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Lilac Chaser, Negative Renal Effect
Lilac Chaser, Negative Renal Effect
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Chaser, Negative Renal Effects
Physical attributes of stimuli and Conditions of Viewing
It is an assumption that primary retina does not detect motion in higher animals. Delusions of the optical are mesmerizing though they make individuals to know more about perceptions of the vision. Emphasis on this paper is on the interactive testing and illustrations on the involved mechanisms of vision so as to make a better clarity and understanding on the subject, lilac chaser. The brain processes the information gathered by the eye to provide the perception that does not reckon with the source of stimulus’ physical measurements.
A physiological illusion that encompasses afterimages due to adapting stimuli of longer alternating colors or lights that are bright is assumed to be the effects on the brain and its interpretation. The early stages of processing of the vision are also presumed that a stimulus follows the neural path that is individually dedicated to it. It also portrays that activity that is repetitive results in physiological imbalance that changes perception. An optical illusion can be identified with images that are visually perceived to be in motion though not moving and that do not portray the exact reality of the phenomena (Hering, 2005). Apparent movement happens when an event of the vision takes place at one particular point then a similar event follows in the adjoining point in the same field of vision. The lilac discs vanish thus the appearance of visual fields. Stimulus of lilac presented to a given point of the visual field for a short while vanishes and a green afterimage comes into view.
The retina’s cones and rods adaptation results in the afterimage. Cones that get stimulation from lilac get fatigued and when the stimulus vanishes finally then the background that is grey appears like a presented green stimulus. Afterimages commence their growth after the adaptation of cones and rods though it is difficult to notice since the eye is moved more than three times in a second. The stimulus’ image then appears to be a new one since its observation takes place in the cones and rods that have not yet adapted. When eyes are kept still on the X region, then growth of afterimage is observed and then disclosed when the stimulus vanishes. Troxler’s fading effect occurs during the presentation of a stimulus that is blurred to the visual field’s region that is nearer to the fixating region as eyes are kept still. The negative aftereffects emerge due to illusion. Stimulus is presumed to disappear even when still presented in a physical manner. The spots that is green though stationery appears to move around in a circle due to the presentation of the spots of lilac.
Viewing Distance and its Effects
The viewing distance varies with the observers’ ability to see well when a green disc is observed running as the viewer gazes at the central region. There are no changes observed during the viewing session due to variation in distance. It is only the green spots that will be observed moving in a circle when the viewer prolongs his observation. The movement illusion seems to be working as the spots blink as they alter their positions thus motion is perceived. It is a negative after image that occurs when the cells of the cone in the retina become tired and extremely stimulated. The affected colors remain unchanged as a person moves his eyes due to the weaker signals of the cells of the cones. The signals sent to the brain are then interpreted as though they are different colors that are in motion. The green afterimage comes about as a result of a long gaze at an image of magenta. The result is due to the fatigue caused to the receptors of magenta by the magenta color thus production of a weaker signal. Afterimage, as a result, is then viewed as being green since the opposing color of magenta is green.
Negative Retinal Aftereffect
Bach refers to color aftereffect as a negative retinal after image since it becomes clear when an individual fixes his retina on an image for a given duration in a fixed position for several seconds. The adaptation of the retina on the particular position yields to the afterimage and hence the color that is complementary is observed. Zaidi, Ennis, Cao and Lee (2012) illustrates in their study that cells of the retinal ganglion are substrates that are neutral for the afterimage.
Aftereffect Transfer between Eyes
The effect of transfer is intrascortical and experienced on one hemisphere of a retina. The representation of a hemi-retina cannot have transfer activities in all the hemi-retina of both eyes. The transfer effect cannot occur as a result of the visual fields overlapping. Color appearance control indicates that the visual events change to afterimages that are green. Additionally, since a first time movement can be perceived to be a second time movement, visual event takes place at one point in the field of visual (Zaidi, Ennis, Cao & Lee, 2012). The color control measure is designed in a manner that ensures the red and blue colors keep moving up as the green one moves downwards till the center region becomes magenta. When speed control is used as a control measure then it illustrates the detection of movement in images as indicated in the phi phenomenon.
