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A Description Of How A Customer Of A Given Bank Can Use The ATM

A Description Of How A Customer Of A Given Bank Can Use The ATM

Question 1

The use case gives a description of how a customer of a given bank can use the ATM to make withdrawals from his or her bank account. In this case, there are two actors in the sector, that is, the bank and the customer. This leads to having some preconditions for the activity or transaction to take place. Firstly, the there is a connection to the bank that is active. In addition, the ATM should have cash loaded in it.

There are different situations that may take place in the event of the transaction occurring. The process is systematic and logical. Failure to follow the steps will lead to unsuccessful; transactions in the end. The use case starts at the point when the customer of a given bank inserts their card into the ATM. There is the validation of the user is performed automatically by the ATM after this previous event. This leads to the machine giving a display of the various tasks that it can perform or offer at this point. Many a time, at this point customers do select the tab command button “withdraw cash.” Then the ATM gives a prompt for an account from which the customer would like to make drawings (World Bank. 2010). 

The next stage requires the customer to select the correct account depending on the number and type of accounts owned. Then the ATM prompts for an amount the customer wishes to withdraw. After entering the amount, all the documents of the customer are sent to the bank in the form of a transaction. These documents include the PIN; card ID, amount that one wants to withdraw and the account from which the person is making the drawings. Then automatically, there is a response via the machine whether the transaction is successful or not. If it goes through, the card comes out and money dispensed. The aftermath of these events leads to printing of the receipts and the use case comes to successful completion.There are cases however when a transaction may become unsuccessful. This is possible depending on how the customer feeds figures and data into the machine, for instance, at the point of validation of user. If the validation fails, then the use case ends with a total failure status. If the customer enters the wrong account number, the ATM shall display a message indicating that the account entered is invalid. Then the use case can resume from a later stage when prompted to do so (World Bank. 2010). 

Instances arise when the user accidentally enters the wrong withdrawal amount into the machine. This may be either too little amount that the machine cannot process since it is set to work in that like that, or too large figures. Such amounts make unsuccessful transactions for various reasons as read in the terms and conditions of the banking service providers. This includes for instance, amounts exceeding withdrawal limits required per transaction, or the daily withdrawal limits.. There may also exist a case in which the customer’s account has insufficient funds. All the cases outlined make the machine issue a warning message and indicate the amount one is capable of withdrawing. Therefore, the customer is goes a step backwards from where they can resume to complete the transaction(Bruegge, &Dutoit,2010). 

There are moments when the customer receives no response from the bank. In this case, the ATM will retry a number of times, even up to three times. If this continues and still the machine does not elicit any response, the machine may display a message indicating unavailability of network or failure. At this point, the ATM automatically returns the card and indicates closure for the moment. Therefore, the use case ends with a condition of failure (King, 2012).

Illustration

lefttop1.0 Use case model1.2. Possible scenarios

1.3 Cash withdrawal model

Question 2.

In this use case, during the use of the ATM to perform the transactions, one follows the similar steps followed in question 1. Therefore, the only things that change are the fact that it is cash depositing instead of making drawings. Therefore, a similar process is followed, but this time round, it involves changing the details to read deposit instead of withdraw.

The cash deposits via the ATM are possible only if the account to which the deposit is occurring has a link to the card. Cash or a cheque in an envelope is efficient while carrying out the transaction. The customer enters the amount of deposit into the ATM. The money is always subject to verification by an operator before approval by a physical operator. Therefore, the envelope is only acceptable after approval form the bank. In order to carry out this transaction, one has to follow several different steps.

To begin with, the user inserts the card into the ATM. Then one enters the personal identification number. From the transactions menu, one chooses deposit and selects amount and the form of money. Either the form can be in cash or cheque depending on which suits the user. After that, the sealed money placed in an envelope and inserted into the machine. There are options a person can choose from, depending on whether one is depositing though cash or cheque into the machine (Bruegge, &Dutoit,2010). 

By the end of the exercise, the customer waits and receives the printed transaction ID on the envelope. This directs the user to send a deferred transaction and then prints the receipt. This receipt is a record that one can use as a proof of transaction. Thereafter, the user ejects the card and leaves the premises or bank. The following day, operators of the bank open the security box and count the money in the envelope. The commitment of the transactions follows this aspect (Bruegge, &Dutoit,2010). 

Whenever wrong information or details input into the ATM, the transactions take a different course, and in any case, they may become unsuccessful. This applies when a person inputs the wrong PIN. Other instances that may terminate the transaction include when a person does not insert the envelope or inserts two or more envelopes in the machine. In addition, the transaction may fail if no money is in the envelope even when there is too much money in the envelope. The exception of the envelope missing is also a guarantee to having an incomplete transaction (King, 2012).

