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Limiting the Negative Effects of Football on players
Limiting the Negative Effects of Football on players
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Introduction
Safety among football players has long been a concern for everybody involved: Parents, players, coaches, and spectators. While both changes to the rules and improvements in player gear have increased the sport’s safety, degenerative neurological diseases are still a common topic among the football community. Examples of these diseases are Alzheimer’s disease, Spinal muscular atrophy, and the most commonly discussed, CTE (Chronic traumatic encephalopathy). (Garner, 2019). There is currently a vast amount of research being conducted on this topic to create a more enjoyable, safer experience for all levels of football, beginning as early as elementary school. However, more concern is surrounding the players that continue onto the collegiate level and eventually professional. The main reason for this is that the longer a player is involved in football, the higher the chance of developing these degenerative neurological diseases. Likewise, physical injuries are just as much of a problem, if not more of a problem, than mental injuries.
The three most common injuries occurring on the football field relate to the knee, ankle, and leg muscles (Hamstring, Quadricep, and Calf). Football, being a full-contact sport, can undoubtedly begin to cause breakdowns to the body over time no matter the precautions taken; however, yielding to this standard is not an option. It may seem that there are countless seemingly unfixable dangers regarding football; however, this does not mean there is no solution. The progress made over the last decade has done wonders for football and immensely diminished players’ lasting physical and psychological injuries. Further research can only continue to help eliminate all injuries. It would be foolish to think that risk of injury can be fully removed, but the question remains: How can we limit the negative effects of football?
The most prominent of these negative effects football imposes is the injuries. As a result of football, an estimated 455,449 high school football injuries occurred in the 2018-2019 school year alone. (Injury Claim Coach, 2021). Repeated trauma can often stem into other concerning issues involving degenerative conditions and injuries incapable of fully healing. Just under 500,000 injuries a year only in high school football; this leaves football at the elementary, middle school, collegiate, and professional injuries unaccounted for. It is clear this number is staggering and far too high and therefore why we need a solution. Physical contact is always going to be a cause of injury and difficult to control, so it’s important to focus on the factors of the game that we can control. Among these factors are the stadium and the conditions players play the game in. Weather, playing surface, and type of stadium seem to have noticeable impacts on player injuries. Playing on natural grass instead of astroturf has shown decreased chances of injury relating to the ankles and knees.
It is no surprise that weather can have a significant effect on the playing conditions of football and consequently the injury rates, however, attempting to shield every football field from the elements is unachievable and irrelevant; the sport is far too popular, and there are far too many fields to accommodate the vast number of players with luxuries such as domed and cooled fields to reduce such injuries. Unlike warmer and dry weather, cold and wet weather also has a lower risk of injury to players, specifically the ankle, knee, and ACL regions. (Orchard JW, Powell JW, 2003). For decades, it seems that physical injuries were the primary discussion regarding injuries caused by football; however, the mental side of the injuries has gained tremendous traction. With cognitive research on the incline, attention to neurological diseases has become arguably the top focus of the football community. As mentioned prior in the introduction, Alzheimer’s disease, Spinal muscular atrophy, and the most commonly discussed CTE (Chronic traumatic encephalopathy) are all proven neurological degenerative diseases common amongst football players. (Garner, 2019). The primary cause of these life-altering diseases is repeated head trauma. Because physicality is a foundational aspect of the game, rule changes regarding contact may not be easily accepted. Pairing with the mental changes of cognitive diseases comes behavioural effects. The behavior of athletes can vary tremendously if brain function slows in parts of the brain and increases in other parts. Many football players have expressed their concerns about the game and its threats to their health, especially physical health (Folland et al., 2018). A large percentage of players wish they had more information about the game before they involved themselves in it. They wished they had not participated in the game because of the negative effects and the long-term and short-term risks that come with it. On the other hand, some footballers are driven by their passion and still wouldn’t mind the consequences of playing the game.
