Recent orders
Mathematics project
Mathematics project
Mathematicians and Math History
Mathematician Nationality Time Period Area of Study Discovery
Blaise Pascal French 1623-1662 Geometry Sum of the angles of a triangle are two right angles.
Isaac Newton English 1643-1727 Calculus The average slope of curve
Gottfield Wilhelm Leibniz German 1646-1716 Logic Principle of the identity of indiscernible.
Carl Friedrich Gauss German 1777-1855 Geometry The arithmetic-geometric mean
Leonhard Euler Swiss 1707-1783 Analytic number theory Euler-Langrange equation
Florence Nightingale Italian 1820-1910 Statistics Mortality rate
Sofya KovalevskayaRussian 1850-1891 Analytic partial differential equations Cauchy-Kovalevsky theorem.
Pedro NunesPortuguese 1502-1578 Geometry. The shortest twilight duration.
Li ChunfengChinese 602-670 Least common multiple Demonstrated the LCM of the numbers 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,and 12 was 27720
Dudley Weldon Woodward American 1881-1965 Fundamental Mathematics The characterisation of the closed N-cell.
Maternal stress in the United States
Subject
Students Name
Institution of Affiliation
Date
Maternal stress in the United States
Maternal well-being is an essential component to the development as well as the upbringing of a healthy child (Karam et al. 2016). The physical and emotional well-being of a pregnant woman during impact on the future health of the child. Maternal stress is one of the factors that alter the emotional well-being of a mother which is a result of the encounters with stressful events or the environmental hardships that include the death of a loved one, financial instability as well as divorce. Pregnancy can as well place additional strain on the mother, increasing her chances of adverse birth outcomes that include preterm birth and low birthweight in an infant. Pregnant women are, therefore, advised to restrain against stressful events and are encouraged to utilize their support networks, which will help them manage stress and depression.
Three-fourths of pregnant mothers reported to have experienced at least one stressful event in the period between 2009 and 2010 during their pregnancy in a 30-state area. Some of the most common stressful events included moving to a new address that accounted for around 33.7%, severe illness and hospitalization of a close relative accounting for 22.9%, while stress from arguing with the husband more than usually attributed to 24.7%. The inability to pay most of the bills as well resulted in stress accounting to around 22.7% with these figures translating in to the present time as pregnant women still face the same problems.
Stress varies across the races, and this is backed by the data published by Child Health in the USA by 2013. The proportion of mothers who reported that they had experienced at least one stressful event varied across the races, with the non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska native women taking around 80.1 percent while the non-Hispanic Asian women attributed to 56.4 percent (Mukherjee, 2016). The non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska native women were prone to six or more stressful events accounting to around 13.6 percent, while the non-Hispanic Asian mothers had the least experience with stressful events with 1.0 percent.
Impact of maternal stress on developing infants
According to studies, maternal stress, anxiety or depression during pregnancy may increase the risk of the child having a range of problems that include conduct disorder, emotional problems, impaired cognitive development as well as ADHD. Besides, maternal stress during pregnancy has been attributed to the alteration of both brain structure and function. Maternal stress is also associated with the increase in the risk of the child’s development of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neuropsychiatric conditions, thus affecting fetal programming. Fetal programming originates from the over-production of stress hormones, cortisol. The stress-induced cortisol release in the mother is a major mediator of the prenatal psychological stress in the child. The type, timing, as well as the intensity of the stressors, play a crucial role in the outcomes of fetal programming.
Influence of research findings on both social thinking and social policies
Maternal stress has been attributed to various negative effects on the infant, such as increasing the risk of the child’s development of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neuropsychiatric conditions (Rakers et al. 2017). Stress can, therefore, be detrimental in the future development of the child and as a result of these findings, social thinking has significantly changed in that the society has begun to see that the minor issues that are attributed to the causation of stress in pregnant mothers such as divorce and loss of a loved ones can have effects on the fetus. As a result, the society has been more cautious protecting pregnant mothers from cases that may expose them to stress. Social policies as well have been formed to ensure that pregnant mothers have been provided with the necessary services such as counselling to help them get out stress and depression.