Implications of Fixation
The color aftereffect can be observed when one fixates on the region of X because it is not difficult to fixate at the central region. On the other hand, the color aftereffect becomes difficult to observe when an individual does not fixate at region X since the location of the retina are re-adapted and a brief uncovering of the afterimage occurs (Hothersaa, 2003). The appearance of the color of the stimulus is then viewed as being green since the opposing color of magenta is green as a result of a negative effect of afterimage.
Hering’s Conclusion on Color Aftereffects
Color aftereffects influenced Hering’s view about the structure of human visual system as it portrays that what is observed by the eye might not be the actual interpretation that occurs in the brain due to delusion. Accurate results might be tampered with due to color blindness and brightness or failure of the retina to adapt to avoid afterimages.
Color Opponent Process Theory
Hering clarifies how afterimages are captured by the brain in terms of primary colors that are classified into three. The process entails the theory of opponent process which states that the visual system of human interprets the information of color by processing signals from the retina’s rods and cones. The theory illustrates that there exist three opponent channels that encompass blue versus yellow, red versus green, and white versus black. Hering also notes that there are combinations of colors that human never recognize. Color responses of one channel are opposed to the responses of colors of another channel hence an afterimage of magenta will be produced by an image that is green. The photoreceptors that are green are fatigued by the green color and as a result a signal that is weaker is produced. Result that indicates less green color is interpreted as magenta.
Necessity for an Aftereffect
Slight movements are not enough to constantly keep the image in motion to parts of retina that are still fresh if the eye remains fixated and steady. The always exposed photoreceptors to a similar stimulus will eventually be tired of supplying photo-pigments therefore there will be insufficient signal to the brain that results in the aftereffect.
Implications of Viewing Using Monocular and Binoculars
Monocular and binocular viewings are used to enhance the vision of the observer so as to detect the sources of stimulus and their velocity. The input of vision will be a projection of 2D of a scene of 3D in the vision of monocular. Additionally, the projection of 2D’s motion will be by default not being enough to build again the motion available in the scene of 3D. The problem of inverse generalizes to the vision of binocular when perception of motion is considered at large distances where inequalities of binocular are a bad cue to depth. There are illustrations that the human brain applies several signals in specific alterations in disparity and ratios of monocular velocity to produce a motion’s sensation in depth.
Stimulation as a necessity for an Aftereffect
Stimulation causes the adaptation of the retina’s rods and cones to light brightness and clear viewing of images. Similarly, stimulation inhibits the afterimage from growing and therefore it is vital when fixating the eyes at the required point as it makes all the movements noticeable thus the aftereffect will be perceived. This would prevent the relay of the image on the rods and cone that have not adapted to brightness yet.
Experience of the Aftereffect from Stimulation
Steady fixation of the eyes on a point is significant for an aftereffect to take place when stimulation is blurry. When the retina is stimulated, afterimages are not formed in the brain thus aftereffect is not perceived as all the movements are noticed.
Color Appearance Backgrounds
. The color of the background is a mixture of gray with red, blue and green. The dot of lilac fade with fixation on the cross and a clear afterimage that is green in color is revealed as every dot is removed. The sensitivity loss is reflected by a fading part due to stimulus that is presented. Parts in the background that appear to be white are observed due to the renormalization. As a result, processing of the vision finally deviates from the expected color that is gray.
Neural Locus of Colors Afterimages
The article illustrates that a rebound of post receptor in the ganglion cells of retina constitute a signal of an afterimage that do not respond to lights below the bleaching level of photoreceptors. Additionally, the study paper shows that desensitization of photoreceptor is not responsible for color afterimages that occur due to generation of light of normal level.
Reference
Hering, E. (2005, January 1). Lilac Chaser, Negative Renal Effect.
Hothersall, D. (2003). History of psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Zaidi, Q., Ennis, R., Cao, D., & Lee, B. (2012). Neural locus of colors afterimages. Current Biology, 22(3), 220-224.
