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Below are the directions for the final paper
Below are the directions for the final paper:
General Directions: Utilizing the structural-functional framework, analyze how your country’s political system works, its strengths and weaknesses and how it compares to other countries we have discussed. (Paper should be a minimum of 12 double spaced, typed pages/ no maximum; Please use 12 font)
You need to be citing AT LEAST 8 outside sources (journal articles/ books, no websites) Remember you should use the Carothers, O’Donnell, Rothstein and Stolle, Putnam, and Linz and Stepan articles.
Here are the 4 main components we will be looking for (especially when we are grading your final draft of your papers):
1. Organization: “Tell them what you’re going to tell them, Tell them, Tell them what you told them” (10 points)Introductory paragraph that:States topic of paperHas a clear thesis statementBody paragraphs that discuss the main ideas and key details (see below for more information on content)Each new topic should have a new paragraphFlow of paperTransitions between paragraphs so that one paragraph clearly relates to the previous and proceeding paragraphsConcluding paragraph that sums up paper
2. Grammar/ Spelling (5 points)USE spellcheck!!!!!Watch comma usageWatch incomplete sentences. Watch verb tenseCheck capitalizationVary sentence structure and word choice
3. Content: For your case study you should discuss: (30 points)
History
Political Culture/ Political SocializationInterest ArticulationInterest Aggregation
Policymaking Process and Policy/ OutputsGovernment StructureLeadership (i.e. executive-actually names)(Here, you basically will be editing your three case study papers and combining them. Please make sure to read our comments and make the necessary adjustments)
4. Critical Analysis-Once you have given the “details” of your country you MUST analyze how the political system works- This is what we’ve been encouraging you to do on your case study assignments (30 points)How do the above interdependent parts (interest articulation/ aggregation, political culture, history, government structure/ decisions rules, policy) interact with each other and impact the overall functioning of your country’s political system?) Compare your country to AT LEAST 2 of the countries we discussed in class What are the challenges facing your country? If your country is a democracy, in what areas does it need to improve to become a developed, consolidated democracy or to deepen the democracy? OR If your country is not a democracy, should it be assessed in terms of its potential for democracy or simply assessed for the political system it currently is?
Compare Iran to Russia and to China
A miscarriage, also called spontaneous abortion, is usually hard to deal with.
Miscarriage
A miscarriage, also called spontaneous abortion, is usually hard to deal with. It is accidental or natural ending of a pregnancy before a developing baby can live outside its mother’s body. Couples usually blame themselves for what has happened and it is really not their fault. It occurs in 15-20 percent of all pregnancies, usually in the first three months. Early miscarriages are due to chromosomal division errors or that the uterus, the organ in which the offspring develops, cannot with stand the pressure of the growing fetus (Miscarriage, online). According to The World Book Encyclopedia “up to 60 percent of all miscarriages occur because of defects in the embryo’s chromosomes. In most miscarriages involving defective chromosomes, the embryo cannot develop normally. A miscarriage may also occur if progesterone, a hormone necessary to maintain pregnancy, is in sufficient amount” (p. 508).
According to The World Book Encyclopedia “studies indicate that 15 to 20 percent of all diagnosed pregnancies end in miscarriage. The risk of miscarriage is highest during the first three months following conception (fertilization), during which time many women do not know they are pregnant. The over rate of miscarriage, including undiagnosed pregnancies, my actually be as high 50%” (p. 508).
They are seven different types of miscarriages. One of them is called threatened abortion which consists of bleeding in early pregnancy. It may be painless or cramping may be present. The cervix is closed and thick. Serial ultrasounds and blood work repeated over a week or two will distinguish healthy pregnancies from pending a miscarriage. Another type of miscarriage is inevitable abortion. If the cervix is open, miscarriage is inevitable. Usually the bleeding is increased and cramping is strong and rhythmic. Miscarriage is imment. Incomplete abortion is that the tissue has passed but there are some remains. Septic abortions are intra-uterine infection and they lead to miscarriages with associated fever, chills, abdominal pain, bleeding and cramping. Complete abortion is a condition in which products of conception are totally expelled from the uterus. Missed abortions are pregnancies where tissues are retained in the uterus. Recurrent abortion is a condition in which two or more successive pregnancies have ended in spontaneous abortion (Miscarriage, online).
