. While protests might seem as extreme, as long as they are executed reasonably without violence and within the provisions of the law, there is nothing wrong with that. I like that King took time in his letter to address the underlying issues in the leadership of the white church. It was high time for the church to be called out on its by0standing behavior even in the face of unspeakable injustices at the time. King was justified in calling the church out for not doing its work of inspiring society and calling out the social wrongs of inequality and segregation.
Binge Eating Disorder
Binge Eating Disorder
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Binge Eating Disorder
Introduction
Binge eating disorder is a severe but treatable eating disorder where an individual has recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food. Individuals with binge eating disorders often consume food quickly often to the point of discomfort. Binge eating is accompanied by a feeling of shame, lack of control during binge eating, feelings of guilt and distress and not employing unhealthy compensatory measures to counter their binge eating behavior. Binge eating disorder is among the top eating disorders across the United States. The eating disorder affects nearly 2% of the global population and is associated with additional health issues to do with a diet including diabetes and high cholesterol levels. Eating and feeding disorders are not entirely about food; they are categorized as psychiatric disorders. Individuals presenting with binge eating disorder develop the condition as a way of addressing deeper issues such as depression and anxiety. This essay discusses binge eating disorder, including its clinical presentation, epidemiology, comorbidity, etiology, cultural considerations, and treatment.
Clinical Presentation
While most people presenting with binge-eating disorders are obese or overweight, even people that are of normal weight also get the disorder. Emotional and behavioral signs and symptoms of the disorder include frequently dieting without weight loss, consuming unusual portions of food within a specific period of time, for instance, two hour period, and eating when not hungry. Another presentation of the binge eating disorder is feeling as if one’s eating behavior is beyond control and eating rapidly during the eating episodes. Another symptom of binge eating is eating even when one is uncomfortable full and eating in secret or alone. Another clinical presentation of the disorder is feeling disgusted, ashamed, depressed, upset or guilty about one eating habits. Unlike people with other eating disorders such as bulimia, people presenting with binge eating disorder will not regularly compensate for extra calories through exercise, laxatives, or vomiting (Dingemans, Danner, & Parks, 2017). They may try to have normal meals, but restricting diet simply causes more binge eating.
Epidemiology
Among United States adults, binge eating disorder is the most common type of eating disorder. Binge eating disorder is more anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa combined. Binge eating disorder affects 2.8 million adults in the United States. An online survey conducted on 22, 397 adults in the United States found that from the 344 people that met DSM-5 diagnosis criteria for being eating disorder in the last 12 months found that 3.2% admitted to receiving a binge eating disorder diagnosis by a health care practitioner. Compared to other eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa, the gender ratio for binge eating disorder is less skewed. The estimated gender ratio for a 12-month prevalence of binge eating disorder among United States adults is 2: 1 with 0.8% of men presenting with the condition versus 1.6% of women, while for bulimia nervosa is 5: 1 (Guerdjikova, Mori, Casuto, & McElroy, 2017). The onset of binge eating disorder is 21 years which is later than of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Among United States adults, binge eating disorder is observed across ethnic and racial groups. Prevalence rated can be compared among Latino (2.1%), White (1.4%), African Americans (1.5%), and 1.2 (%).
Comorbidity
Various negative health issues are linked with binge eating disorder, including diabetes, obesity, pain (headaches and musculoskeletal) sleep disturbances, menstrual irregularities, gastrointestinal, shortness of breath, menstrual irregularities, hypertension, diabetes, functional health impairments and low-health quality of life. Some medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are associated with obesity. While fewer than people presenting with binge eating disorders are obese, medical comorbidities also occur in those who are nonobese/normal body mass index (BMI) including heightened risk and pain of metabolic syndrome. Pain issues linked with binge eating disorder include low back pain, neck and shoulder pain and chronic muscular pain. Additionally, irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia have also been categorized as medical comorbidities for binge eating disorders.