Marketing Strategies
Marketing Strategies
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The four Ps of marketing are a notion used to define the basic framework that a marketing plan should follow. Its goal is to simplify the features of marketing so that individuals who use it may focus on the important topics. The four Ps are as follows: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Marketing is all about providing value to the customer. The concept of the four P’s has been around since the late 1800s when David Ogilvy, a famous advertising man, coined the phrase in The Man with the Yellow Hat. Through the years, this theory has become a central marketing theory that is still used today (Kareh, 2018). According to Porter the five forces model, market is primarily influenced by industry competition, consumer buying behavior, and overall economic conditions.
A product’s value is equal to the customer’s willingness to pay for it. The product component of the 4 Ps addresses the company’s product or service. This involves packaging, knowing your product’s life cycle, product development, product bundles (particularly for services), and so on. This section also has an impact on how much the firm may and should charge for their product or service, based on manufacturing costs and other expenditures associated with the product or service. When it comes to goods, competing with other firms might entail a variety of things. When it comes to a product, there are several components that you can adjust or tweak to provide you an advantage over the competition, such as product size, technical assistance availability, warranties, package discounts, and many more.
In retail, the product/service subscription is a variant of the product model. It can also be useful in marketing service. For instance, if your business offers a service such as landscaping or housekeeping, it is very likely that you can develop a subscription model to offer additional service at discounted rates for those who opt for it (Kareh, 2018). In the case of some products, there are some regulations and laws the firm must follow. For instance, pharmaceutical companies are commonly required to adhere to drug testing and licensing standards from their country’s medicine authority (such as United States Food and Drug Administration), which may need to meet in order for them to be able to conduct business in that country.
The price (cost) is how much money the customer has to pay for the product. Price clearly refers to the cost of the goods or service as well as the amount that the firm should charge for it. When it comes to determining the price, there are several aspects, or costs, that must be considered. If you buy a goods online, you must pay shipping charges fees, commission to third-party websites such as Amazon and eBay, card processing fees from banks, and other expenses. The cost of your goods involves a lot more than most people realize. While you must give a competitive pricing to the other firms in the market for your product or service, you must also stay profitable. In order to increase the price, you must find a way to increase profits. Cost considerations include all of the following: The cost of goods, freight charges, commission/handling fees, royalties, taxes, and other costs (Rajath, & Santhoshkumar, 2020).
Another cost consideration is how much the customer is willing to pay. Not everyone that walks in your front door will be willing to buy your product or service. Some may think they are too expensive while others are not properly educated about it and why they should buy it. A firm must be able to determine how much the consumer is willing and able to pay for their product or service. A firm’s ability to set a price low enough for consumers requires that the firm has some control over its costs as well as a good understanding of its competitors’ costs and pricing strategies. Porter’s 5 forces model, which is a market structure model helps to determine how much an industry will be affected by market changes. These include power of customer, power of suppliers, power of substitutes, threat from new entrants, and bargaining power of buyers.
Place is represented by the third P. The place refers to where the product will be sold; an example would be a market or store. Many businesses are now using the internet to contact clients they would not have been able to reach in the past. While some businesses do not sell online, others operate completely online and nowhere else. Using both in-store and online availability may be beneficial to your business. Place also refers to where your product is in relation to the shop or internet. If your product is hidden away in a corner of the shop that no one ever visits, it is evident that it will not be noticed by as many eyes as it would if it was positioned among the other popular things (Rajath, & Santhoshkumar, 2020). The same outcomes apply if your product or service is posted on a website in a difficult-to-find location.
For instance, if you have a discount on your product, it will be much more effective if you put it at the end of the brochure. If you want to sell a service online or on a website, then ensure that the service is presented in an attractive manner so that customers will want to buy it. As much as it is important to be able to track sales, the marketer must not forget that customers are the ones doing these actions. It is vital to start tracking customer information and where they come from, as this can give you a lot of information about what you are doing right and wrong in your marketing strategy.
