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British Imperial System of Administration
British Imperial System of Administration
Brinkley, the British Imperial System lesson module, Virginia Codes Regulating Servitude and Slavery in American Perspectives and then search on line to answer the following question: Throughout the entire period, as the British developed control of their empire, slavery was evolving as well and there were increasing numbers of slave revolts. Discuss some of the more significant of these and explain the impact of these revolts on attitudes toward slavery both for and against. Be thorough and don’t forget to cite the URLs of any sources you used. And remember, this is before U.S. independence.
Writing Bad News Messages Letter
Writing Bad News Messages Letter
Breaking bad news is a fact of business life. Employees of every company from the highest to
lowest will give bad news of some sort almost every day. Often the recipients of bad news do
not take kindly to it, no matter how justified or necessary it is. The critical questions many
business communicators ask themselves daily are these: How can I give bad news and yet
retain my recipient’s goodwill? How can I also avoid creating legal liability or responsibility?
Offering strategies to help business communicators find answers to these questions is the crux
of chapter 6.
This chapter focuses on using the indirect pattern to deliver negative messages that include
refusing typical requests, declining invitations, and delivering bad news to employees and
customers. The chapter also provides tips on communicating bad news in other cultures.
The indirect pattern requires writers to focus on how messages affect receivers. Relationshiporiented writers like the indirect pattern because they care about how a message will affect its
receiver. This chapter provides tips and techniques.
Do not forget to upload your work under TurnItIn in this section.
Strategies for Delivering Bad News
A. Primary and Secondary Goals in Communicating Bad News
Primary Goals
• Make the receiver understand the bad news.
• Have the receiver accept the bad news.
• Maintain a positive image of you and your organization.
Secondary Goals
• Reduce bad feelings.
• Convey fairness.
• Eliminate future correspondence.
Avoid creating legal liability or responsibility for you or your organization.
B. Using the Indirect Pattern to Prepare the Reader
• Revealing bad news slowly and indirectly shows sensitivity to your reader.
• The indirect strategy keeps reader’s attention until you can explain the reasons for
the bad news.
• The indirect plan consists of four parts:
1. Buffer. Begin with a neutral statement.
2. Reasons. Provide an explanation of the causes for the bad news before
revealing it.
3. Bad news. Provide a clear but understated announcement of the bad news.
4. Closing. Include a personalized, pleasant statement.
C. When to Use the Direct Pattern
• When the receiver may overlook the bad news
• When organization policy suggests directness
• When the receiver prefers directness
• When firmness is necessary
• When the bad news is not damaging
Your bad news message letter will be evaluated as follows.
Delivering Bad News Sensitively
A. Buffering the Opening
• Convey best news first
• Give compliment to the receiver
• Give appreciation to the receiver
• Agreeing with the receiver
• Mere stating facts
• Convey an understanding of the receiver’s situation
B. Apologizing
• Apologize if you or your company erred.
• Apologize sincerely.
• Accept responsibility.
C. Conveying Empathy
• Convey empathy, the ability to understand and enter into the feelings of another.
D. Presenting the Reasons
• Explain clearly.
• Cite reader benefits, if plausible.
• Explain company policy, if relevant.
• Choose positive words.
• Show that the matter was treated seriously and fairly.
E. Cushioning the Bad News
• Position the bad news strategically; avoid the spotlight.
• Use the passive voice.
• Accentuate the positive.
• Imply the refusal.
• Suggest a compromise or an alternative.
F. Closing Pleasantly
• Forward look
• Information about alternatives
• Good wishes
• Freebies
• Resale or sales promotion
How your submission will be graded:
Rubric Structure of Bad News Messages Letter
• Opening: A statement that buffers the bad news message (5 points)
• Body: Details that: apologizing, convey empathy, presenting reasons, and cushioning
(15 points)
• Closing: Pleasant closing statements (5 points)
Writing Persuasive Messages Letter
Writing Persuasive Messages Letter
The ability to use argument or discussion to change an individual’s beliefs or actions is called
persuasion. The art of persuading someone to take a specific action or change an individual’s
beliefs is an important skill that requires understanding and practice. Chapter 7 shows students
how to create effective persuasive requests messages. To be successful at persuasion, business
communicators must be familiar with the products or services they sell and the audiences to
whom they sell them. Therefore, this chapter emphasizes how to analyze the purpose of the
message, how to adapt it to the audience, and how to appropriately research and organize data. In
addition, the chapter emphasizes blending the components of a persuasive message: gaining
attention, building interest, reducing resistance, and motivating action.
In this chapter, students will learn how to write messages that request favors and action,
persuasive messages within organizations, claim and complaint letters, effective and ethical sales
and marketing messages, and press releases. They will also develop an understanding of the
different approaches to writing persuasive messages to high- and low-culture audiences.
Do not forget to upload your work under TurnItIn in this section.
A. Effective Persuasion Techniques
1. Establish credibility.
2. Make a reasonable, precise request.
3. Tie facts to benefits.
4. Recognize the power of loss.
5. Expect and overcome resistance.
6. Share solutions and compromise.
B. The Importance of Tone
• Avoid sounding preachy or parental.
• Don’t pull rank.
• Avoid making threats.
• Soften your words when persuading upward.
• Be enthusiastic.
• Be positive and likeable.
Approaches
A. Analyzing the Purpose
• Before you start writing your message or planning your presentation, know your
purpose and what response you want.
B. Adapting to the Audience
• A persuasive message shows how your request helps the receiver fulfill key needs
or solve a problem.
• To adapt your request to the receiver, consider these questions that receivers may
ask themselves:
1. Why should I?
2. What’s in it for me?
3. What’s in it for you?
4. Who cares?
C. Researching and Organizing Data
• Collect data to support your message.
• Organize the message into a logical sequence:
1. Gain attention.
2. Build interest.
3. Reduce resistance.
4. Motivate action.
Questions for the persuasive request letters
1. Does the writer begin with a direct opening that suggests the purpose of the letter?
2. Does the writer discuss why the problem/need is relevant?
3. Does the writer discuss the real audience the proposal and report will be addressed to?
4. Does the writer indicate what secondary research has been conducted?
5. Does the writer specifically ask for approval?
How your submission will be graded:
Rubric Structure of Persuasive Messages Letter
• Discusses the relevancy of the problem/need (5 Points)
• Adapting to the audience (5 Points)
• Researching and organizing data (5 points)
• Specifically asks for approval (5 points)
• Uses correct spelling, punctuation, grammar; including attention to stylistic concerns,
including avoiding business jargon and clichés, omitting needless words, and using
parallelism (5 points).