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SECURITY EVALUATION
SECURITY EVALUATION
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The Name of the Class (Course)
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The Name of the School (University)
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Planning Contingency
Contingency Planning
A contingency plan is a course of action developed to enable organizations to respond mainly to a risk that may or may fail to occur in the future (Maurer, Clark and B., 2015). In information security, contingency planning is the measures put in place to recover information in technological systems during or after a system disruption or an emergency that impacts an information system. A well-developed plan ensures a company minimizes losses that may occur due to information loss, allows a company to remain competitive and also minimizes disruptions and panic that may occur. The measures may include activities such as relocation of information systems, having back-ups on separate systems and recovery using different types of equipment or manual means (Freire and Padilla, 2019). Risks are bound to occur in an entity; hence organizations and individuals need to ensure that the information stored in devices is safe and can be recovered whenever an emergency occurs. A contingency plan is an alternative information system security plan that protects the company before information risks occur.
Personal Situation and Risks
Information storage in technological equipment and gadgets are usually at risk of loss if not well-managed and lacking methods to keep the data safe. Due to technological development, technological appliances have increased and improved. Therefore, for information processing and storage, I use a laptop. A laptop works the same way as a computer. It allows data input, processes. It gives information output, which can also be stored in the same device. Hence most of the work I do is stored on the laptop. Also, since communication with people is essential, I have a smartphone that allows me to communicate, and through it am still able to store data of documents, people’s contacts and information and also connect through social media apps stored in the smartphone. The two data storage methods store a lot of personal information that is helpful in the future and in providing evidence and reference whenever I require some past information.
Besides, I also use hard drives and flash disk to store other relevant information, since the mobile phones and laptops storage size is usually smaller. Therefore, these tools are used to back up information that is on the laptops and mobile phones to avoid loss of information whenever they get destroyed, or I lose them. Besides, the many activities and operations at times limit me from carrying all my storage devices. Thus, to ensure that I can access information from any place, at any time and through any other device, I store my information through email and google drives. Whenever I send emails to any individual, it is easy to access the information from any other device provided I log in using my details. This action as well happens for information stored in google drives as I can get them wherever I am and at any time. Emails are more convenient for me due to the easy accessibility of data stored.
Cyber attacks are one of the risks that profoundly affect technological devices for data storage. Cyber attacks lead to the loss of valuable and sensitive information of an individual. Malware is a type of cyberattack that occurs when an information system is corrupted, and data were stolen. It occurs in devices such as laptops and mobile phones. Also, phishing is an act that involves an attack on email by tricking the email recipient into providing confidential information or downloading malware through a hyperlink provided to the recipient through a message. Phishing may also happen through impersonation of another individual hence get information from owners. Data breaches are also a challenge to technological devices. Personal information can quickly get to the public through malicious ways for crimes or malicious theft.
Normative model
The normative model was constructed based on the devices applied by the user and the features they have. The devices have characteristics that either limit the risk of information or expose the user to losing data stored. Laptops, mobile phones, cloud data storage, use of portable devices have a risk to the destruction of information when exposed to many individuals. Therefore, in applying the controls, the possible risks were determined for the devices that may lead to information loss. These include access by individuals through theft or physical destruction, the security of contacts, classification and labeling for easy identification and safety of the tools. Since the risk that mostly affects personal devices and information stored in them is cyberattacks, techniques for security involves privacy and safety of login information, restriction to access and personalization of access rights. The controls were chosen link to the risks that may occur to the information stored in the personal devices.
After identification of the risk and control policy involves, The normative model is applied in the evaluation of the system. The controls provide the necessary actions to avoid loss of information; hence its application into the user’s gadgets leads to a finding on the security control of the user information. It involves a reactive analysis to evaluate the current condition of information stored as well as the risk of accessibility. Second, the information is assessed to find its importance through classification according to importance. The security of information should be according to the importance it holds to the user and the risk of other people wishing to have the same information. Third, an analysis is conducted to find ways to either develop the existing security policy or to find a new way to store and secure information in the devices. Also, the model involves the limitations analysis, where the challenges of the existing technology are analyzed, as well as the methods that may be used. The limitation analysis identifies the best technique for application to safeguard personal information.
