Recent orders
Letter to the Commissioner of the Correctional Services of Canada
Name:
Institution:
Course:
Tutor:
Date:
Letter to the Commissioner of the Correctional Services of Canada
Dear Sir/ Madam,
Introduction
Offender rehabilitation in Canada is a field within the criminal justice system that has had a resurgence of public interest in the recent past. This is attributed to the international findings of emergent research that affirm that rehabilitation programs are instrumental in reducing the soaring rates of re offending. In Canada, these programs account for a very small percentage of the federal budget. Notably, this has contributed to under funding has had far reaching implications on the effective functioning of these programs. For instance, it has undermined quality service delivery in the sector which in return contributed to a rise in re offending cases. In order to counter this scenario and enhance effective rehabilitation of offenders, it is imperative for the concerned stakeholders to allocate more funds for these programs.
Essentially rehabilitation programs seek to provide the offenders with vital programs as well as opportunities for social, occupational, cultural, educational, personal and spiritual development. This is in a bid to enable them to avoid incidences of involvement in crime and develop in to law abiding individuals. This can only be achieved if the programs are tailored to suit the emergent and diversified needs of the offenders. To begin with, Beech and Fisher (2002, p. 204) indicate that offender population has increased and become more dynamic and diversified with respect to the frequency and nature of crimes that are committed. Statistical evidence shows that sex offenders and offenders committing technological crimes are increasingly entering the system.
This has further been aggravated by a significant drop in the cases that are accorded parole and an increase in the number of offenders being accorded long term and/ or life sentences. In return, this has had negative implications on the limited institutional capacity as well as facilities found therein. Notably, the relevant authorities have undertaken various temporary measures to ease the situation. Among them has been construction of temporary structures to facilitate rehabilitation programs and transferring of offenders to other regions. This has had adverse impacts because of the fact that not all institutions have effective rehabilitation programs. Most importantly, Andrew and Bonta (1998) posit that continued overcrowding is likely to culminate in incidences of increased tension amongst the offenders, increased risk of infections and increased incidences of insecurity. In addition, it is indicated that this reduces the morale of the staff that then leads to poor service delivery.
It can not be disputed that the long term effects of these conditions are very detrimental and can cost the country not only its resources but also its worth. According to McGuire (2000), the most viable countermeasure to this is to decongest the institutions and equip the same with sufficient vital facilities as well as professional staff to effectively cater for these emergent needs. Practical measures would include building more modern rehabilitation and correctional centers as well as distributing the same across the country. Seemingly, this can not be achieved with the limited funds that the sector gets from federal funding. There is dire need to increase funding in order to cater for these propositions.
Secondly, it is also indicated that the profile of the offenders has increasingly become diversified in the recent past. In this regard, Dowden (2000) affirms that there are numerous new crimes that are increasingly being committed on a daily basis. Further more, there have also been variations in the gender and age of the sex offenders. More than ever, the system is experiencing an influx of juvenile delinquents. In addition, the number of female offenders has also increased significantly.
Notably, the facilities as well as rehabilitation programs that are currently being employed were designed in the past when the society was highly patriarchal. Fagan (2001, p. 243) notes that most of them do not address the specific needs of children and women. For instance, the staff employed to run these programs are mainly men. As such, they have failed to effectively address the particularistic needs of the female offenders that are related to offense such as domestic violence and rape. With regard to facilities, it is indicated that most institutions lack sanitary facilities that are designed for women (Beech & Fisher, 2002, p. 209). Of great concern is the fact that the rehabilitation programs have not been updated to reflect the emergent needs of global dynamism. They do not address specific gender concerns and instead, they have increasingly been implicated for contributing to incidences of re offending. In his review, Dowden (2000) ascertains that irrespective of the fact that these concerns have been raised in the past, minimal practical measures have been undertaken to address them effectively. This is because of lack of financial resources to enforce the changes.