Etiology
Binge eating disorder has numerous causes. Genetics is one of the common causes of binge eating disorders. People presenting with the disorder tend to have increased sensitivity to dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical found in the rain that is responsible for feelings of pleasure and reward. Strong evidence exists to suggest that the binge eating disorder is inherited. Gender is also another determining factor for binge eating disorder, as it is more common among women than men. In the United States 3.6% of women get the condition at one point of their life compared to 2.0% of men. Emotional trauma is also another cause for binge eating disorder. People presenting with the condition have gone through stressful life events such as separation, abuse, death, or a car accident. Child bullying as a result of body weight also contributed to the condition. Brain changes also contribute to binge eating as well as other psychological conditions such as anxiety, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Cultural Considerations
Eating disorders most often occur in cultures that are industrialized for instance, where there is an emphasis on looking, creating an unrealistic image of a person. Family dynamics and attitudes tend to contribute to risk of teenagers and adults to develop binge eating disorders. The risk of developing eating disorder is her in families that place emphasis on high achievement, and emphasize on perfectionism. Families that have difficulties discussing and coping with negative feelings of anger and sadness also push people into binge eating. Another culture that can push people into binge eating is the constant worry of being socially accepted. Moreover, over-protectiveness and being too much involved in the adult’s life can also trigger a binge eating disorder.
Treatment
There are numerous forms of treatment for binge eating disorder. Treatment addresses feelings of shame and poor self-image as they are linked with the condition. Psychotherapy is one of the common treatment options for the binge eating disorder where individual or groups sessions are employed to help patients overcome unhealthy eating habits. The three examples of psychotherapy include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and dialectical therapy. Medications are also a form of treatment for binge eating disorder. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate was the first medication to be approved by FDA used to treat severe to moderate binge-eating disorder among adults. The side effects of the drug include insomnia, dry mouth but even more serious effects tend to take place. Another common form of medication used to treat binge eating disorder is antidepressants. Although it remains unclear how antidepressants curtail binge eating, it has a lot to do with their effect on specific brain chemicals.
Conclusion
In closing, binge eating disorder is a common eating and feeding disorder which affects a person’s health seriously if left untreated. Binge eating disorder is a condition characterized by uncontrolled and repeated episodes of consuming large amounts of food. It is accompanied by feelings of guilt and shame. Binge eating disorder has negative effects on a person’s self-esteem, body weight, mental health and overall health. Fortunately, there are effective treatment options for binge eating disorder, including psychotherapy and antidepressants. To determine whether one has a binge eating disorder, one must seek consultation from a qualified medical professional.
References
Dingemans, A., Danner, U., & Parks, M. (2017). Emotion regulation in binge eating disorder: A review. Nutrients, 9(11), 1274.
Guerdjikova, A. I., Mori, N., Casuto, L. S., & McElroy, S. L. (2017). Binge eating disorder. Psychiatric Clinics, 40(2), 255-266.
A recruitment and Staffing Proposal
A Recruitment and Staffing Proposal
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Cover Memo to the CEO for Recruitment and Staffing Proposal
Date
To the CEO HSS Company
From
Re: Recruitment and Staffing Proposal
I am pleased to provide a proposal to the CEO HSS Company on the best approaches to staffing and selection of the top employees in the company. The proposal will highlight the best methods to use when recruiting and selecting the staff members, who have the best qualifications. The proposal will also provide a cost benefits analysis and a comparison of the approaches to come up with the best approach. The other factor in the proposal will be the metric for evaluating the effectiveness of the approaches and provide recommendations for the best approach. The proposal will analyze the best procedures for recruiting candidates, who are qualified to do the job by use of literature materials. The staff recruited by the application of this proposal will be of great help to the company in maximising profits and expansion.
A proposal for Recruitment and Staffing
Introduction
Recruitment is a process of sourcing candidates to fill vacancies in an organization, who must meet the required qualifications and the stated experience level. Selection, on the other hand, involves the process of evaluation and interviewing of candidates and picking the most suitable individual based on the interview results. Recruitment and selection of senior staff in an organization is a vital process, and the HR, and the staffing office in any organization must be careful to avoid any mistakes. The proposal will discuss some of the best approaches to selecting and recruiting staff in an organization. The proposal will have a recommendation for the best approach to carefully analysing the costs and comparing the approaches. The proposal will deal with a variety of staff members in the higher ranks, such as the managerial level.