Summary of the tasks undertaken
Steps in Reviewing
The information system review involved a series of steps that led to the finding. These steps include, first, a situation assessment. This step is an analysis of the current conditions of the user, including the consumers of the information stored, the usefulness of the data and the risks involved in the various storage methods. The analysis made validates the options to be used and allows the selection of a technique that fits the user and al other beneficiaries of the information. Second, is the information needs assessment, where the user identifies how the information is essential to them and the number of people it is bound to serve. Also, the goal of the user is identified. Through this information, an appropriate storage mechanism can easily be identified based on the importance of the information. Susceptible information is stored in highly secure situations compared to the other information of the user. The storage difference depends on the level of security for a particular technique.
Exploration of the information is the step following the assessment of information. Through this step, the information sources are analyzed and the means of sharing them with any other parties. This process is the identification of the medium appropriate for sharing information. After identification of the methods and information limitation analysis is conducted to determine the risks that can occur using any of the methods of data storage. It determines the gaps that exist for information stored and the risks that may lead to data loss or disruption. These gaps then lead to a generation of a technique that would help to prevent or reduce the risk in which the information is exposed. Based on the understanding of existing methods, the importance of information and the risks, a recommendation is made on the best method to use or action to take to ensure the safety of the personal information.
The steps were taken in consideration of the control policies according to the ISO 27002 model. The tests were based on the requirements of the model on the essential aspects required in providing a secure platform for information storage. The evidence used was the methodologies applied by the user, and the storage methods projected risks. Also, the history of information loss through device theft and interceptions were considered in finding more risks involved in the storage of information using the specific devices. For example, laptops and mobile phones are prone to system failures and viruses that may lead to system crash hence causing information loss that is difficult to restore. The tools used involved activity reviewing and non-automated means analysis of the devices. It is based on observational techniques on the devices and conditions of data storage. The user information is also useful in reviewing the information system.
Findings review and recommendations for improvement
The review of the information system devices proved to have strengths in some of the controls and required improvement in factors such as restriction to access to privilege rights. The strengths include:
Media handling
According to AS 27002 standard 8.3.3, media containing information should be protected and handled with care during transportation. The portable media used are the laptops, mobile phones, hard disks and flash disks gadgets. The review found that the handling of these devices is appropriate, with specific equipment for carriage purposes and an environment that ensures the safety of devices. Physical safety has been provided through having a laptop bag to prevent breakage when it falls and secure place of storage of the device. Also, mobile phones and other storage devices have storage equipment that ensures the safety of information in it that may be caused by physical damage. Since physical security has been guaranteed, the devices require information security due to technical system improvement. Also in AS 27002 8.2.2 requires labeling of information according to the classification scheme. Most of the information stored in the devices have been labeled based on the information it carries. It is easier to trace a document within a pile of folders created by the use of the labeling made for the documents.
The requirement of Access Control
A restriction has been made in most of the devices reviewed through passwords that secure the information. The devices can only be accessed through passwords, by which a user has to know before acquiring any information from them. There is also a mandatory access policy where the user has total power over the management of the device controls and any controls that need to be set. Also, in 12.4.2, the policy requires the protection of login information, which the user has developed well. The login information includes passwords that are encrypted and not easy to find. This strategy prevents other individuals from acceding the information in the devices unless they know the log information. However, the information is stored well and protected from being access by unauthorized individuals—a security system on access secure information against external risks that may occur. The restrictions on access control ensure integrity to access control rules where persona information requires to be shared by several people benefiting from the same information.
Information security in mobile devices
The user has failed to develop a security system that ensures the protection of data in the devices. In the standard 27002 articles 6, the controls require maintenance of appropriate contacts or relevant authority and a policy supporting security measures implemented. In the review, it was determined that the user shares devices with other individuals hence increasing the risk of losing information. Also, the contacts of authorities are not well kept. A riskier activity that may lead to cyber-attack is the connection to public wi-fi, which does not allow control and management by the user. The risk may compromise information stored in the connected devices as it is open to external access. This risk can be prevented through the implementation of a home connection, with the full managerial ability of the user. It limits access by external sources who wish to get information through malicious methods. It also guarantees safe usage during messaging and information sharing on various platforms.
Reflection on the methodology or review approach
The information system is integrated into an environment with hardware, software and humans, which represents the technical, nontechnical and user functions (Falih, 2018). The three parties have the responsibility to ensure the information stored is secure and cannot be easily accessed by external individuals. The hardware and software are controlled by the user; hence they have to find methods to keep the information safe. Therefore, in personal information security, it is the responsibility of the user to develop strategies that ensure information is secure. The issues to be addressed involving devices for information storage are proper to use, access and approval of usage, users rights and privileges and access to information (Implementing an Information Security Review: TechWeb: Boston University, 2020). The usage of various information storage methods requires a strategy for each device’s security using the user’s privileges and the importance of information. However, each system has to integrate with the features of a device to make it beneficial.