Research methods used
Prospective studies have been used to research maternal stress and the impact it causes on the fetus. The research is based on the investigation of the impact of the mother’s emotional state on the development of the child. Various extensive cohort studies have as well been used to research the findings that have found the associations of possible confounding factors such as maternal education, postnatal depression, and anxiety, and gestational age.
Possible intervention of maternal stress
Maternal stress occurs as a result of the pregnant mother being exposed to stressors such as ADHD, death of a loved one, divorce as well as poor financial abilities. Out of these problems, the possible intervention measures would include staying in harmony with their partners by reducing household and personal arguments that may trigger a divorce. Staying away from the stressor is the main solution as it will be difficult for one to be stressed when they have already distanced themselves away from the stressor.
Personal happiness is the key to reduced stress, and therefore if a pregnant mother wishes to live a stress-free life, then they should devise the simple things that can keep them happy. One should not have higher expectations such as going for a 5-star hotel for them to be happy but rather opt for nature walks and spending quality time with family and friends as this will reduce the financial burden thus relieving the mother from financial stress. Proper planning is also a key player to avoid being stressed; a pregnant mother should make their schedule in a good manner such that it will help them avoid the last minute rush, thus staying away from stress. Besides, pregnant mothers should constable check on psychological counselors to ensure that their emotional well-being is at maximum.
References
Karam, F., Sheehy, O., Huneau, M. C., Chambers, C., Fraser, W. D., Johnson, D., … & St-André, M. (2016). Impact of maternal prenatal and parental postnatal stress on 1-year-old child development: results from the OTIS antidepressants in pregnancy study. Archives of women’s mental health, 19(5), 835-843.
Mukherjee, S. (2016). Antenatal Stressful Life Events and Postpartum Depression in the United States: the Role of Women’s Socioeconomic Status at the State Level.
Rakers, F., Rupprecht, S., Dreiling, M., Bergmeier, C., Witte, O. W., & Schwab, M. (2017). Transfer of maternal psychosocial stress to the fetus. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.
Literature Review on Globalization and Culture
Literature Review on Globalization and Culture
Name
Institution
Outline of the Research
Globalization has had a significant contribution both socially and economically. Although the focus has been on the socio-economic impacts of globalization, it is important to consider globalization from the cultural point of view. This paper conducts a literature review on the cultural implication of globalization and the role of media in cultural integration.
The paper will cover the following topics
Orientalism
History of Orient
The West and American’s perception about Orient
Cultural contribution of the Orient to the West
Globalization or Glocalization
Emergence of Glocalization
Globalization as homogenization and homogenization
Chinese Cultural elements
Pop Cosmopolitanism
The concept of Cosmopolitanism and Culture
Cultural media and diversity
‘Cosmopolitans and Locals in World Culture’
Economic imperialism and westernization
Chinese cultures and Hollywood
Edward, S. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Random House. pp.1-9.
The author (Edward Said) explores the cultural differences between the West, East, and America. The cultural, social, and political differences between different parts of the world were evidenced during Siad’s visit to Beirut in the eve of the 1975-1976 civil wars. Of particular interest to the author was the Nerval and Chateaubriand Orient, which was an important European invention through exotic beings, remarkable experiences, haunting memories, and serving as place of romance. According to the author, this concept is deeply rooted among the Europeans, yet Americans, on the other hand, have little value for the Orient. From the America’s point of view, Orient is Far East (Japan and China) culturally practice that has no value in the society. On the contrary, the British and the French lead other European countries in supporting Orientalism given its long traditional association with Europe. According to the author, Orient has a special traditional influence and importance to the European countries. More specific, Orient is geographically adjacent to Europe, hence, strong interest from these Western countries. Besides, Orient was a special place for the oldest colonies given its richness and cultural greatness. This place further played a fundamental role with respect to cultural preservation, languages, European civilization. Orient, therefore, has been significant in defining the European cultural materialism. The Orient was also critical in defining the European image, doctrine, imagery, colonial styles, and colonial bureaucracies. Although both the French and the Britain were deeply involved in the Orient, there was a significant cultural and historical difference in their level of involvement. The author’s only concern is the fear for inaccuracy and distortion that arises from dogmatic and positivistic localization on the issue of Orientalism and its sub-cultures. From my evaluation, this is rich and reliable information source that comprehensively explore the topic of Orientalism, its origins, and source limitations.