Question 3

Just like the other user cases, the process of making an account transfer follows some steps. However, for the transactions to work, the card a person is transferring to must have a link with the one that he is using. The customer inserts the debit or credit card into the ATM and enters the pin. One then selects the amount of money h/she wishes to transfer and indicates the account from which the transfer is to take place. This is followed with the account where the money is to be credited. The above requirements have to be in place for one to send the transaction. The customer then awaits for the confirmation message from the bank. The user prints the receipt and then ejects the card from the ATM.

There are times when unfortunate circumstances may occur while making the drawings. A person may enter the wrong PIN. This display a message may prompt one to try making the transaction again. If in any case there are insufficient funds in the account from which one is dong the transfer, they will receive a message. The message informs them that they do not have sufficient funds to carry out the transaction (King, 2012). Therefore, they have to load the card for them to carry out the transaction again. If the account that the transaction is being carried does not exist, the user will be prompted to check again and try. This also happens when the account credited does not exist. Incase no confirmation is received and the transaction have taken place, one should contact the service provider or wait a bit longer. However, in many cases, an error message indicating no network is visible. At times, the card may stick in the ATM. The owner has to contact the operators for assistance. The machine may also run out of paper. In this case, the user will not obtain the receipts but will get a confirmation message to indicate that the transaction has indeed taken place. In almost all of this cases, the user gets a prompt message to go back and start the transaction fresh from a particular point (Bruegge, &Dutoit,2010). 

Question 4

Management: this is an ethical challenge that arises on the part of the users due to various factors. Such factors include change requiring one to be in a position to manage that change effectively for maximum output. The change should have the ability and capacity to improve on the quality of people’slives. The elimination of workers from the workplace due to the technology has its own adverse effects on the user. This is because the user is obliged to learn new things in a new environment. This makes it difficult to comprehend since if it were human beings to offer the help, then it would of course become easier (King, 2012).

References (3)

Bruegge, B., &Dutoit, A. H. (2010). Object-oriented software engineering: Using UML,

Patterns, and Java. Boston: Prentice Hall.

King, B. (2012). Bank 3.0: Why Banking is No Longer Somewhere one Goes But Something ones

Does. New York: Wiley.

World Bank. (2010). Innovation policy: A guide for developing countries. Washington, D.C:

World Bank.

levels of moral pluralism

MORAL PLURALISM

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Abstract

There are several conflicting theories within the moral domain in regard to good and wrong. In the process of determining the level of truth, an important is played by personal interpretations and judgments. In attempting to live together in a society, there are so many challenges in appreciating the authenticity of conflicting views and establishment of levels of agreement. This paper explores what moral pluralism is and the differences between the different levels.

Moral pluralism refers to the assumption that moral truths exist. However, it is worth noting that this assumption does not form the basis of rationality and reliability of truths in comparison to those found in scientific and mathematical approaches (Richardson & Williams, 2008). There are varied views in regard to moral pluralism, for example, some people believe that actions that yield positive results are morally good.

There is a plurality of values and principles relevant to moral judgment that cannot be reduced. In the principle of utilitarianism, there is a belief that morally important considerations can be quantified into pain or pleasure while Kantian theory asserts that all forms of moral judgment can be reduced to a single principle which has to do with rationality and the individuals bearing rationality. Moral pluralism is not subject to complete ordering of rationality. Therefore, it is believed that no procedure or principle can exist without a unique or determinate solution of a moral question that involves choices in moral values and principles (Sneddon, 2011).

There is a belief that the most important aspect of different levels of morality includes relative majority of duties and values. For the rest of morality, it is believed that equality and general wellbeing are the core values. The foundational level of morality is made up of actions that do not harm others and do not facilitate taking of other people’s possessions. Also, other similar pluralistic theories believe that an individual does not need to break promises, to tell lies and rather an individual need to go an extra mile in showing concern for individuals with special connections. Several versions of moral pluralism are founded and based on such lists of values and duties (Davis, 2004).

In addition, most pluralists believe that there are no strict rationales of precedence that seeks to resolve conflicts that might arise among the actions and values on which they are based. In this regard, there is need to utilize values of judgment so as to resolve conflicts among actions and values of moral pluralism. However, the assumption of moral truths fails to provide any procedure for moral advisement.

Also, the truths upon which moral pluralism is based are not coherent and consistent. There are conflicting theories within the moral domain in relation to rightness and goodness and each of the many theories contain realities about moral life though none of them is comprised of the whole truth (Moon, 2012).

Most activities in the society raise a lot of questions in regard to the type of morality that is guiding the members of the different societies. There are common actions that show that the moral standards are low, for example killing without remorse and dehumanization of each other. This is because the modern society is diverse and heterogeneous in composition. Also, the various cultures and traditions in the society are dynamic and pluralistic in several ways. However, it is unfortunate that pluralistic aspects of moralism are widening over time (Hinman, 2008).