It is in this consideration that it is important to increase the budgetary allocations to this sector to enable it providing for these emergent concerns. Additional finances would facilitate employment of more female staff to deal specifically with issues related to female offenders. In addition, it would necessitate the implementation of new programs that have already been developed. Notably, these require new technology as well as retaining of the staff. For example, increased funding would ensure that the curriculum is redesigned to meet the educational needs of various offenders at both the institutional and community level.
Further, it is argued that lack of resources in such institutions has contributed to the increasing rates of re offending. In this regard, Byrne and Howells (2003, p. 36) postulate that offenders usually become discouraged and frustrated whenever they realize that the programs are not beneficial. For instance, inconsistent education programs increase incidences of discontinuation by the offenders. In addition, Fagan (2001) cites that scenarios such as lack of viable occupational programs that reflect the current global dynamism have made the offenders to stop attending the available programs. Discontinuation of education halts inculcation of vital values that would enable the offender to avoid crime. At the end of their sentence, they would still have similar ideas and beliefs regarding crime. This then makes them susceptible to re offending.
Also, it is indicated that failure to attain vital occupational skills makes it difficult for the offenders to adapt to the environment outside the rehabilitation institutions. Fagan (2001) ascertains that most offenders tend to loose their sources of income when they are sentenced. Lack of income makes it difficult for the offenders to survive especially in instances where they have dependants. The subsequent frustrations increase their susceptibility to engagement in crime.
Finally, Marshall (2001, p. 467) indicates that the shortage in staff in the rehabilitation centers has contributed to ineffective delivery of vital services. This shortage is attributable to lack of incentives in the sector as well as low wages. Institutional records indicate that the finances allocated to the sector are mostly employed in supervision and in corrections. Notably, viable interventions in this regard should effectively address these financial concerns. Providing financial and occupational incentives for the staff has proven effective in reducing staff turnover rates in various organizations. In particular, it is necessary that the salaries of these staff members be reviewed and improved accordingly. This would be instrumental in not only motivating them but also improving their effectiveness in service delivery. This can only be attained if the sector is provided with sufficient resources though budgetary allocations.
Conclusion
This analysis ascertains that rehabilitation programs are elemental in avoiding re offending and preventing increase in crimes related to the same. It is a sustainable approach to reducing crime because the programs ensure that all concerns of an offender are addressed accordingly. In the long run, the specific offender is able to adapt to the environment outside the institution with ease. Indeed, this goes a long way in preventing his or her involvement in crime. As it has come out from the review, achievement of this desirable status has been compounded by various factors. The most profound of all has is the shortage of sufficient financial resources to avail to the offenders ideal and personalized programs. It has contributed to poor service delivery. In addition, the services provided are of poor quality and do not have a positive impact on the behavior of the offenders. This has significantly contributed to incidences of re offending and increases in crime in Canada. It is for this reason that you are requested to allocate more financial resources to the institution in order to enable it address the inherent challenges that undermine its performance
Yours Faithfully,
(Name)
List of References
Andrew, D & Bonta, J 1998, Understanding Criminal Conduct, Correctional service, Canada.
Beech, A & Fisher, D 2002, Offender Rehabilitation, Canadian Psychologist, 36 (2), 200-14.
Byrne, M & Howells, K 2003, Addressing Specific Gender Needs in Corrections, Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 7, 33-9.
Dowden, C 2000. Intervening in Offender Rehabilitation, Correctional Service. Canada.
Fagan, J 2000, Reintegrating Violent Offenders, Justice Quarterly, 6, 230-64.
Marshall, W 2001, Treatment of Offenders, Clinical Psychology Review, 11 (3), 460-80.
McGuire, J 2000, Redefining Rehabilitation Programs, Correctional Service, Canada.
market_paper
MEMORANDUM
TO: THE COLLEGE STUDENTS
FROM: MARKETING COMMITTEE
DATE: 26 January 2014
SUBJECT: DRINKING AND DRVING FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
Introduction
Alcohol and drug abuse threaten student’s health, safety and social academic performance. Too much consumption of alcohol is dangerous for one’s health. Alcohol abuse by college students regularly harms other people through traffic crashes. The penalty of underage and excessive drinking nearly affects all college communities, college campuses and college students, whether they decide to drink or not. College students love to party and drink too hard. Drinking and driving are common in the minority of college students (Robert, 2002).