The place component is how the company will market their product. This includes how it will be presented and transported to the customer. The location of the firm’s production facilities may be a significant factor in this component. If your firm uses a manufacturing-based strategy—a typical business model production system—then your firms’ place would be at your factories or plants overseas (Rajath, & Santhoshkumar, 2020). However, if you use a marketing strategy to sell your products or services, then you would want to set up yourself as close to your customers as possible.
Finally, promotion determines how the product is presented and advertised in order to reach
customers who may be ready and willing to purchase that particular product. It also can refer to the amount of marketing that should be spent on a given item or service in a given time period. Promotion involves all of the communication from a firm to its market. Promotional activities should be connected with all aspects of the marketing plan. The goal of promotional activities is twofold (Rajath, & Santhoshkumar, 2020).
The first part of promotion refers to non-personal means such as TV, Radio commercials and newspapers. These types of advertisements are usually known as mass media or ‘push’ strategy. The advantage of this type of advertising is that you can reach a large market, however, the disadvantage is that you cannot directly target your targeted customer group. The other type of promotion is the ‘pull’ strategies. These strategies are usually done by contacting customers directly such as a sales person speaking to a customer face-to-face or through phone calls. This can allow businesses to more effectively reach target customers and help them more efficiently by putting direct emphasis on individual requirements and needs.
Aspects of promotion also include ways to combine personal and mass communication methods to ensure your advertising reaches not only your target audience but also those who are likely to spread word-of-mouth about the goods or services for which you are marketing. Any marketer should have an awareness of the external environment and its impact on their business. The external environment is made up of all the social, economic, legal and political factors that affect a firm’s operations. Some of the more important factors include:
On the other hand, some of these factors are beyond your control and you may or may not be able to do something about them. For example, if there is an economic crisis, your decisions may be affected because customers will not have money to spend on your products or services, which means that you will make a loss. An example of this would be during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) which took place in 2008 when banks lost billions of dollars (Akpa, Awode, Okwu, & Oseni, 2021). The purpose of product promotion is to show customers why they need it and why they should pay a given price for it. It’s pointless to bring your goods in front of your target audience if they’re not going to purchase it. The aim of marketing is to make the value of the product more appealing to its target audience. There are a variety of strategies used to promote a business’ products or services.
The four Ps of marketing are critical components of a successful marketing plan. These four marketing strategies are very beneficial to HITT Contracting Inc and the HITT Contracting group of companies and will help them continue to prosper in all aspects, including the clients they serve. There are several benefits to marketing a business: As these four principles apply to all businesses, one might wonder why companies have success using only one principle, instead of all four (Rust, 2020). Some companies do not use all four aspects as the primary marketing strategies, but this does not mean that they are not doing good marketing.
The core principles of marketing can be broken down into two aspects: Product and Paid media. When a company chooses a product or service to sell, the company attempts to present an appealing product through various forms of advertising, such as television commercials and internet advertisements. On the other hand, paid media involves paying a sponsor money in exchange for advertising their product on a specific channel.
References
Akpa, E. O., Awode, S. S., Okwu, A. T., & Oseni, I. O. (2021). The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and remittances received in Africa: any lessons for COVID-19? South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 18(2).
Kareh, A. (2018). Evolution of the four Ps: Revisiting the marketing mix.
Rajath, K., & Santhoshkumar, N. (2020). Effectiveness of marketing strategy of ‘neera health drink’with reference to the 4P’s of marketing. IJ360MR, 7(4), 2320-7132.
Rust, R. T. (2020). The future of marketing and the four p’s. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 37(1), 15-26.
Marketing Strategies (2)
Marketing Strategies
Student’s name
Institution
Course
Tutor
Date
The four Ps of marketing is used to define the basic framework that a marketing plan should follow. Its goal is to simplify marketing features to focus on the essential topics so that individuals who use them. The four Ps are Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Marketing is all about providing value to the customer. The concept of the four P’s has been around since the late 1800s when David Ogilvy, a famous advertising man, coined the phrase in The Man with the Yellow Hat. Through the years, this theory has become a significant marketing theory that is still used today (Kareh, 2018). According to Porter’s five forces model, the market is primarily influenced by industry competition, consumer buying behavior, and overall economic conditions.