Despite being the most popular sport in America, football continues to threaten the lives of its players. The long-term health damages force some of them to end their careers before their time. According to a statement released by the Bloomberg Political Poll, many parents are against their children playing football for fear of their long-term health concerns (Swales, 1987). The biggest fear for most players, parents and fans is head injury. According to the Health Research Funding Organization, concussions occur with ablow to the head through contact and cause brain damage. If the concussion is undiagnosed and treated early enough, it will likely cause permanent brain damage. Repeated blows to the head during a game by players can also negatively affect a player besides brain damage (Garner, 2019). It can lead to the primary Chronic Traumatic Encelophathy, CTE. This brain disease is degenerative and progressive and mostly affects athletes with a repetitive history of persistent brain trauma.
An American-Nigerian forensic pathologist and physician, Bennet Omalu, discovered the CTE in 2002. According to him, any force transmitted to the brain is termed as a concussion, and a repetition of the same eventually leads to CTE (Webster TA, 2015). Alongside other medical experts, Bennet agrees that it has not yet been determined whether concussions and CTE are a cumulative effect of head injury due to the introduction to football since childhood. The aggressive tendencies normalized between players during the football games need to be evaluated and measures taken before most players fall victim to it and leave the field earlier than anticipated (Francis et al., 2020). The long-term effect of these physical and emotional injuries inflicted by the football game will see the game lose its valuable players and consequently the loyal fans hence dying down.
Footballers are likely to suffer the long-term physical effects of the game. The direct and forceful interactions among players create additional health risks for ligaments and joints damaged. The pain after the impact may be short-lived and mild, making the player believe they are okay. However, repetitive hits on the same spots on the player’s body result in neurological problems (Orchard et al., 2003). Over time, the players develop very weak elbow, hip and knee joints. As players grow older, they have difficulties moving, walking, stretching their arms out, bending and making simple body movements. Due to the negative impacts of the nature of the game, it becomes difficult to conduct their routines without a strain as their flexibility has been interfered with. According to the 2009 Annual Survey of Catastrophic Football Injuries, seven cervical cord injuries with incomplete neurological recoveries were reported from high schools and college institutions (Folland et al., 2018). Most of the cervical cord injuries that players suffer occur during the game followed closely by practice off the pitch.
Professional footballers who have been in the football world for a long time may hide their mild injuries for fear of being viewed as inferior or criticized by the fan. They are afraid of losing relevance in the market. For this reason, they ignore the need to see a specialist for their mild injuries and resort to taking pain medications secretly. This move is very dangerous for a player because it plays out in different negative ways. The pain medications might numb the injury and allow players to finish their game successfully. However, the injury continues to worsen with time and affects the functionality of other body parts (Webster TA, 2015). Moreover, the pain medications are highly addictive and might leave the respective players dependent on them for a lifetime. Such players risk losing their careers and potential mental health instability.
Many coaches in the football world are aware of the popularity of the game and the significance of introducing fresh and talented football players to the field. They are aware of the advantages and the benefits they are likely to get from such moves in football. For this reason, they go after very young players who just discovered their talents and are more ambitious to utilize and maximize them. They urge these young players to focus and specialize in one aspect of the game they feel they are really good at. The truth is that specialization in one area increases the exposure of a player’s body to injuries (Injury Claim Coach, 2021). Most football players suffer injuries in the body parts that give them the most advantage against their opponents when playing the game. According to the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health research, coaches to most footballers underestimate the injuries and their effects on the players. They chose to ignore the burnouts and the injuries that result from playing the game because they are driven with a much greater goal of staying relevant and profiting from the football world.
Young players suffer the most because they are confused and don’t comprehend the stakeholders and their intentions in the football world. Coaches take advantage of this situation and sell dreams to the players and their parents. Administrators promise college sponsorships and a stable football career while subjecting them to excessive practice and pitch time without considering their physical and mental health. They eventually blow away the potential of most players and drop them for fresher, new skilled and healthy players. This cruelty in the football world, especially young players, leaves them in a bad physical and mental state. Injuries leave players feeling helpless and unproductive. This condition is quite dangerous as it can easily result in mental instability, depression and impaired judgment.
Football is very engaging and time-consuming for the players. The football schedule is quite tight, and it goes all year round. Footballers travel a lot for matches and tournaments across the world. For this reason, professional footballers have little time to spend with their families. Being away from family and friends can be harmful to one’s mental health. It leaves them feeling lonely, sometimes disengaged from the family and a lack of sense of belonging. These aspects might interfere with the player’s concentration and performance during a match. Furthermore, players are always under constant pressure to put up the best performance to meet the team’s expectations, coach, and fans. This feeling can be overwhelming to the players and might destabilize their mental state if not properly handled. Post career physical pains, career dissatisfaction, and the bad relationship between coaches and teammates threaten football players’ wellness.