Moreover, Researchers says that high rates of heavy drinking episodes and alcohol related problems while driving occurs mostly in college students. College Students that live alone in hostels tend to take charge in drinking and abuse it. They overdo it and drive carelessly causing accidents. Students should take control of their lives with decisions they make and be responsible. Different organization and society have come together to teach students on the negative impacts of alcohol develop and implement solutions to the problem (Robert, 2002).
Findings
The accident statistics of Great Britain shows that, in 2007, approximately 6% of road casualties, 4% being at the age of 17-30 and 14% road deaths occurred with extreme drunken drivers 11% died from age 17-30. 22% of drivers killed in road accidents in 2009 were drunk and, most were age 17-30. Women were less prone to accidents than men (John, Hopkin, Groom & Skes, 2010).
Discussion
The research done is to access accidents caused by drunken college student in Great Britain. The method used was the qualitative analysis to know how many people die of drinking and driving at the same time how group according to age. This will help to find a solution to reduce alcohol intake among the most affected group which happens to be the age group of 17-24. The Respondents selected were to fill quotas based on reported recent drinking and driving behavior, gender and age.
Main Analysis
Driving after drinking behavior Achieved sample
Stopped and tested over the limit in the last 3 months
14 men 6 women
13 were below 30 and 7 were above
Driven after drinking at least once within the past 6 weeks thinking they might be over the limit
10 men and 8women
8 were below 30 and 10 were above
Driven after drinking at least once within the past 6weeks thinking they were under the limit on any such occasion.
6 men and 6 women
6 were below 30 and 6 were above
The table below shows the summary of the achieved sample in terms of the main selection variables
Persons at the age of 17-30 tend to explore with alcohol extremely due to the following factors
Developmental factors in the late adolescence and young adulthood,
Cultural and social standards of college life that support heavy alcohol use.
Individual factors, such as family history
Recommendations
For the organization to play a part in reducing college drinking they should implement brief motivational counseling interventions, social norms interventions, individual-oriented interventions, mostly do alcohol screening and environmental policy changing such as the legal drinking-and-driving laws, and complete college–community programs. The committee should establish alcohol-free college residences and campuses, prohibit beer kegs on campus, prohibit self-service of alcohol at campus events and ban sales or marketing of alcohol on campus. The organization can use modern science to collaborate with other healthcare professionals with aim of reducing substance abuse among college students and giving alcohol education. The most targeted place to communicate with students should be via the internet since many students are influenced by internet information’s (Robert, 2002).
Limitations
Though research data on the success of the above programs is limited, surveys have shown that students living in alcohol-free residences are less likely to engage in heavy binge drinking and underage students at colleges that ban alcohol are more likely to abstain from alcohol.
Reference
John, K., Hopkin, J., Groom, C., & Skes, W. Department for Transportation, Controller of Her
Majesty’s Stationery Office. (2010). A qualitative study of drinking and driving: Report of findings (Report no114). Retrieved from Queens Printer website: Web site www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roadsafety/research/rsrr
Robert, F. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, ational Institutes of Health. (2002). Reducing alcohol problems on campus: A guide to planning and evaluation. Retrieved from Task Force of the National Advisory Council on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism website: www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov
Market Revolution in the 1815 to 1840
Subject
Students Name
Institution of Affiliation
Date
Market Revolution in the 1815 to 1840
Market revolution in the United States occurred in the 19th-century shifting commerce as well as the way of life of most of the America citizens (Breen). The market revolution was characterized by a drastic change in the manual labor systems to which originated from the South moving to the North and later spreading to the rest of the world. The traditional methods of commerce were made obsolete via the improvements that were done in the communication, transport, and industries. There was an increase in trade within the boundaries of the United States due to the increased as well as the large-scale manufacture of domestic products and this made the nation reduce the reliance on imports. An increase in the wage labor was among the drastic changes that were put in place in the labor and production sectors during the time, while the agricultural explosion in the north and south as well as the textile boom in the northern region aided in strengthening the economy of the United States.