Robertson, R. (1994). Globalization or Glocalization? Journal of International Communication. 1(1). pp.33-52.
The author explores the concept of globalization from the cultural point of view. According to Robertson, globalization is no threats to local identities, but a tool for strengthening of local identities as it allow people to overtly express their unique cultural identities when it appears to be threatened. Glocalization emerged as a new kind of globalization. No matter whether it is Japanese cartoons, African folk music, or Chinese martial art, local culture expressions usually become strengthened to meet the need of international market or transnational environment. It is of great importance to acknowledge and respect cultural differences and only by fully understanding and utilizing the uniqueness of local cultures would any global movie maker to have a finger in the pie of international media arena. Robertson asserts that Globalization does not mean homogenization, but rather entails both homogenization and heterogenization. In Robertson’s view, many people tend to consider globalization increasingly stronger and gradually overwhelming or dominating others, but the those who think that way do not really see the concept of globalization as inherently homogenizing. For instance, in spite of cultural differences, certain types of media contents have a universal appeal. No matter where people live, there are things they appreciate in common, what is important is to be aware of this nature and find the balance of universality and cultural diversities. When utilizing “Chinese elements”, the objective would be to reach a perfect fit between aesthetic scope of local culture and the international aesthetic taste. The process for movies to transcend cultures relies upon the understanding of audience that are from different nationalities, different countries, and differ culture backgrounds.
Jenkins, H. (2004). Pop Cosmopolitanism: Mapping Cultural Flows in an age of Media Convergence. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.152-172.
Jenkins has a feeling that locals’ diversity happens to be the principle that allows all locals to stick to their respective cultures. There can be no cosmopolitans without locals. Cosmopolitans transcend regional boundaries and limitations of certain social classes, and enables people to perceive things from a global and perspective. It also allow locals to learn to observe the customs, traditions, and values of different countries and societies, understanding that one’s own culture is just one of the many diversified cultures in the world. Jenkins discourses in Pop Cosmopolitanism that global convergence is giving rise to a new pop cosmopolitanism, cosmopolitans embrace cultural difference. The direction of transnational flows is not unilateral: they flow to one another. In such a way, cultural media resources have been allocated globally in a complementary manner. Today, foreign media agencies have been working together with their Chinese counterparts to take advantage of powerful local media platforms to cater to Chinese consumers and have achieved a win-win situation. At the same time, Chinese culture is being spread to the world more than ever, through international media products and services distributed by global media providers.
Hannerz, UIf. (1990). ‘Cosmopolitans and Locals in World Culture’, in M. Featherstone (ed) Global Culture, London: Sage.
Hannerz believes that globalization is not just a new word for economic imperialism or cultural Westernization. The direction of transnational flows is not unilateral: they flow to one another. In such a way, cultural media resources have been allocated globally in a complementary manner. Foreign media agencies have been working together with their Chinese counterparts to take advantage of powerful local media platforms to cater to Chinese consumers, a partnership that has proved beneficial to all the parties. At the same time, Chinese culture is being spread to the world more than ever, through international media products and services distributed by global media providers. The adaptation to local cultures in media is significant for Hollywood to cater to Chinese market, which should be encouraged to ensure that people from all over the world can share the fruit of human civilization and cultural heritage; the treasure of artworks in media forms from countries such as China should be made available through international collaboration, so that they can be better preserved and presented to the world. The bottom line, however, would be to respect local identities and be fully aware of what a great part they play. The Chinese culture is an integral part in the world culture that cannot be bypassed nor ignored, even though the world is yet to capture the entire essence of it, it can still feel its richness and profoundness. The adaptations of Chinese elements by Hollywood does not only bring commercial success, but also ushers the prelude of the fusion of Chinese culture into the world. This being the beginning, Hannerz believes that what Hollywood has brought is just a tip of the iceberg, and the best is yet to come.
References
Edward, S. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Random House. pp.1-9.
Hannerz, UIf. (1990). ‘Cosmopolitans and locals in world culture’, in M. Featherstone (ed) Global Culture, London: Sage.
Jenkins, H. (2004). Pop Cosmopolitanism: Mapping Cultural Flows in an age of Media Convergence. Berkeley: University of California Press. 152-172.
Robertson, R. (1994). Globalization or Glocalization? Journal of international Communication. 1(1). 33-52.