Personal information is not protected a lot compared to organizational information. The review shows a lack of most of the measures mentioned in AS 27002- 2015, except for the few most common ones. Passwords are one strategy most applied by individuals in finding safety for information stored and prevent external access. However, personal information also requires the best practices to allow secure data, as stated in the standards for system security. For example, back up of personal data is one of the essential information processing responsibilities based on the assumption that every system can crash at a point (Henkoğlu and Ucak, 2016). Therefore, with the knowledge, the back-up system should guarantee the safety of the information. The controls give a guideline that helps to strategize methodologies that work for a particular device.
A security policy should state the security need as well as the circumstances under which the need should be met (Computers at risk, 1991). With the application of the AS 27002 standards in review, the controls provide the requirements for a proper security system. Through the standards, I was able to find the need for information security and how the risks could occur. Having cyber-attacks as the main risk affecting devices for personal information, it defines the need to have a security system that protects the data. Identifying the individual’s devices shows the circumstances under which the risks may occur, leading to a loss of information. When a user enters personal information into a web or device, they acknowledge the sites for collection of data. Therefore, giving the need to secure any information stored in them for future restoration.
A review of system security reviews based on the application of AS 27002 leads to the development of strategies that help in securing data. The standards provide control for users to analyze and evaluate their information system to ensure it has the characteristics and features that contribute to the safety of information stored in the devices. Also, other than the identification of the risk, a strategy can be developed to improve the information storage system. The standards can also be applied in securing personal information stored in devices as well as the cloud.
Appendix I – Normative Model
Control Comments about evaluation Tests Recommendation
The policies for information security should be reviewed at planned intervals or if significant changes occur to ensure their continuing suitability, adequacy, and effectiveness. Policies for information security are not reviewed at all.
Access control policy was applied, but the access requests are not structured, which does not guarantee information security.
Passwords have been set for most of the information system gadgets. Develop an access control policy that reviews information security policies in access. Frequently review information security policies to ensure suitability and effectiveness.
6.1.3 Appropriate contacts with relevant authorities should be maintained Formal contacts are not supported. Information on contacts is not synchronized with devices.
Mobile devices policy was adopted to ensure limited access to devices by other individuals.
Appropriate contact sare stored in the cloud and device. External access to appropriate contacts reviewed and security evaluated. Develop a defense in depth with physical, technical and policy controls.
6.2.1 A policy and supporting security measures should be adopted to manage the risks introduced by using mobile devices. Mobile devices are, at times, shared with individuals.
The BYOD approach was implemented to evaluate the limit on handling by external parties.
Mobile devices are not well stored and not secure.
Mobile gadgets are connected to fee wi-fi, which may compromise information. A check on Connections with external wi-fi and accessibility to external individuals. Limit access of devices by family members and other parties
8.2.1 Information should be classified in terms of legal requirements, value, critically, and sensitivity to unauthorized disclosure or modification. Information is all mixed up in the various devices.
The classification scheme model was adopted to evaluate division n classification of data in the devices.
No classifications made as information are stored in devices and cloud, all together. Finding a classification for data separating legal and sensitive information. Develop a classification scheme to store information appropriately.
8.2.2 An appropriate set of procedures for information labeling should be developed and implemented in accordance with information classification scheme adopted by the org Information is labeled depending on its content.
Confidentiality level approach was used where confidential information is labeled aside from public knowledge.
Some information labeling is not clear and easily forgotten unless confirmed. Checking information label, how it is labeled and confidentiality kept Create an appropriate confidentiality level technique for labeling information.
8.3.3 Media containing information should be protected against unauthorized access, misuse or corruption during transportation Transportation of the media devices is appropriate, and packaging ensures physical safety.
Physical protection techniques of packaging in a carriage was adopted, hence guaranteeing physical security.
Security in transportation is also guaranteed. Reliable Transport and packaging Implement appropriate gadget storage for all media devices storing data.
9.1.1 An access control policy should be established documented and reviewed, based on business and information security requirement Devices have passwords to limit access.