The domestic manufacturing, as well as commercial agriculture, were among the vital sectors of the American economy. In the year 1793, the cotton gin that was invented by Eli Whitney revolutionized the cotton industry in the south region. The cotton engine was one of the inventions that made the separation of the cotton fibers from their seed quickly and easily, a job that would previously require the efforts of the slaves to separate the cotton fibers from their seeds, a process that was very much painful and slow when done with bare hands. Eli Whitney further developed the muskets that consisted of interchangeable parts and this technology was used in the northern region by a majority of the manufacturers in a variety of industries.
The invention of new products helped to revolutionize agriculture in the west, and some of the examples include the invention of the horse-pulled steel plow to replace the ox-driven and wooden plows that was invented by John Deere. The invention of the steel plow assisted the farmers to do their cultivation easily and faster, and besides, the method of using the steel plow was less costly as there were limited repairs on the steels.
During the market revolution, the significance of the federal government grew (Taylor). Henry Clay, a Congressman, introduced the American system to develop internal improvements such as the protection of the United States industries through the provision of tariffs as well as the creation of a national bank. The local governments in collaboration with the federal government and the private individuals were crucial for the investment in infrastructure such as railroads, canals as well as roads for the transportation of the farm produce as well as the final products of manufacturing. The Erie Canal was completed in the year 1825 and was one of the significant steps in the market revolutionizing as it opened the west linking it with the east coast and this facilitated trade among the two regions.
During the 19th century, the development of infrastructures such as roads, canals, and rails significantly improved the national mobility as people could freely move their products and themselves in different parts of the nation to conduct trade. During the 18th century, the roads were built by the private sector, and the government played less role in road construction not until the 19th century when the government realized that the transportation network was a public utility that was worth the support of the government.
Canals were another major step in the transport industry that facilitated the market revolutionizing in the United States (McNabb). In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the economic expansion necessitated the construction of canals to speed the transportation of goods to the market. The Erie Canal was among the first canals to be built, first being proposed in the year 1807 and being constructed between the year 1817 and 1825. The Erie Canal cut the cost of transportation by 95 percent and at the same time connected various parts of the US such as the New York City and the western interior, and later becoming the chief US port. Due to the immense activities carried along the canal, a large population was attracted in the New York State increasing the population of the State. The Illinois and Michigan canal was constructed in the year 1848 aimed to connect the great lakes to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico and therefore helped in establishing Chicago as the transportation hub of the US.
The reign of canal transportation was short-lived, and therefore the construction of the railway lines became essential to connect areas that previously were not connected by the canal system. The railway lines provided an alternative mode of transport that was cheap, quick, scheduled as well as a less hazardous mode of transportation. Various states at the beginning of the year 1826 began the construction of rail lines such as New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. The most prominent rail lines of the time are the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad that connected the port of Baltimore to the Ohio River.
During the Antebellum period in the American nation, there arose reforms that were focused on certain issues such as the abolition of imprisonment for debt, temperance, antislavery, pacifism, the abolition of capital punishment, the right to strike as well as fighting for the rights of women to own property (Hirrel). The moral reform of the antebellum period was the abolition of licentiousness, prostitution and promote sexual abstinence as well as the sexual double standard among the young people as they entered the marriage market. Most of the reforms of the antebellum period were aimed at the change of the society into a social paradise due to their belief in moral absolutes.
Work Cited
Breen, Timothy H. ““Baubles of Britain”: the American and consumer revolutions of the eighteenth century.” Colonial America and the Early Republic. Routledge, 2017. 197-228.
Hirrel, Leo. Children of wrath: New School Calvinism and antebellum reform. University Press of Kentucky, 2015.
McNabb, David E. “Post-Revolutionary War Commerce and Trade.” A Comparative History of Commerce and Industry, Volume I. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2016. 215-227.
Taylor, George R. The transportation revolution, 1815-60. Routledge, 2015.