Bleeding or spotting during early pregnancy from any source can cause cramping. The cramping is due to the passage of blood through the cervix. The blood may be from placental implantation bleeding, menstrual bleeding or bleeding due to miscarriage. Miscarriage bleeding is due to serval factors (Ingalls & Salerno’s Maternal and Child Health Nursing p.178-195)
According to Mirkin (2000) “the study shows that one cup of coffee a day increases risk for miscarriage by 30 percent, three to four cups by 40 percent and five cups doubles a women’s chances of a miscarriage. Caffeine intake increases the risk of miscarriage in non-smokers that drink four or more cups of coffee per day” (online). Miscarriage increases by 20 percent to 30 percent with this level of coffee intake. The study he did not include women who had morning sickness or vomiting during the first three months of pregnancy. Morning sickness causes vomiting which causes women not to drink coffee.
The Link between Abortion & Breast Cancer (online) indicated a significant risk of breast cancer due to early abortion, both spontaneous and elective. A women’s first full pregnancy causes hormonal changes which permanently alter the structure of her breast. The complete process greatly reduces the risk of breast cancer. A premature termination of a first pregnancy interrupts this process. Instead of protecting the breast from cancer, abortion leaves millions of breast cells suspended in transitional state. A first trimester abortion, both miscarriage or surgically induced appear to interrupt the breast maturation process at the worst possible time. When cells are reproducing the fastest, the risk that there will be an error reproduction is the highest. Cancer results from cells whose reproduction runs amok.
Ultrasound can confirmed miscarriage if the embryo measure out to 5mm in length from the head to the rump- “crown rump” length, and a fetal heart rate is not identifiable. Fetal heart rate can be identified in living infants this size is larger. An ultrasound testing has to be done before determine the end of your miscarriage. An ultrasound is the most common way to establish whether a pregnancy is continuing normally (Miscarriages Tutorial online).
When having a miscarriage you should keep drinking you prenatal pills. That will help you keep healthy. Women who miscarry should avoid getting pregnant again for at least twelve weeks. Eighty percent of women are ovulating normally by three months after miscarriage this allows the menstrual tissue to heal well and prepare for future pregnancy. When women are ovulating well subsequent pregnancies have a better chance of succeeding (Miscarriage’s online).
Having the experience of a miscarriage, you cannot blame yourself. It is something that is normal. It is something you cannot help. Every pregnant woman should take care of herself well especially during their first trimester.
The good news is that even after more than one miscarriage your chance of a healthy pregnancy is good. With testing and possible treatment you and your doctor can hopefully bring down the loss. The type of treatment will be necessary will depend on the cause or causes determined.
Immediately after your miscarriage, you will experience strong pains in your abdomen, similar to period pains. They are known as after pain cramping. These are triggered by this occur she release of oxytocin, the hormone that initiates your miscarriage. After your miscarriage you will want to schedule an appointment with your health care provider to make sure you are recovering well.
It can be devastating to lose a much longer pregnancy. To feel bad is natural, as feeling depressed and sad.
Suffering a miscarriage is one of the most devastating things that can happen to a woman, and to her partner. Many women conceive easily and are not emotionally or physically prepared for the shock of losing a baby. To make it worse, there are often complaints that the medical profession lacks sympathy, and investigations into the cause are normally not even considered until you have suffered three miscarriages. It may seem a callous approach, but the reason for this response is simply that miscarriage is extremely common. In fact, one in four pregnancies ends in miscarriage, usually before the twelfth week of pregnancy. If you do suffer a miscarriage, no amount of reassurance that it is ‘normal’ or ‘common’ can ease the pain. Give yourselves enough time to recover emotionally from your loss before facing the challenges of another pregnancy. As with any major life event, it is important to balance the need to grieve with the need to move on. And remember, most couples who experience a miscarriage can go on to have a healthy baby (miscarriage, online).
In conclusion sometimes a pregnancy ends in a miscarriage. There are a lot of reasons why this may happen in the early weeks. It is often the body’s way of rejecting a fetus that could never develop healthily. Occasionally it is caused by a problem that occurs during pregnancy or because of preexisting medical condition.. Miscarriage is pregnancy loss that occurs prior to 20 weeks, before the fetus is able to survive outside the womb. Most occur in the first trimester or 12 weeks of pregnancy. As many as 50 percent of all pregnancies may end in miscarriage, because many losses occur before a woman realizes she is pregnant. The causes of miscarriage are not thoroughly understood. When a woman has a first-trimester miscarriage, her doctor often cannot determine the cause. However, most occur when a pregnancy is not developing normally. Usually, there is nothing a woman or her doctor can do to prevent it.