Mandatory access policy is adopted where the owner gains full management of the devices and information in them. Checks on who needs to know about information stored, who needs to use the information, and how much they can get access. Implementation of a Formal procedure and defined responsibility of access to devices should be developed.
9.2.2. A formal user Access provisioning process should be implemented to assign or revoke access rights for all user types of toll systems and control User access provisioning is not developed except for google drives.
Provisioning and revoking policies are not applied; hence most information can be accessed.
Notification on other individuals’ access is not developed. Authorization of the owner of the information system and verification of access. Implement access to revoking and provisioning strategy.
9.2.3. The allocation of and use of privileged access rights should be restricted and controlled No restriction to access of privilege rights.
System administration technique restriction to limiting access to privileged access control. Control of privilege access rights such as deleting information. Implement information asset inventory and a system that prevents accessibility to privilege access.
9.2.5 Asset owners should review users access rights at regular intervals Access right of the owner is not reviewed.
An Audit of the systems not implemented by the owner hence no knowledge of the breach of access.
User access rights may be accessed by other individuals without prior knowledge. Authorization for privilege access rights. Review own access rights at individual and broader systems change.
12.3.1 Back-up copies of information, software, and system images should be taken and tested regularly in accordance with the agreed back-up policy. There exists an informal back-up strategy to store information.
Back up, tests have been implemented to ensure the restoration of the data whenever it is required.
However, monitoring of the back-ups is not implemented. Monitoring and recording of back-ups, the safety of back-up devices Design back up policy for file recovery.
12.4.2 Logging facilities and log information should be protected against tampering and unauthorized access Log in information is present for all the devices.
A unique identification policy is applied for the creation of a password for login into devices.
One specific password is adopted for use for almost all the technological devices owned. Presence of login facility and information, storage of information. Provide a secure and tamper free storage of log in information to devices, apps and any storage method.
18.1.4 Privacy and protection of identifiable information should be ensured as required by relevant legislation and Regulation where applicable Information are not protected by any policies. Access is easily granted through password.
Personally, identifiable protection technique has not been applied in the protection of information in the devices. Accessibility to personal information in the devices. Adopt privacy techniques to safeguard information.
13.1.1 Networks should be managed and controlled to protect the information in system and application The network not protected as the user has no control over its use.
Connects to public wi-fi provided hence cannot control or protect information that may be accessed through the system.
There is a high risk of information loss. Network connections used for devices. Implement your own network for use and avoid public Wi-fi.
13.2.1 Formal transfer policies, procedures, and controls should be in place to protect the transfer of information, through the use of all types of communication facilities. User is aware of risks that might occur in transfer policies.
Classification of information allows priorities in transfer policies.
Some communication facilities do not guarantee information protection.
Evaluation of the confidentiality integrity and safety controls for information transfer was conducted. Implement restrictions to interceptions, copying, or destruction of information.
13.2.3 Information involved in electronic messaging shod be appropriately protected Uses apps for communications and emails to send messages.
Encryption has been implemented for some information being sent hence cannot be accessed by the public. Check on devices and applications used for communication.
Determining the presence of encryption of information in the devices.
Adopt sharing information through encrypted systems in devices.
References
1991. Computers at risk. D.C .: National Academy Press
Bu.edu.2020. Implementing An Information Security Review: Techweb. Boston University. [Online] Available at https://www.bu.edu/tech/about/security-resources/bestpractice/infosec-review/
Falih, F., 2018. A Review Study Of Information System. International Journal of Computer Applications, 179(18), pp.15-19
Freire, F. and Padilla, V., 2019. A Contingency Plan Framework for Cyber-Attacks. Journal of Information Systems Engineering & Management, 4(2).
Henkoglu, T. and Ucak, N., 2016. Information Security And the Protection of Personal Data in Universities. International Journal of Business and Management Invention. 5(1)
Maurer, J., Clark, B. and B., Y., 2015. SOHO: Information Security Awareness in the Aspect of Contingency Planning. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 6(10).
Standards Australia 2015, AS ISO/IEC 27002:2015 Information technology – Security techniques – Code of practice for information security controls, Standards Australia International, Sydney.
Sources of secondary data
Secondary data
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There are quite limited resources available for research and evaluation in non-profit and public sectors. Among these limited resources are funds, time, and knowledge. Due to these limitations it becomes difficult to create primary data for research and hence one is forced to carry out research and evaluation with secondary data. Secondary data is data previously collected by another researcher at a different time.