Conclusion
It is undeniable that football jeopardizes the safety of its players, both long-term and short-term. It is a crisis that requires full attention from all the stakeholders. The leaders in this sector refuse to adopt safety measures that would otherwise protect players against physical harm because they believe these protective measures will interfere with the traditional football game. Policies that allow protective measures, including protective gears, should be developed and implemented as soon as possible. The government needs to intervene and secure the lives of football players. Football agencies need to be transparent and honest with their players while recruiting them to understand what is at stake. The wellness of younger players should also be considered because they also struggle with their physical and mental health like professional players.
References
Garner, D. (2019). Effects of football practice on blink reflex parameters in Division I
football athletes. Neurology.
https://n.neurology.org/content/93/14_Supplement_1/S21.2Injury Claim Coach. (2021). U.S. High School Football Injury Statistics. Injury Claim
Coach.
https://www.injuryclaimcoach.com/high-school-football-injury-statistics.html#:~:text=This%20article%20will%20review%20statistics,the%202018%2D2019%20school%20year.
Folland, J., Behan, F., Willis, S., Pain, M. (2018). Effects of football simulated fatigue on
neuromuscular function and whole‐body response to disturbances in balance.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine, Science, and Sports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29981192/Francis, J., Sameer K., Hasegawa, R., Weiss, J., Small, D. (2020). The association
between adolescent football participation and early adulthood depression. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229978Orchard JW., Powell JW., (2003). Risk of knee and ankle sprains under various
weather conditions in American football. Medicine Science Sports
Exercise. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12840631/Swales, J., (1987), Approaching the Concept of Discourse Community, University of
Michigan, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED286184.pdfWebster TA. (2015). No pain, no gain: American football players’ attitudes towards
help-seeking and barriers to mental health service utilization. []Alliant International University.
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1689890605?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
Social Media Use During the Covid19 Pandemic
Jada Franklin
Ms. Shaffer
English 1020
4th Nov. 2021
Social Media Use During the Covid19 Pandemic
The use of social media is broad, and it significantly keeps growing. The onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) brought about the need for social distancing. Quarantines and lockdowns meant minimal physical interaction. The internet became the best option to fill this need, as It provides a means of exchange, obtaining, and sharing information. There is a good side t the use of social media and also an ugly side to it. This thesis will focus on the use of social media and show how beneficial and disastrous its use was during the covid-19 pandemic.
Social media has had a colossal influence on human interaction. Covid-19 brought a lot of social restrictions, especially major events, especially sporting events and general public gathering events. But with the invention of social media created an avenue for interaction including, sports. One abstract explains social media has had on sports, revealing that it has provided a platform for sports and interactions between athletes and fans (Hayes). The same abstract by Hayes also reveals a contradicting effect that social media has had on sports, citing that it also provided an avenue for bullying and harassment on athletes.
Social media played an important role in overcoming the stresses of quarantine and the lockdowns. It provided a means of interaction, an environment where bonds were created on social media platforms. Families who lost their loved ones could seek some comfort through the spaces provided. Organizations maintained their due diligence by creating awareness and togetherness through advertising the importance of caring for one another. The displays of togetherness on social media helped some overcome certain challenges brought by the virus. People took on campaigns to emphasize the awareness of good mental health, and taking personal care was also stressed to the public through social media.
Social media has harmed mental illness. In research done by Liew and Koh, they describe loneliness as a concern in public health that was anticipated to increase during the Covid-19 pandemic given the global quarantine policy (par. 1). Loneliness stood as the cause of many turning to social media to share their experiences and seek interaction during the pandemic. The research done by Liew and Koh focused on the use of Twitter as a social media application. Their findings concluded that the public sentiments during the pandemic showed the usefulness of social media in tracking growing mental health issues (par. 4). There is, however, the risk attached to this form of stress and anxiety relief through social media. One research even recommends using social networks in loneliness, stress, and anxiety management on its abstract (Boursier et al.). The same research also cites that it presents a risk and opportunities in managing mental issues (par. 1).