Bibliography:
References
Abortion (1996) . The World Book Encyclopedia (vol. 1, p. 14). Chicago
Encyclopedia World
Mirkin, G. (2000, December 20). Coffee Causes Miscarriages. New England Journal of
Medicine. Retrieved September 8, 2004, from http://www.drmirkin.com
women/8815.htmlMiscarriage (1996) . The World Book Encyclopedia ( Vol. 1, p.14). Chicago:
Encyclopedia WorldMiscarriages. Retrieved September 8, 2004, from fertilitymeds.com/
Miscarriages.html
Miscarriage Information. Retrieved September 8, 2004, from http://drdecker.net
Miscarriage%20information.htm
Miscarriages Tutorial. Retrieved September 8, 2004, from http://www.infertility
Tutorials.commiscarriage_members/causescfm
Bell Hooks Response
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Bell Hooks Response
Understanding Patriarchy by Bell Hook is an article that sheds light on the system that was institutionalized in our lives that assign males and females their gender roles while emphasizing what is expected of us according to our gender. While this article foundation is from the author’s experience in the fifties these dominant roles are still existing in our society. According to the author, patriarchy is a political-social system that enforces the dominance of men who are supposedly superior to women (pg. 10). The discussion below will focus on my view about various issues discussed in the article while evaluating whether they are evident in our society today and what can be done.
To begin with, I agree with most of the ideas that the author presents in this article. Firstly, the fact that it is believed that men should be the head of the household while the women only serve as their helper (pg. 1) is a sickening issue since it has led to not only most of the violence that is experienced in the marital households but that women continue staying in those marriages since that is the order of things. In addition, the author talks of what the therapist son who loved to play with the Barbie dolls until his brother’s friend gave him a look that suggested others, (pg. 2) the gender reveal we have today reinforce this as we have already picked that a girl color to be pink and a boys’ blue. What happens when the girl tends to be more masculine than she is feminine and vice versa? The author’s childhood story of the beating she experienced by showing interest in a game that was considered to be for boys is what is happening today, we have very many teens who are going to depression and even suicide when they feel like an outcast for not conforming to the society ideals (pg. 2). These ideals have been set by this patriarchal system that tends to assign roles based on our gender. Also, the fact that the mother aligned with the father’s action and never questioned the use of violence spirals to why most children from such family setup are either prone to withstand such violence in their marriages or they believe that such violence is the way to go.
Moreover, the idea that even for families who try to raise their children with no patriarchal ideals are bound to stumble upon these ideals in other institutions and tend to either try to conform is being experienced in today’s society. Today we have various families that are supporting their children who identify themselves with LGBT community but when they are out of the home setup they are bound to encounter resistance that in some case lead to some trying to conform. The ones who even end up getting married are bound to experience scrutiny since the male figure should be the dominating one yet what should happen in a gay union? Additionally, the author talks of the assumption about the children brought up in female-headed households either in gay or single-parent situation that they tend to lack various patriarchal ideals (pg. 3). These assumptions I believe are the cause of various marital issues where one partner tends to think that their partner is lacking since he lacked this figure while growing, it is wrong and until we realize that society cannot set up the expectation for us will still remain as victims of the system.
The author goes ahead and talks of the various impacts of the patriarchy system on our lives with the dominant one being the violence not only against partners but also the children. The patriarchy system believes that men should exercise their dominance by any means necessary (pg. 3), this in most cases have resulted in violence both physical and sexual which affects the victims in the long run if not the short run. The mere notion that this dominance can only be achieved by submission and subordination enforces that this system is harmful than it is beneficial and sadly it still today in the society because we do not share on how we as individuals suffer at its hands. Evidently, women are the most treated people with mental illness than men, this is from the patriarchy notion that men are to remain emotional cripples as claimed by the author (pg. 4). The system requires that not only are men to be dominant but also that they have to not show any signs of weakness, this has led to many men’s mental illness going undiagnosed leading to them seeking comfort from substance abuse escalating the even worse situation. In addition, the need for acceptance and respect is in no way related to the need for the patriarchal system, hence it is time that men know that they can be taken seriously without showing their dominance over the others either from their background with patriarchal approving fathers.
Works Sited
Hooks, Bell. Understanding patriarchy. Louisville Anarchist Federation Federation, 2010.