Researchers can obtain secondary data from quantitative and qualitative research strands. There are different types of secondary data that can be used in the evaluation of the program, policy or problem. Sources of secondary data from a quantitative research strand include external sources such as published sources. Public agencies gather data from crime rates, vital statistics, governmental budgets, census data and scores from educational testing and avail the data to researchers. Government agencies carry out studies on various public issues, and the information is published (Johnson, 2014). They release government statistics such as population censuses, family expenditure surveys, social surveys, import, and export statistics.
Another secondary source of data is syndicated data that is data that is sold by research firms. There are research firms that carry out research and after they get the information they sell it to other researchers. Another secondary source is data from national and international institutions (United Nations, n.d.). These institutions avail data on business economic reviews, journals and articles, and university research reports. Secondary data can also be obtained from online sources. Researchers can carry out research on the problem, policy or program and public the information on articles, journals that they make available online.
Sources of secondary data from a qualitative research strand include interviews. Researchers can try to get a person-to-person response on previously prepared questions that are aimed at obtaining in-depth information on an individual’s experiences. Interviews are also aimed at finding out more information on surveys or questionnaires. Interviews can be conducted on the key officials that can assist in the verification of the interpretation of a particular researcher. The interviews can also help in exploring issues that might have been left out in a written form and hence provide context. Another secondary data source is observation that involves accurate on-site observation of the operations of a particular program. It includes observing the activities that go on, discussions, processes, and results that can be observed. Researchers can observe different things like the patterns of land use in the country, friendliness within waiting rooms in public agencies, quality of housing or even the road conditions (Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d.). Observation can be carried out in either a structured or semi-structured format. For a structured observation, there are specific checklists that contain check boxes that make it possible to count things precisely. On the other hand, in semi-structured observations, the researcher makes notes on whatever is of interest to them, unusual things or typical things. Researchers can also carry out a detailed observation of research-related documents and records to obtain information.
Secondary data sources have a great impact on the evaluation of the problem, policy or problem. First, these sources of data make useful information available that is necessary for carrying out an evaluation. With secondary data, there is a lot of background work that has been conducted by different researchers and hence there is a lot of information such as case studies and literature reviews (Johnson, 2014). This background information makes it easy to undertake an evaluation of the program, policy or problem.
Due to the amount of background work conducted, secondary data has a high degree of reliability and validity. A researcher using secondary data does not need to re-examine the data before use. Reliability and validity makes the process of evaluation easy and fast since there is no need for re-examining data. The re-use of qualitative data provides a good opportunity of studying raw materials of the past in order to get an insight of theoretical and methodological purposes. Less time is required to collect secondary data and hence making the evaluation process fast. Secondary data also plays a significant role in the exploratory phase of any research whenever the task been carried out defines a research problem and also to come up with a hypothesis. Gathering and analysis of secondary data helps in improving how a researcher understands the problem.
References
Johnson, G. (2014). Research methods for public administrators (3rd ed.). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Chapter 7, “Data Collection I: Available Data and Observation” (pp. 97–111)
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2014, from www.bls.gov
United Nations. (n.d.). Official documents and bibliographic databases. Retrieved June 7, 2014, fromhttp://www.un.org/en/databases/
Scholarly discussion Black Lives Matter and Body-Worn Cameras.
Scholarly discussion: Black Lives Matter and Body-Worn Cameras.
There is an absolute need for police reforms in the United States. Reported cases of the violence the police use on black men, women, people with no documentation, the disabled, queer and Trans is a definite example of how black lives are continuously disvalued in the United States. Statistics demonstrate that black people are more than twice as likely as white people to be killed by police officers. Placing of body worn cameras on police officers have been suggested by the community stakeholders and criminal justice leaders. BWC have improved police courtesy as well as improving the perception of citizen on police transparency and their lawfulness (Braga, 2017). The article highlights the importance of body worn cameras , because BWC function by recording every police encounter with the public and hence a good number of individuals champion the installation of BWC on police officers to curb the use of violence against people of color.
In the article, “The benefits of body worn Cameras: new findings from the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department”, Anthony Braga et. al (2017) categorically denotes the importance, the significance and the positive implications of the utilization of body-worn cameras as a solution to police brutality. He indicates that, Body-worn cameras are beneficial as they play a major role in boosting police accountability. The installation of body worn cameras will make it possible for the general public to see how police officers interact with community members, while undertaking their tasks during their duty shifts and hence there will be transparency and the actions of the police officers will definitely be available to the scrutiny of the general public as well as the individuals in the criminal justice system. The author goes ahead to explain the direct correlation between body-worn cameras and police accountability. The body- worn cameras will ensure that the police account for their actions at all times. Accountability is certainly an important feature of the American police department and accountability also fosters lawfulness and legitimacy which play a great role in ensuring that the police department achieves its goal of ensuring law and order is kept in the community.
