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A Lecture on Spontaneous Speaking
A Lecture on Spontaneous Speaking
Name
Institution Affiliation
A Lecture on Spontaneous Speaking
Content and Organization
The speaker has managed to elaborate on the concept of spontaneous speaking, and this has made the message to be clear and understandable. Also, the speaker has used examples to indicate instances for both planned and spontaneous speaking while stressing on his topic of the day, which is the latter. The speaker uses statistics such as studies that have classified spontaneous or public speaking among the top things that many Americans are afraid of. For example, he states that 85% of Americans are fearful of public speaking while he feels that the other 15% are lying. He also uses questions and activities to drive his point home. Since the lecture is focused on spontaneous speaking, the lecture logically flows on some of the techniques that one can use to manage anxiety in impromptu speaking. Studies have indicated that the use of video clips and pictures are always useful in delivering lectures (Choi, Song & Oh, 2015).
To effect the logical flow of the content, the speaker uses images that reflect on the issue is discussing, and this enables the audience to connect and have an understanding of the lecture easily. He gives ideas on some of the activities one can do to manage anxiety, such as doing pushups or narrating tongue twisters in his case. The level of detail in the lecture is more than average since he can incorporate various situations that one can experience by engaging the audience of the instances.
Delivery
According to Sumit, Afifi, and Amara (2012), one of their recommendations for the effective delivery of a lecture is using an interactive form of a lecture that captures the attention of the learner. Throughout the lecture, the speaker was able to use humor to capture that audience’s attention. When using the slides to present the lecture, the speaker used titles and subtitles to capture the attention of the audience. By using the titles and subtitles, the learners are able to identify the key concepts for the lecture.
The lecturer uses complex sentences in various situations, and since the audience is diverse, the speaker used simple language for each member of the audience to understand the message. Through this, the speaker was able to provide a clear and informative lecture. He used simple and known examples to make the lecture interesting and clear. However, in most of the instances where he sourced information from outside sources, he was not able to give the direct source of information, for example, who did the research of 85% of Americans being afraid to speak publicly and this can be a problem to some members of the audience, especially if they are educated.
When communicating a message, even if it is simple or complex, it is always great to cite the source of the information since this makes it easier for one to convince the audience. The speaker used simple vocabularies that the audience would comprehend; in fact, in most cases, he used general statements to drive his message of spontaneous speaking. The speaker used pronouns like “you can say,” “we need to…” among others. All these pronouns do act as conversational words, and this enabled him to capture the attention of the audience.
References
Choi, Y., Song, E., & Oh, E. (2015). Effects of teaching communication skills using a video clip on a smartphone on communication competence and emotional intelligence in nursing students. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 29(2), 90-95.
Sandhu, S., Afifi, T. O., & Amara, F. M. (2012). Theories and practical steps for delivering effective lectures. Journal of Community Med Health Educ, 2(6), 158.
Behavioral Approach psychological theory
Behavioral Approach Psychological TheoryAuthor’s name
Institutional AffiliationTable of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u Behavioral Approach Psychological Theory PAGEREF _Toc321723542 h 1Behavioral Approach Psychological Theory PAGEREF _Toc321723543 h 3Introduction PAGEREF _Toc321723544 h 3Radical: Skinnerian Behaviorism Theory PAGEREF _Toc321723545 h 4References PAGEREF _Toc321723546 h 5
Behavioral Approach Psychological TheoryIntroductionBehaviorism is fundamentally an approach in psychology that is founded on the suggestion that, it is possible to research behavior scientifically devoid of recourse to internal mental states. Behaviorism is a type of materialism, which denies any independent significance for psyche. One of the postulations of behaviorist idea is that, free will is deceptive, and that every behavior is subjective to the environment, either by means of reinforcement, or association. Behaviorism presupposes that behavior is discernible and can be interrelated with other discernible occurrences. Thus, there are occurrences that precede as well as follow behavior. Behaviorism’s objective is to clarify relationships linking stimuli (antecedent conditions), responses (behavior), and reward, neutral effect, or punishment (consequences) (Levy, 2009).
In the 20th century, the behaviorist belief system ran simultaneously with the movement for psychoanalysis in psychology. Its key theorists were Ivan Pavlov, who explored classical conditioning, Skinner, B.F, who sought to present ethical foundation to behaviorism, linking it to pragmatism. There was also John B. Watson, who discarded the introspective methods, while he sought to confine psychology to investigational laboratory methods. A number of behaviorists argue that the study of behavior is the most appropriate or expedient approach in investigating mental and psychological processes. Other behaviorists suppose that it is the only approach of studying such processes, while others posit that behavior, in itself is the only suitable subject of psychology, and that the common psychological expressions, such as belief or goals do not have any referents and/or merely denote behavior. The theorists who assume this point of view occasionally refer to their branch of learning as behavioral science or behavior analysis rather than psychology (Levy, 2009).
Radical: Skinnerian Behaviorism TheoryFundamentally, Skinner modified the system of belief of behaviorism in order to fit in his discoveries, which entailed operant conditioning. In scientific terms, conditioning refers to learning. Operant denotes Skinner’s thought that all organisms operate on their environment, meaning that, organisms execute actions that modify the environment surrounding them, either positively or negatively. Operant psychology is founded on the notion that an action performed by an animal or a person often has consequences that transpire naturally in the surroundings. This principal is referred to as operant conditioning. Additionally, reinforcement in this theory refers to something that would make it increasingly probable that a particular behavior would be repetitive. Skinner believed that, in the event that behavior is reinforced, it was liable to be repeated. He supposed that positive reinforcement is increasingly successful than punishment. Experimenters that utilize Skinner’s techniques have trained animals and birds to perform several unnatural actions. For instance, chicken may be trained to play toy pianos, while dogs have been trained to climb ladders. These uncharacteristic behaviors are trained through a process referred to as shaping. The successive approximation, or shaping of behavior, has demonstrated to be a successful training method. It has been adapted by therapists in training people to prevail over phobias or other maladaptive behaviors (Levy, 2009).