Recruitment Approaches
Recruitment Agencies
Recruitment agencies are companies involved with sourcing employees from the other firms at a fee. The agencies carry out the functions of staff recruiting, such as advertising, receiving applications, and interviewing.
Employee Referral
Employee referral is where employees, who know a candidate with the required skills, recommend the candidate to the organization’s management for a job. In other cases, third parties, such as the referees, the institution heads, and former employers may recommend a candidate for a job in another company. The parties, who recommend certain employees, may receive a bonus from the recruiting company if the employee stays past the probation period, such as three or six months.
In-house Recruitment
In-house recruitment involves organizations using their Human Resources personnel to carry out the recruitment exercise. The organization’s HRM takes the responsibility of advertising for the job vacancies in their websites, media, or the job-boards. Once they get a suitable candidate, they go on to hire and manage the new employees. Once the HRMs receive the applications, they carry out interviews and select the best candidate.
Approaches to Employee Selection
General Mental Ability
After the company recruits staff and receive applications, selection is necessary in order to get the most suitable employee from many interviewees. The approach of mental ability tests the cognitive power of an individual and how effectively he/she can handle difficult situations. Many companies deal with activities that require complex decision-making and the person recruited should know how to handle and resolve issues affecting the business organization. The tests administered in testing the mental ability can include the aptitude tests and the problem-solving test, which may be oral or in written form.
Structured Interviews
In this selection approach, the interviewing panel consisting of about three personnel have structured questions with ratings so that they can rate the candidate using the rating scores. The interviewee must explain how he/she can handle a difficult situation concerning the job, the colleagues and the management in case of any disagreements.
Situational Judgement Tests
In this approach, questions with multiple choices form the basis of the interview and selection criteria to test the reasoning ability of a candidate. The test determines the capability of a senior employee to tackle difficult challenges in the organization and come up with the best solution. The company can use on SJT for a longer time by producing copies whenever they are interviewing candidates for hiring.
The cost-Benefit Analysis and Comparison of Recruitment Approaches for Recruitment
Looking at the three approaches, the use of recruitment agencies is more expensive but very effective in sourcing for qualified and honest employees. Since the agencies specialise in recruitment of employees for other companies, quality is their priority. Employee referral is a quick method for sourcing employees compared to the agencies, but there is no guarantee of quality for those recruited. In-house recruitment has more benefits than the use of agencies or referrals since the company’s staffs carry out the interview themselves. The method helps to get candidates, who can solve the organization’s problems through closely examining them and offering training.
The cost-Benefit Analysis and Comparison of the Selection Approaches for Selection
The general mental ability is the best method of selection as it enables hiring of the candidate who has the problem to problem-saving at a low cost. In structured interviews, the rating ensures that the most qualified candidate passes the test through the unbiased ratings. The situational judgement test can help to select a candidate with better problem-solving capabilities to help in the running of the company. The method is also economical compared to the other two in terms of costs because the company can reuse the SJT for conducting more interviews.
Recruitment Metrics for the Company
The metrics suitable for the recruitment of the employees are candidate’s satisfaction with a rating of 90%, manager satisfaction of about 85% and a performance rating of 4out of 5. The evaluation period for the metrics will be six months after recruitment of candidates.
Recommendations for the Best Approach
The recommendation for the best approach to recruitment for the HSs Company is the use of In-house recruitment for it ability get competent individuals. The main reason is that the HRM can recruit the best candidates as they know the challenges facing their company than the agencies and the referees. The selection approach suitable for the company is the general mental ability as it provides the candidate with high problem-solving capability. For the senior management staff of the HSS Company, ability to handle complicated cases is necessary, and the approach that provides that is the general mental ability.
Conclusion
Companies require qualified and honest employees in order to succeed in their operations. To achieve this, they must recruit the best staff using the Agency, the in-house or the referral approaches. When selecting the candidate, a company can use the structured questions, general mental capability, and situational judgement tests. There are many benefits of using the approaches, such as assurance of highly qualified personnel, and honest employees.