Braga, (2017) therefore, identifies that body worn cameras will ensure that the police officers are at all times cautious of their actions and in return serve the members of the community with fairness and with responsibility as they deserve. It is also indicated that, body worn cameras will ensure that the civilians and the police officers are protected. From the study, it is clear that after the use of Body-worn cameras the reports on the use of force and violence by the police on members of the public reduced and it was contributed by the fact that, the interactions of the police and the members of the public are captured and recorded. To add to that, the body-worn cameras will also help to protect the police officers from being accused falsely and also from misconduct and any form of abuse towards them. CITATION Ant171 l 1033 (Anthony Braga, James R Coldren, William Sousa, Denise Rodriguez, Omer Alper, 2017)In conclusion Braga, (2017), highlights that body worn cameras will reduce the confrontational situations between police officers and some members of the community. The discussion indicates that when police officers wore body- cameras they reduce the force the used while executing their duties as well as the force used by the respondents by 50%. Also, the recorded footage can be used as hard-video evidence and that it will lead to obtaining accurate victim statements and the right witnesses. In instances where allegations are made the footage from body worn cameras will show the actual occurrences that took place and in return body-worn cameras protect the citizens and the police from unnecessary harm and the use of force.
In the article, “White Coats for Black Lives: Responding to racism and police brutality,” Dorothy Charlse , Kathryn Himmelsten, Walker Keena and Nicholas Baried (2015), the medical professionals join hands with other citizens to protest against racial injustice and police brutality on black- Americans. The main concern raised in the article is the non-indictment of the officers that are responsible for the death of black- Americans in police custody. The white Coats for Black Lives indicate, that as a community that is highly vested in the lives and well-being of the population, medicine is also not immune to the menace which is racial injustice. Racism in the criminal justice system which is the predisposing factor to police brutality, damages the health and the lives of people of color and that there is need to address it as a public health crisis. The medical professionals also define the act as death by legal intervention. The article, applies the well thought through interventions that will help reduce and even eliminate police brutality. In their account, one of the concrete measures to be taken by policy makers is the introduction and utilization of body worn cameras as an intervention to bring to an end police brutality. There is a definite need for stringent and comprehensive measures that will ensure the police are accountable and that the carry out their duties and tasks without discrimination. The recommendation that police officers should use body cameras is supported by the evidence that body cameras have the ability to, and will provide concrete evidence in terms of audio and video recordings of the violent confrontations and incidences. The article therefore demonstrates that body-worn cameras will lead to impartiality and fairness, and in instances where the brutality of the police resulted to death of the victims then the recording from the BWC will give the dead a voice. Transparency and accountability between the police officers and the community will also be increased. There is evidence that the wearing of body cameras reduce the complaints of the community by close to 88% as well as the reported drop in the use of police force by about 66%.
Dorothy Charlse et al, (2015), show that it is also important for the policy makers to formulate guidelines that will promote the effectiveness and the efficient use of body cameras. The laws to be put in place will include the individuals to control the body cameras, how the cameras will be activated and how they will be used. The team sheds light that the success of the body cameras as a strategy to address racial injustice will give the desired results if they are controlled by a third party. The death of black males by legal intervention is still a calamity that the health professionals term as a means where the law enforcement department is hindering the success of black-Americans on other issues such as the mental and the physical health of the population.CITATION Dor l 1033 (Dorothy Charlse, 2015).
Vanessa Williamson et al, (2018), define what the movement Black Lives matter means. It is certainly an organization of people that protest against the death of black people caused by police brutality. The Black Lives Matter activists play a very critical role in organizing the protest that draws the attention of the public as well as the responsible leaders and agencies to the death of black individuals at the hands of the people that ought to protect them, that is, the police officers. The article also sheds light on the broader issues that police brutality on black people stems from. There is an extensive discussion and mention of the broader issues which include police violence and the existence of policies that do not favor a particular race as well as other racial inequalities in health, economic and political power and social matters. CITATION Van181 l 1033 (Vanessa Williamson, 2018).