A product’s value equals the customer’s willingness to pay for it. The product component of the 4 Ps addresses the company’s product or service. This involves packaging, knowing your product’s life cycle, product development, product bundles (particularly for services), and so on. This section also impacts how much the firm may and should charge for their product or service, based on manufacturing costs and other expenditures associated with the product or service. When it comes to goods, competing with other firms might entail various things. When it comes to a product, there are several components that you can adjust or tweak to provide you an advantage over the competition, such as product size, technical assistance availability, warranties, package discounts, and many more.
The product/service subscription is a variant of the product model in retail. It can also be useful in marketing services. For instance, if your business offers a service such as landscaping or housekeeping, you can likely develop a subscription model to provide additional service at discounted rates for those who opt for it (Kareh, 2018). In the case of some products, there are some regulations and laws the firm must follow. For instance, pharmaceutical companies are commonly required to adhere to drug testing and licensing standards from their country’s medicine authority (such as the United States Food and Drug Administration), which may need to meet for them to conduct business in that country.
The price (cost) is how much money the customer has to pay for the product. Price refers to the cost of the goods or service and the amount that the firm should charge for it. When it comes to determining the price, several aspects or expenses must be considered. If you buy goods online, you must pay shipping fees, commission to third-party websites such as Amazon and eBay, card processing fees from banks, and other expenses. The cost of your goods involves a lot more than most people realize. While you must give competitive pricing to the other firms in the market for your product or service, you must also stay profitable. To increase the price, you must find a way to increase profits. Cost considerations include all of the following: The cost of goods, freight charges, commission/handling fees, royalties, taxes, and other expenses (Rajath & Santhoshkumar, 2020).
Another cost consideration is how much the customer is willing to pay. Not everyone that walks in your front door will be willing to buy your product or service. Some may think they are too expensive, while others are not adequately educated about why they should buy them. A firm must determine how much the consumer is willing and able to pay for their product or service. A firm’s ability to set a price low enough for consumers requires that the firm has some control over its costs as well as a good understanding of its competitors’ costs and pricing strategies. Porter’s five forces model, a market structure model, helps determine how much industry will be affected by market changes. These include the power of customer, suppliers, power of substitutes, threat from new entrants, and bargaining power of buyers.
Place is represented by the third P. The place refers to where the product will be sold; an example would be a market or store. Many businesses are now using the internet to contact clients they would not have been able to reach in the past. While some businesses do not sell online, others operate completely online and nowhere else. Using both in-store and online availability may be beneficial to your business. Place also refers to where your product is in relation to the shop or internet. If your product is hidden away in a corner of the shop that no one ever visits, it is evident that it will not be noticed by as many eyes as it would if it was positioned among the other popular things (Rajath, & Santhoshkumar, 2020). The same outcomes apply if your product or service is posted on a website in a difficult-to-find location.
For instance, if you have a discount on your product, it will be much more effective if you put it at the end of the brochure. If you want to sell a service online or on a website, then ensure that the service is presented in an attractive manner so that customers will want to buy it. As much as it is important to be able to track sales, the marketer must not forget that customers are the ones doing these actions. It is vital to start tracking customer information and where they come from, as this can give you a lot of information about what you are doing right and wrong in your marketing strategy.
The place component is how the company will market their product. This includes how it will be presented and transported to the customer. The location of the firm’s production facilities may be a significant factor in this component. If your firm uses a manufacturing-based strategy—a typical business model production system—then your firms’ place would be at your factories or plants overseas (Rajath, & Santhoshkumar, 2020). However, if you use a marketing strategy to sell your products or services, then you would want to set yourself up as close to your customers as possible.
Finally, promotion determines how the product is presented and advertised in order to reach
customers who may be ready and willing to purchase that particular product. It also can refer to the amount of marketing that should be spent on a given item or service in a given time period. Promotion involves all of the communication from a firm to its market. Promotional activities should be connected with all aspects of the marketing plan. The goal of promotional activities is twofold (Rajath, & Santhoshkumar, 2020).