Increase in anxiety levels courtesy of social media. In certain survey participants not only reported an increase in social media use but an increase in stress and anxiety levels (Boursier et al. ch.5 ). Scholar’s point out that social media created an environment for fear-mongering ( Sahni ch.8). With uncertainties brought about by social media, many use it to encourage others and spread false information, and trigger others into fear. Many displayed signs of panic through social media and people with the intentions of misleading people create incorrect information and spread it. The spread of terror, in turn, gave rise to a new pandemic referred to as the “social media hysteria on covid-19,” which was now difficult and next to impossible to fight ( Sahni ch.8).
Information on social media. Information on social media spreads fast, making social media a valuable mode of getting information to the masses. However, with the presence of malicious people or simply people misunderstanding information, knowledge sometimes becomes distorted. “Social media became a rich resource for seeking news and information and a strong public awareness tool” ( Sahni ch.9). In this regard, governments and some organizations created social media pages for this purpose. Information is being shared thick and fast through this means. Scholars have regarded social media as a “useful tool that provides opportunities to disseminate and receive relevant information” (Garcia et al.).
In light of the usefulness of social media in fighting the virus: The use of social media facilitated the public knowledge on covid-19 combating preparations, means of spreading, awareness on health and sanitation. Many became aware of the stringent measures their states or countries had put in place through social media. The vaccine development was open to the public eye through social media. Many campaigns on the internet emphasized the importance of teamwork, and many acted accordingly due to receiving proper information through social media.
Social media is another loophole for spreading fear and misinformation. The coronavirus set people into an emotional rollercoaster as it caused the death of many people. Uncertainty and the need for information grew, and misinformation followed. There was a huge demand for information about the covid-19 mandates, death tolls, infection rates, and vaccine development stages. Although the internet is a good source of information, it also serves to propagate misinformation. Misinformation on covid-19 spread on major platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram is regulated. Posts that peddle false information about the disease can be monitored and censored on major media. The bigger problem would be controlling wrong news on micro platforms. It would be a breach of privacy if companies would be monitoring micro-platforms in search of false. The use of instant messaging applications like WhatsApp and Messenger is where most of the falsified facts about covid-19 circulated ” ( Sahni ch.9).
The creation of social networks is made easier through social media. The strict Covid-19 mandates broke so many social connections. Social media can, however, be beneficial in that regard. Users interact and build social relationships and working links through spaces such as social media applications and websites. Constructive internet utilization can be by springing the economy back to life by creating a useful working environment through such platforms. However, reviving the economies through this means is decided by how the users choose to use the given media (Clark et al.). Social media is beneficial if used in positive ways, such as creating functional communities that focus on the well-being of society. Harmful ways of using the internet include cybercrime and impersonation.
Online social relationships pose a potential problem. As discussed, social media presents a much simpler means of creating networks, especially during a pandemic. But this online social relationship may pose a threat to the traditional means of human bonding. Physical interactions are crucial to one’s development, and the creation of online social circles could cause heightened loneliness (Ryan par. 1). This idea raises the question of whether online companionships’ invention has a positive or negative impact on society. We can not disregard the inherent solution of social media in solving the need for interaction.
People are trying to revive the economy through social media. The coronavirus disease pandemic impact on the economies of many countries was catastrophic. Scholars cite that the stringent measures to curb the disease brought about the collapse of major economies around the globe (Mohammed et al. 1). However, a solution to this lies in taking advantage of social media and creating an online presence for businesses. In an article, a scholar cites that getting into online marketing and social platforms during the pandemic is a productive way of utilizing social media in forming good inter-organizational relationships ( Gruner). In the same article, Gruner explains that using social media platforms creates an effective platform where managers can interact with trading partners in a less costly and manageable way.
Contrary to the above, organizations that have poor social media management are more likely to fail. An article gives examples of businesses that ended up on the wrong side of social rights movements due to bad social media management ( “Bad Social Media Marketing Examples”). Some companies also went downhill after using coronavirus as a marketing strategy, as given in another article ( Jarboe). Social media is a lucrative environment in terms of marketing, but if used in a not so strategic manner especially using the pandemic could be detrimental to a business.
