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Managerial Accounting Help from Top Tutors
Managerial Accounting Help from Top Tutors
You are the plant accountant for a company that makes a popular brand of basketball shoes. Currently, your company sells 1,000 pairs of shoes each month for $100 apiece. The variable costs are 40% of sales, and the fixed costs are $35,000/month. The company’s advertising director is asking for an increase in her marketing budget of $1,500 per month. She plans to enhance her marketing campaign in a targeted area of the West Coast. She estimates that the additional advertising will result in a 50% increase in demand. For this situation, the additional advertising costs are considered a fixed cost. What is the impact of this request on the company’s operating income? On the other hand, the production manager believes that this increase in sales could put pressure on the production line. He estimates that there will need to be a $2.00 increase in labor costs per unit.
Consider the following:
Using the projected monthly income figure calculated above, how many units would the company need to sell to meet the initial monthly income figure?
What is the break-even sales volume needed?
Summarize the results of your analysis.
Respond to the following for this assignment:
How did you calculate the original operating income and break-even point before changes?
What is the new break-even point after including the effects of the increased advertising and higher variable costs?
Compare the two break-even results and make a recommendation on whether the company should change or not.
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What is Law?
What is Law?
Essay Assignment 1 – What is Law?
Details
A 3 page (meaning no shorter than 3 pages and no longer than 3 and a half pages), double-spaced essay in 12-point font, plus a separate list of any references used in correct APA format (for questions see the APA guidelines at the Purdue Owl Writing Lab: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/ (Links to an external site.)
Directions
This assignment is worth 20 points. Writing this essay will help you better understand course material, hone your writing skills, and prepare for the exam.
Answer the following questions using the Calavita, Silbey & Cavicchi, Chambliss, Espeland & Vannebo readings as well as your notes from class. While you do not need to do an extensive literature review, you will probably need to do a bit of background research to learn more about the “law on the books” that you choose to write about (as you do so, please review the honor code section of your syllabus and cite your sources in your paper).
Also, since this is the first of our writing assignments, it is important to take time to review the Writing Guidelines and Tips at the end of this assignment. It is especially important that you use your own language when you write your answers. I will deduct points if you quote from reading material without citation.
Primary Question
What Is Law?
For this essay, you will explore the question “what is law?” You will apply a law and society perspective to analyze your personal experiences of law, focusing on one of your interactions with law.
Describe one way in which you have personally experienced law. You can write about something as mundane as following the walk sign (or not) when you cross the street or or the documents you must legally supply when applying for a credit card. Or you might write about a more involved experience with law, such as getting a speeding ticket or casting a vote in an election. I recommend that you brainstorm a few different experiences and then think through the questions below to select the one experience that you will write about it in depth.
You can answer the following questions in the order below, or you can modify the order if that fits better for your topic, but make sure you respond to each question somewhere in your essay:
A. Describe your personal situation and discuss “law in action” in that situation. How did law manifest (e.g. as an obvious rule, as something people just seem to know, as altogether unclear, etc.) and what happened? How did you, and perhaps other people, interact with law? Did you follow it, bend it, break it, or something else?
B. One well-known conception of law is as a set of rules made and/or affirmed by government—the “law on the books.” What are the formal legal rules in this situation? You do not need to go into depth about jurisprudence; just explain the basics. Answer at least some of these questions: What is the official purpose of law here, and who creates and/or enforces it? In what ways are the rules clear and precise and it what ways, if any, are they ambiguous? What happens if those rules are broken, and why?
C. What are the material and/or tangible “signs and symbols” of law in this situation (see Silbey & Cavicchi)? What are popular ideas about this law? For example, according to Calavita, one popular conception of law is that it is abstract, universal, and definitive. Another popular concept of law is as something imposed by the government. Do either of these conceptions of law fit your situation, or is there other symbolism around law that is more relevant?
D. Apply evolutionary/cultural theory of law (Durkheim), conflict/materialist theory of law (Marx), OR structural theory of law (Weber) to interpret this manifestation of law. You do not need to apply each theorist, pick the one that is most relevant for understand the law you have chosen. Durkheim wrote about law as moral, efficient, and/or essential to making society function. Do you see this dynamic in your situation? If you analyze your situation in terms of conflict theory, consider how economic power might matter in this situation. How is law in this situation shaped by the economy and those with economic power? For structural theory, consider the role of rationalization, legal-rational authority, and/or accountability in the law. Or you could write about Gramsci’s view of law and hegemony (see Calavita Chap. 3). Use sources from class readings here!
E. How might there be bias in this form of law—either in the way it is written or enforced? Feel free to speculate on any bias that might be in play along the lines of class, race, gender, physical ability, sexual orientation, nationality, or something else.
F. How do you perceive this law? How are your perceptions and behaviors part of your personal identity or personality? How might they be connected to your group-based identities (such as your class, gender, race, etc.)?
There is no single right answer. However, there are a few things I will look for.
• You should use a sociological perspective to analyze law.
• You should show that you have read and can apply one of the socio-legal theorists to your chosen example.
• You should define “law on the books” and “law in action” in your own words somewhere (the introduction is often a good place, but it might fit better elsewhere)
•You should show that you can apply the concepts “law on the books” and “law in action” to analyze a specific example of law.