In the article there is a great advocacy for policy changes. Vanessa, (2018) dictates that it is necessary for the police department to utilize body cameras as well as the independent special prosecutors and that there should be a great transparency in the policies that govern the criminal justice departments. The article demonstrate that there is a dire need for the appropriate measures to be put in place to curb police brutality in localities where the population of there is a high black population. Law enforcement agencies should be given the appropriate training building the capacity around the utilization of body cameras for maximum benefits and which will translate to safe communities and a country that its environment is conducive for each and every individual to safely live in and go about their businesses regardless of their race and skin color. It is also definite that the support from the political sphere of the country is important as it will ensure that the appropriate polices are enacted such as the use of body cameras and that the entire population will live peacefully and satisfied and also feel that the government and the system values their lives.
Pellow, (2016), in the article “Toward a Critical Environmental Justice studies: Black Lives Matter as an Environmental justice Challenge,” demonstrate that the BLM is a social movement that seeks to plead for the grievances of the black people, and most importantly on issues around police brutality. The movement was formed in 2012 after the death of George Zimmerman in Florida. There is also a great correlation between racism and flawed economic, political, social and legal system in the United States. Reforms and the transformation of the system is one that everyone should pay close attention to. The BLM movement also advocates for the inclusion of black Americans in decision making and it will lead to the adoption of important strategies that will protect the lives of the minorities. The strategy being mentioned in this case is the utilization of Body-worn cameras. The black live matter movement challenges the state sanctioned violence. CITATION Dav161 l 1033 (Pellow, 2016).
Monica Anderson, (2018) in the article, “Analysis of Black Lives Matter and other Twitter hashtags related to social and political issues,” identifies that the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter has been on twitter for a long time and also the volume of messages tied to that hashtag on twitter indicate that it is a matter that affects the lives of people and disrupt their normal functioning. The hashtag has been used to respond to real life problems and events and most importantly police brutality. There is a clear indication that the hashtag is tied to political issues and it is used by activist to bring the entire population to terms with what is happening. Some of the issues addressed by the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter include; fatal police-related encounters. The names of those that have lost their lives in police custody are mentioned and justice is sought using the social media platform.CITATION Mon181 l 1033 (Anderson, 2018). The tweets on the hashtag also mentions specific acts of violence used by the law enforcement officers on unarmed black men. The intent of the mention of such is to ensure that the general public understand the mechanisms that some law enforcement personnel that is unlawful and they should speak against such.
Monica Anderson, (2018) reflects that important messages and insights are passed across social media under the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter. She mentions that, the topic on police and law enforcement certainly comes up and the discussion runs around the police enforcement actions and the recommendations that should be considered in order to save the lives of black- people. When the measures to curb police brutality are mentioned, the mounting of body- worn cameras on the police is highlighted. It is also mentions that a lot of information on race and police enforcement take up a good percentage of the tweets on #BlackLivesMatter. In this age where there is a lot of activity on social media and a good number of individuals also participate there the information and the grievances being addressed will get to the right authorities, with the hope that they will act on them appropriately leading to a safe country where every single person is proud to be part of.
Black Lives Matter is an on-going campaign that seeks to address the challenges being faced by black people. The interventions that they advocate for the most is body-worn cameras as highlighted in the articles there is a feeling that the cameras will reap greater success in the fight against police brutality and racial discrimination.
REFERENCES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Anderson, M., Toor, S., Rainie, L., Smith, A., Anderson, M., Toor, S., & Smith, A. (2018). 2. An analysis of# BlackLivesMatter and other Twitter hashtags related to political or social issues. Pew Research Center.
Braga, A. A., Coldren, J. R., Sousa, W. H., Rodriguez, D., & Alper, O. (2017). The benefits of body-worn cameras: New findings from a randomized controlled trial at the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department. Arlington, VA: CNA Analysis & Solutions.
Charles, D., Himmelstein, K., Keenan, W., Barcelo, N., & White Coats for Black Lives National Working Group. (2015). White coats for black lives: medical students responding to racism and police brutality. Journal of urban health, 92(6), 1007-1010.
Pellow, D. N. (2016). Toward a critical environmental justice studies: Black Lives Matter as an environmental justice challenge. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 13(2), 221-236.
Williamson, V., Trump, K. S., & Einstein, K. L. (2018). Black lives matter: evidence that police-caused deaths predict protest activity. Perspectives on Politics, 16(2), 400-415.