There are four levels of moral pluralism; radical moral pluralism, pluralism of moral practices, pluralism of self-realization and radical moral pluralism. Radical moral pluralism is a level that describes a situation in which people hold different views about morality. However, the believers in this have divergent and radical views yet they do not form the society entirely (Timmons, 2012). In a society, a group needs to be in agreement with certain crucial principles and practices. It is important for members of any society to have a general agreement of the fact that life is worth living and that the lives of all members of the society need to be respected.

However, it is hard to convince those who do not care whether they live or die because it is almost impossible to inform them that they are mistaken. Such people do not form a society because morality is a shared responsibility for all members of a society. It is important to note that a society may be morally pluralistic on the basis of the other levels (Hinman, 2008).

Pluralism of moral practices implies compatibility with social agreement on morality of several basic patterns. However, such agreements do not involve agreements on the variation on the use of moral principles to evaluate actions. In as much as several people believe that murder is wrong, there are members of the society who operate at conventional morality. In regard to murder, there are different moral principles that are compatible to different moral assessment.

Radical moral pluralism refers to moral practices that come from differences in moral principles, differences of facts, differences in circumstances and differences in perception of facts. At this level of moral pluralism, most moral issues are not clear. The developing modern society provides room for moral disagreement. However, in most areas of agreement there is compatibility of agreeable moral practices.

Pluralism of self-realization provides that as long as members of the society adhere to laid down moral norms, they are allowed to make choices on their values and lifestyles. It is a kind of moral pluralism that provides for crucial aspects of moral pluralism such as self-fulfillment and development. Such a society tolerates several differences that cannot be found in a homogeneous society (McDonald, 2011).

References

Davis, J. C. (2004). The Moral Theology of Roger Williams: Christian Conviction and Public Ethics. Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press.

Henry S. Richardson, M. S. (2008). Moral Universalism and Pluralism: NOMOS XLIX. New York: NYU Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=tU10u1F2bZwC&dq=moral+pluralism&source=gbs_navlinks_s

Hinman, L. M. (2008). Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Stamford: Cengage Learning.

McDonald, H. P. (2011). Creative Actualization: A Meliorist Theory of Values. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Moon, J. D. (2012). Constructing Community: Moral Pluralism and Tragic Conflicts. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Sneddon, A. (2011). Like-minded: Externalism and Moral Psychology. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Timmons, M. (2012). Moral Theory: An Introduction. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=qWGp1iK9IlAC&dq=moral+pluralism&source=gbs_navlinks_s

MARKETING DISCUSSION

MARKETING DISCUSSION

Student’s Name

Institution Affiliation

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Professor’s Name

Date

MARKETING DISCUSSION

The price sensitivity of a consumer is significant to marketing practice and theory because of its effect on profitability. A firm understanding of one’s product’s price sensitivity can help an organization identify the various price ranges that will maximize the business income while also determining the effect of pricing changes on sales numbers. Contrary to what many business people believe, a business’s product’s price sensitivity isn’t synonymous with its pricing strategy in terms of pricing. Previous research reveals that brand loyalty, customer purchasing preferences, the item is a luxury versus a necessity, and price of purchase compared to income influence price sensitivity. From this list, brand loyalty and customer preferences remain the most impactful areas of price sensitivity for my business.

Literature is filled with references to brand loyalty- depicting its nature, consequences, and correlates. Given the breadth and depth of input on the subject, brand loyalty assumes numerous sizes and shapes in literature. Although an agreed-upon description of the term remains elusive, numerous practitioners and researchers accept that brand loyalty impacts a business’s profit levels and sales for several reasons. Jacoby and Kyner (1973) postulates that customers tend to buy repeatedly when they are delighted with the services or products. These consumers become loyal to the business and its brand. Loyal consumers have been not only essential but also necessary for my business to establish brand equity and thrive in the market. These loyal consumers are price insensitive to price changes compared to non-loyal customers, who tend to be sensitive and hasty in making decisions about the brand. Due to familiarity with the business’s product quality, loyal customers are always ready and willing to shell out more money for the business brand as their trust is embedded in us.

On the other hand, customer purchasing preferences entail likes, dislikes, expectations, inclinations, and motivations that drive customers’ purchasing decisions. Gabor & Granger (2010) posited that customer preferences are a significant driver of price sensitivity. Although appealing to customer preferences is a standard marketing technique, today’s consumers have proven brilliant. Before deciding to buy a business’s products, they review product prices and performance via social media and online sites. While surfing this data, they can examine a product’s value and price advantages. With this, it has become difficult to ensure whether consumers’ required models are present. This affects not only my business but also others.

References

Jacoby, J., & Kyner, D. B. (1973). Brand loyalty vs. repeat purchasing behavior. Journal of Marketing research, 10(1), 1-9.

Gabor, A., & Granger, C. W. J. (2010). Price sensitivity of the consumer. Management Decision.