Social media has influenced the work-from-home environment. The demanding covid-19 mandates pushed many businesses to adapt to new working methods such as the work from home policy. Social media has helped in terms of making communication between working mates easier. The social network plays a critical part in every organization because workers need to communicate and finish the task required (Sathish et al. sec. 2). The problem lies within the actual use of social media. Scholars have described the use of smartphones while working as “ problematic” and that it has consistently proved to behaviors that are a disfunction such as procrastination ( Rozzgonjuk et al.). Given that working from home is work with minimal to no supervision slacking is a problem to many companies working on that basis. Social media encourages laziness and procrastination, which creates a problem for organizations as employees do not meet their targets.
Online dating during the pandemic. Social media dating has also been on the rise due to restrictions. Its usefulness in helping people maintain not only their friendships but also create new romantic relationships. This is a huge benefit of social media on the dating scene, but the demerits of social media dating are also significant. People are using social media to create false identities of themselves. Tiggemann and Anderberg cite that people make illusions and images of seemingly perfect people, and for instance, Instagram is one such place (1). Individuals use these tactics also on dating sites and dupe other individuals into believing false information. This is a form of impersonation, which is the wrong thing to do. These set standards also cause people to think that the individuals they see on social media are better than them.
Social media addiction. Too much of something is truly poisonous. Social media has a major impact on one’s brain. The use of social media may lead to addiction. The content there is very enticing and given the state of being in quarantine predisposes one to idleness. Using social media fills that need, and one gets a rush of dopamine when browsing through the internet. Addiction leads to low productivity and low interest in carrying out any physical activity. Social media addiction is also linked closely to depression in many young people. A study concluded that depression predicted social media addiction (Haand 5). Another research done by Longstreet and Brooks also reveals that social media addiction is a strong cause of unhappiness and stress (44). Social media is indeed being used as a means of escapism by many young people and points out a larger problem in dealing with depression during the pandemic as many would turn to social media instead of focusing on their real issues.
In conclusion, Covid-19 influenced social and social media and impacted the situation surrounding the virus. Covid-19 both positively and negatively affected the global environment during the pandemic. However, if social media users take proper care, How we use the platforms determines its effect on society, especially during tough times like the pandemic. It is upon every individual to take responsibility in using social media and combating the virus.
Works Cited
Hayes, Michelle. “Social Media and Inspiring Physical Activity During COVID-19 and Beyond.” Taylor & Francis, 18 July 2020, www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23750472.2020.1794939.
Garcia, Carlos et al. “ Social Media Can Have an Impact on How We Manage and Investigate the Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 27 June 2020. https://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(20)30652-1/fulltextRozgonjuk, Dmitri et al. “Social Media Use in Lectures Mediates the Relationship Between Procrastination and Problematic Smartphone use.” Computers in Human Behavior, December 2018. 89, 191-198.
Longstreet, Phill, and Brooks Stoney. “Life satisfaction: A key to Managing Internet and, Social media addiction.” Technology in Society, May 2017. 50, 73-77.
Clark, L. Jenna, et al. “Social Network Sites and, Well-Being: the Role of Social Connections.” Current Directions in Psychological Science,19 December 2017. 27(1), 32-37.
Gruner, L. Richard and Power, Damien. “To Integrate or Not to Integrate? Understanding B2B Social Media Communications.” Online Information Review. 12 February 2018. www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OIR-04-2016-0116/full/htmlTiggemann, Marika and Aderberg, Isabella. “Social Media Is Not Real: The Effect of ‘Instagram vs. Reality Images on Women’s Social Comparison and Body Image.” New Media & Society, 22020. 22(12), 2183-2199.
Ryan, Tracii et al. “How Social are Social Media? A Review of Online Social Behavior and connectedness.” Journal of Relationships Research, 25 May2017.pg. 8.
Sathish, R. et al. “ A Report on The Impact of Information Technology and Social Media On Covi-19. IEEE, 18 January 2021. ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9316046?casa_token=3Czg0m84P8MAAAAA:Ok-
Sahni, Heena. “Role of Social Media During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Beneficial, Destructive, or Reconstructive?” International Journal of Academic Medicine,29 June 2020. 2(6) pg.70-75
Jing, Tau, Liew, Koh. “How Loneliness Is Talked About in Social Media during COVID-19 Pandemic: Text Mining of 4,492 Twitter Feeds.” ScienceDirect, 7 Nov. 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395620310748.