Contemporary scientists recognize that learning entails additional complex amalgamation of factors. At times a deferred reward is increasingly effective than an instantaneous one. A mixture of punishment and reward can accelerate learning. Skinner’s ideas are adopted to train autistic and mentally retarded children. They are also utilized in industry to diminish job accidents, as well as in several applications in health-associated fields. Regardless of a few flaws in Skinner’s views, the main beliefs of operant conditioning continue play an imperative role in learning as well as behavior modification in the present day (Levy, 2009).
ReferencesLevy, N. (2009). Neuroethics, New York: Pantheon Books.
A learning environment with a different smell
Author
Tutor
Course
Date
Introduction
A learning environment with a different smell
A different smell … that is right. In fact, everything about this environment is different from the conventional learning environments. Right from the height, the length, the width, and (you guessed right), the weight. It is an Apple MacBook Air (11.6 inch). With a small size, sleek design and light weight, the Apple laptop makes for a full learning environment. It is 0.68 inches at the back, while its front has been narrowed down to a negligible eleven-hundredths of an inch. Most of the computer’s exterior sticks out, thanks to its void nature. Its front incorporates an indent that has been cut out from the bottom lip providing a spot where one can open the screen. It is noteworthy that the screen of MacBook 11.6 can be lifted up easily with one finger. One notable thing about the machine is that, its bottom and rear are pretty featureless. Its bottom incorporates four plastic bumpers, which essentially lifts the machine from the work surface. Its bottom also incorporates five-lobed Torx Screws, which are tempting enough for individuals who would be courageous enough to void their warranties.
On opening up the MacBook Air (11.6 inches), there is a typical laptop sight, which essentially incorporates individual black keys that stick out through the perfectly-cut holes on the case made of aluminum. It is noteworthy that its keyboard does not incorporate back-light, which makes it easy for low-light computing. The keyboard also makes typing easy, which comes in handy during online chats and even doing the exams.
MacBook Air’s trackpad is somewhat large, a feature that has been amplified by the machine’s minute figure making it quite impressive. A trackpad, also known as touchpad, refers to a pointing device that incorporates a tactile sensor. The sensor is a specialized surface that is capable of translating the position and motion of one’s finger to the relative position on the machine’s screen. The large trackpad in the MacBook Air incorporates a number of buttons, which aids in complementing the ease of use. This trackpad aids in the usage of the machine during learning as one can flip through the notes quickly and easily. Notably lacking in the MacBook Air are in-built optical drives, while the eject button has been replaced by power button. This, however, resembles any other key on the machine’s keyboard. As much as the keyboard may show considerable flexibility if pressed, one would not have to worry about it even when he is a heavy typist. In addition, as much as the power button resembles every other button in the keyboard, powering-off the laptop is not a problem since the machine sleeps remarkably quickly.
The MacBook Air incorporates an impressive display or screen that boasts of superb horizontal viewing as well as ordinary vertical ones. One notable feature of the learning environment is its impressive resolution of 1366×768, and the contrast that comes with a typical contrast ratio of 755:1 with minimum backlight and 696:1 with full backlight. The machine’s display is glossy, making it an impressive compromise between glossy screens that may look like annoying mirrors and matte screens that can mix colors. In addition, the laptop’s display uniquely lacks glass, which essentially shaves off the machine’s weight. The weight of the machine is further reduced by the edge – to – edge black-bordered display which has been replaced with aluminum. Nevertheless, its attractiveness has not been compromised or limited in any way. This is especially due to the incorporation of the antiglare screen. The laptop incorporates functional speakers, but relatively scarce bass. However, while the speakers make communication pretty listenable, external speakers or even headphones could serve the machine in a better way than the in-built speakers. However, one would appreciate that the inbuilt speakers can get quite loud, which aids in communicating with lecturers in e-learning especially when one needs to consult on a certain issue.
It is fortunate that the MacBook Air fully supports Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The incorporated Bluetooth allows for quick transfer and sharing of data between two machines, in which case notes and other reading materials would be easily shared. Wi-Fi technology, or Wireless Fidelity in full, refers to a popular technology that enhances the wireless exchange of data by electronic devices over computer networks. The technology, therefore, enhances access of data and reading material from online libraries and other resourceful websites, thereby enhancing learning. In addition, varied inputs are showcased on the sides of the laptop. There is a USB 2.0 port situated on the left and the right side of the machine, a mini-DisplayPort port, remote-control jack, in-built microphone and combo headphones. Coupled with the Wi-Fi internet connectivity, the combo headphones and in-built microphones would enhance communication with lecturers and online chats. In essence, it would be possible to ask lecturers for clarification on issues that may not be clear such as requirements and submission of assignments, as well explanations on complex issues in the notes. Responses would be instantaneous just like a one-on-one or verbal communication, as long as there is sufficient internet connectivity. With the 68 GB hard disk capacity, the storage of notes and other learning materials would not be much of a problem. Surely, the learning environment provided by the laptop comes with an entirely different smell.