The first part of promotion refers to non-personal means such as TV, Radio commercials and newspapers. These types of advertisements are usually known as mass media or ‘push’ strategy. The advantage of this type of advertising is that you can reach a large market, however, the disadvantage is that you cannot directly target your targeted customer group. The other type of promotion is the ‘pull’ strategies. These strategies are usually done by contacting customers directly, such as a salesperson speaking to a customer face-to-face or through phone calls. This can allow businesses to more effectively reach target customers and help them more efficiently by putting direct emphasis on individual requirements and needs.
Aspects of promotion also include ways to combine personal and mass communication methods to ensure your advertising reaches not only your target audience but also those who are likely to spread word-of-mouth about the goods or services for which you are marketing. Any marketer should have an awareness of the external environment and its impact on their business. The external environment is made up of all the social, economic, legal and political factors that affect a firm’s operations. Some of the more important factors include:
On the other hand, some of these factors are beyond your control and you may or may not be able to do something about them. For example, if there is an economic crisis, your decisions may be affected because customers will not have money to spend on your products or services, which means that you will make a loss. An example of this would be during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) which took place in 2008 when banks lost billions of dollars (Akpa, Awode, Okwu, & Oseni, 2021). The purpose of product promotion is to show customers why they need it and why they should pay a given price for it. It’s pointless to bring your goods in front of your target audience if they’re not going to purchase it. The aim of marketing is to make the value of the product more appealing to its target audience. There are a variety of strategies used to promote a business’s products or services.
The four Ps of marketing are critical components of a successful marketing plan. These four marketing strategies are very beneficial to HITT Contracting Inc and the HITT Contracting group of companies and will help them continue to prosper in all aspects, including the clients they serve. There are several benefits to marketing a business: As these four principles apply to all businesses, one might wonder why companies have success using only one principle, instead of all four (Rust, 2020). Some companies do not use all four aspects as the primary marketing strategies, but this does not mean that they are not doing good marketing.
The core principles of marketing can be broken down into two aspects: Product and Paid media. When a company chooses a product or service to sell, the company attempts to present an appealing product through various forms of advertising, such as television commercials and internet advertisements. Social media has proved to be of great importance in the current digital world. HITT Contracting company will be able to advertise its law firms, corporate interiors, hospitality, financial institutions, healthcare construction, and government construction projects through social media. The above services can be provided on the following platforms: Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. The advertising can take place in printed media (pamphlets and interviews) and online (advertising on websites), such as: internet, radio, TV or press publicity. This service is also possible. For example, if HITT Contracting company is the contractor of a construction project in a foreign country where advertising is allowed, then they may need to provide advertising materials to their customers so that they may have their own websites which will be linked to HITT Contracting company’s website. Paid media involves paying a sponsor money in exchange for advertising their product on a specific channel.
Financials are directly related to marketing. Marketing requires funds to undertake. HITT Contracting Company will have to set aside funds for marketing expenditures. Marketing and financials are very much related. Marketing is an important aspect to any company and money should be set aside for marketing in the budgeting process. Marketing is the act of making the customer aware of what a product or service can offer them without physically telling them how it’s going to bring them satisfaction and fulfillment. Financials are not just numbers, they relate to all aspects of running a business, including personnel, supplies, expenses, assets, liabilities, income, and balance sheet items. The amount of financials in the company will determine the channels used to advertise their services.
References
Akpa, E. O., Awode, S. S., Okwu, A. T., & Oseni, I. O. (2021). The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and remittances received in Africa: any lessons for COVID-19? South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 18(2).
Kareh, A. (2018). Evolution of the four Ps: Revisiting the marketing mix.
Rajath, K., & Santhoshkumar, N. (2020). Effectiveness of marketing strategy of ‘neera health drink with reference to the 4P’s of marketing. IJ360MR, 7(4), 2320-7132.
Rust, R. T. (2020). The future of marketing and the four p’s. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 37(1), 15-26.