Bousier, Valentina et al. “Facing Loneliness and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Isolation: The Role of Excessive Social Media Use in a Sample of Italian Adults.” Frontiers In Psychiatry, 8 December 2020.
//dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2020.586222
Jarboe, Greg. “7 Brands That Are Looking Awful During the Coronavirus Pandemic.” Search Engine Journal, 23 April 2020, www.searchenginejournal.com/brands-looking-awful-during-coronavirus-pandemic/360970/#close.
“Bad Social Media Marketing Examples: 4 Real-Life Brands.” NR Digital Branding, 27 March. 2020, nrdigitalbranding.com/bad-social-media-marketing-4-business-examples.
Haand, Rahmatulla and Shuwang, Zhao. “The Relationship Between Social Media Addiction and Depression: a Quantitative Study Among University Students in Khost, Afghanistan.” International Journal of Adolescence and Youth,20 March 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2020.1741407
INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY
INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY
SUBJECT:
TUTOR:
DATE:
Production basically refers to the creation of resources. However there are resources that occur naturally and would only wait for consumption. Such resources include the natural resources like the natural forests, rivers, lakes among other. However, there are also manmade resources that do create that will eventually be ready for use. These include the agricultural resources, industries among other resources. (Slattery, 2008)
Consumption on the other hand refers to the uses of these resources. These resources that do occur naturally or manmade are to be used and it is this process that we refer to as consumption.
Sometimes it is a bit technical to give an accurate definition of what habits are. The term habits looks ambiguous and I do believe that there are no habits that are universal to the human beings production and consumption. So for my case, I will bank on the hope that habits can as well refer to the way a person may decide to make a living.
There are various modes that people can use in the production and consumption. One of these modes is through industrial capitalism. Generally, people work for money in order to make a living. This money that we spent our time and energy for is again reverted to buying goods and services that we use for our daily use. These are the basic wants of every human being. You find that by using money or rather any currency there is involvement of a medium of exchange unlike some modes like agriculture where we may not need a medium of exchange. However we find that it is not easy to sustain industrial capitalism basing on the fact it has its base on the economic growth which is not definite and resources which can also exhaust. Critically looking at this, it is not easy to be certain that tomorrow there will be food to fully satisfy the demand of the people in the world. There are several things that determine the industrial capitalism thus making it not easy to predict its sustainability.
Secondly, there are places where the main way to go is through pastoralism. This means that their way of making a life is through their cattle. They get the products of their animals such as meat, milk and even eggs and feed on them. In production unlike the industrial capitalism that we have just discussed, there is less energy spent in production. However, they have to strategize in order to produce better. By being strategic, I mean that these people have to take care of their cattle by looking for green pastures for them, looking for drinking water for them and for those with domestic birds have to find a way of giving their birds of food. This type of production may also not necessarily be sustainable for it will basically depend on the availability of land to feed and to domesticating their animals. (Slattery, 2008)
In terms of consumption, the pastoralists find it very difficult in that there is double consumption. By saying that there is double consumption, I mean that the products as well as the pastoralists themselves do feed. The animals do depend on the greens and at the same time their owners depend on them for food and on the vegetables as well. So it can still be wise to deduce that there is energy spent by the products and at the same time, the process of acquiring needs energy. Here, the production mode is clearly coming to be domestication of these animals while the means of consumptions turn to be milking, herding, butchering and also the distribution and eating of this food. (Regmi, 2001)
In concluding this paper, I would like to point out some of the ways that can be taken to maintain the sustainability of these ways of production. The major mitigation measures that can be taken include keeping the population of the world in check in order to reduce the pressure on the resources.
Secondly, the number of cattle that is kept by these pastolaists should also be checked to reduce there effects on the limited resources. Apart from these, there the world population can try out better ways of production that will see the recycling the used resources. Through recycling the resources will be used fully. This what innovation can bring the world.
Bibliography
Slattery C. M. (2008) Contemporary Environmental Issues. Kendall/Hunt Hublishing Company, Texas, U.S.A.
Regmi, A. (ed) (2001).Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption Eve Publishers, Michigan