You do not need to label each of your answers as A, B, C, etc. In fact, it is better if you do not because your essay will flow more smoothly. However, be sure to cover each of those topics.
How I Will Grade This Assignment
• You must show that you have done the relevant readings, followed class discussions and lectures, and can analyze ideas from these readings in your own words.
• It is especially important that you use your own language when you write your answers. I will deduct points if you quote course readings without proper citation.
• Your assignment should be well written and well organized. If it is not clear and easy for me to read, you will lose points.
Tips for This Assignment
• Try rewriting parts of the questions as the beginning of some of your sentences. This is a trick for ensuring that you are answering the questions asked. (You can use this trick throughout this and other courses!) This way, you can be more confident that you are completing the assignment properly.
• You want to write in a way that is neutral and analytical. You should not sound like you are taking a moral position. Avoid stating that one of view of the law is better than another.
• Be sure to include an introduction (which should tell the reader the topics that your essay covers and any important themes) and conclusion (which can do various things: summarize one or two key points, reflect on the ideas you have written about, identify other similar manifestations of law, and/or identify limitations or especially compelling points in the course material). Those paragraphs can be brief.
• This assignment will take some time. Be sure that you save time to edit your writing so you can work on things like organization, grammar, and appropriate word choices.
Economics of Health and Medical Care
Economics of Health and Medical Care
Provide detailed discussion, computation with steps and properly labelled graphical illustration (if applicable) to get full credits.
- Consider the costs and benefits of the following public projects shown in the table.
| Costs ($) | Project A | Project B | Project C |
| Year 1 | 6000 | 8000 | 10000 |
| Year 2 | 7000 | 6000 | 6000 |
| Year 3 | 4000 | 4000 | N.A. |
| Benefits ($) | Project A | Project B | Project C |
| Year 1 | N.A. | 3000 | N.A. |
| Year 2 | 10000 | 9000 | 6000 |
| Year 3 | 8000 | 11000 | 10000 |
- For a discount rate of 5%, comment on the assessment of the above projects using benefit-cost ratio of cost-benefit analysis (CBA).
- If there is only $17500 for conducting the projects, what would you recommend?
- Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 in African countries. Despite the presence of interventions such as artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and insecticide-treated bednets, failure to prevent malaria deaths is found. The main reason is that children with fever do not access effective interventions or assess them at a late stage.
The deployment of community health workers (CHWs) has been seen as a promising strategy to deal with the issue. CHWs are volunteers recruited from the community. They would be trained to perform a malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) in diagnosing children and treat children with (ACT). Such attempt is expected to be more effective than presumptive clinical diagnosis by CHWs.
The mRDT with ACT is plan for 6 months. CHWs are trained to recognize signs and symptoms of malaria and how to administer antimalaria treatment to children under 5. Half of the CHWs would receive an additional one-day training in mRDT and to give an ACT only after a positive test result. The following table presents the resources and their costs involved in the interventions.
| Resources Used | Costs (US$) |
| Basic training for all 30 CHWs | 300 |
| Additional training related to mRDT | 45 |
| mRDT (per child) | 2.5 |
| Drugs and other medical consumables (per child) | 5.8 |
| Treatment cost at public health centre (per patient) | 12.6 |
| Treatment cost of ACT (per patient) | 29.7 |
Each CHWs is expected to visit the community once every 2 weeks working for 3 hours. On average the income per hour is US$3 according to the GDP per capita per day.
A total of 30 CHWs recruited to patriciate in the two interventions with half of them in the mRDT arm. There are 152 children being reached out by CHWs for doing the mRDT and 50 identified cases of the children are sent to public health centre. The earlier detection of malaria results in 12 of them requiring ACT treatment. Four of them died, unfortunately.
For the traditional case, it involves 15 CHWs and 20 out of 172 identified cases are sent to public health centre. Sixteen of them end up with ACT treatment. Twelve of them treated with ACT died.
- Compute the cost (per case) for each intervention: Standard procedure and mRDT.
- Identify the outcome measure(s) for the intervention.
- Conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis for the interventions according to the outcome measure(s) stated in part (b) above.
- Two different insurance agents present you two health insurance policies as follows.
AIA: It covers at most 10 outpatient visits with maximum reimbursement of 80%.
For specialty, the policy would not be effective until your expenses exceed $2000. Each claim receives $800 for a maximum of 10 claims.
HSBC Life: For outpatient visits, a maximum 20 visits are covered with the first 5 visits are of co-insurance rate of 80% and the next 15 visits are subject to 60% coinsurance rate. For specialty, you are allow to claim at most 5 with each claim capped at $1000.
Your health care services consumed are as follows:
Outpatient visits of 12 with each costs $300; Specialty of 3 with each costs $2500.
Which agent’s policy would you prefer? Explain.
- Amy’s utility level (𝑈) depends on the amount of wealth (W) she possesses and it can be represented by 𝑈=3𝑌0.5. At good state, Amy’s wealth is $6,250,000 while at bad state, the wealth drops to $4,840,000.
- What is the difference in Amy’s utility level if she goes from a good state to a bad state?
- For a probability of illness of 15%, would Amy buy health insurance to protect herself against any loss of wealth? Explain.
- How much would Amy be charged for a health insurance (i.e. What is the pure premium)?
- Compute the risk premium for the case of Amy.
- Graph your solutions to parts (a) to (d) in one diagram.