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Autonomous Vehicles (Ground)
Technology Review #2
Autonomous Vehicles (Ground)
right3463290February 19, 2015
Insert Name 1000000February 19, 2015
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Introduction
The future of automotive travel is now in the testing phases of production. This new technology that is being developed will change the world as we know it. In the next few year’s companies such as Land Rover, Audi, Mercedes Benz, Volvo and Google are in a race to be the first company worldwide to produce and manufacture autonomous vehicle to the worldwide automotive market place. Developers and labs are testing this technology in the United Kingdom as well as in the United States. With this new technology comes pro’s and con’s and it is a introduction of a new product on the market that leaves room for technology transfers to happen amongst the other companies in the market place. Where the companies can get access to the specifications of these cars and develop more add-ons or 3rd party parts for these autonomous vehicle. But it also opens up a new avenue in cybersecurity.
Autonomous vehicle can be programed to collect data. “An autonomous vehicle requires an array of sensors, such as laser, radar, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), GPS, and computer vision systems, to gather information CITATION ALE13 l 1033 (ALEXANDER M. WYGLINSKI, 2013).” This big data that is collected by the car is analyzed by a super computer that is located in the car. The findings in the data then tells the car how to move and react to its findings.
Pros of autonomous vehicle
Autonomous vehicle are a great concept. They will save most people a lot of time because with the autonomous vehicle technology the system in the cars will be able to control the flow of traffic, there for they should never be traffic jams because the car should always make the best move to stay clear of road hazards. “Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) collect and distribute safety information to massively reduce the number of accidents by warning drivers about the danger before they actually face it. CITATION Lic l 1033 (Zhang, n.d.)” Autonomous vehicle are also looking to be the safest mode of transportation. That is not a hard goal to achieve because most other modes of transportation are ran by people and most accidents happen due to human error of some sort. For prevention reasons the autonomous vehicle will be connected on a mesh topology network so they can get information about approaching hazards from a car that is on the same route as them but in a different area. But it is a known fact that Mesh wireless networks have optimization problems “optimizing performance in WMNs can be seen as multi-objective optimization problem. CITATION Adm11 l 1033 (Admir Barolli, 2011)”
Autonomous vehicle can be a new way to travel for a lot of people. It could make sure that blind people get door to door service. It can also take children to things like soccer practice. It can also let you do work in the car while the car drives you to work. It also can be integrated with services at the grocery store where your driverless car parks at the supermarket and a person loads the car with groceries and the car drives back home with the groceries.
Autonomous vehicles can also be helpful to the armed services. They can use this technology on the frontlines of hostel situations the same why they use flying drones. That way if ambushed no human life is lost. They would also be excellent for recon missions because the amount of data it takes to navigate it can have extra sensors and cameras added and be recording everything that it sees and have the data analyzed in real time by Intel specialist miles away. “New technologies create new capabilities and strategic opportunities. CITATION Nic13 l 1033 (Nicholas Grossman, 2013)”
Autonomous vehicles are also good for the world’s economy. With this new ground breaking technology comes the need for people who know how to run the network the cars run on. Also it would create the need for people to build more satellites also people to build and work in signal boosters so that there are no blinds spots like tunnels where the car will not have reception In autonomous vehicles, companies can incorporate T.V.s with cable so the owner can spend a little more time with their family in the car interacting. With this new technology comes a new avenue of revenue companies can make upgrades to the super computer found in the car. They can also design apps that can be useful to the car and car owner. They can also create new software that protects the car and the network the car is on from cyberattacks the way anti-virus software does a home computer.
Cons of autonomous vehicles
With this new technology come new threats to the technology. Being that autonomous vehicles are so new people will be looking for ways of knowing who the car belongs too. They might uses way like social engineering to certainly ruin a person’s confidently. In the day and age that we live in people post pictures of their cars and details about where there going and what they are going to be doing on social media sites all the time. With the autonomous vehicles comes a treat of someone hacking into the technology and redirecting a person route to an area where someone could be kidnap or rob them. The modification of the signal from the car to the network mess up the integrity of the car. Also a hacker might redirect a bunch of cars routes to block a particular area so they can get a clear route in another area without any traffic, this method was used in movies “Takers”. It also would damage the interparty of the information that is given to the car.
A hacker could use Denial of service or DDOS to attack the network that the car is running on and that will hurt the availability of the car and the network it is on. Also someone could use jamming technology to block out the feed from the network to the car and that will damage the availability of the vehicle and all its functions. Someone could hack into the cars supercomputer and change the logged events of the day and show two different findings between the network and the car and that will take out the car and networks accountability because who can trust the event logs of both the car and the server.
Also autonomous vehicles might cause problems with privacy. “Local adversary is capable of observing vehicles at a time instant. A global adversary can follow a target and track it over a sustained period of time. CITATION Bri11 l 1033 (Brijesh Kumar Chaurasia, 2011)” The Hacker could hack into the car and take images from the inside of the car and sell them to paparazzi. Or the police might use that info as evidence the laws around driverless cars have not be really put into effect yet.
Ways to implement cybersecurity into driverless cars
There are many ways that cybersecurity can help the making of the driverless car a reality. As of currently “Cyber-security plays an important role in the development of multi-agent systems, however little work has been done on securing multi-agent systems as a sole entity in the software development process. CITATION Sar14 l 1033 (Sarah Schulz Mukisa, 2014)” Programmers and cybersecurity engineers should get together and brainstorm and design ways for this cars network to be safe and secure. Also they should plan a system that the car gets the latest patches and updates in a secure manor. Also possible implement anti-virus and mal ware detection in the software so that there will be a process of detection just in case anything goes wrong with the computer. There needs to be a multiple factor authentication method to be able to drive the car.
Conclusion
In conclusion driverless cars are a great addition to the future. They have many great things that the can contribute to the world. They can save millions of lives per year. They can help stop solders from getting killed by serving as decoys and collection Intel. In day to day traffic they prevent accidents from happening and also help with stress by navigating thought rush hour traffic in a minimal amount of time. Autonomous vehicles with create an opportunity for new jobs. With the right people working on the security of these cars I feel like they can help the world as a whole.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY Admir Barolli, F. X. (2011, Jun). Optimization Problems and Resolution Methods for Node Placement in Wireless Mesh Networks. Retrieved from IEEE Computer Society: http://www.computer.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/csdl/proceedings/nbis/2011/4458/00/4458a126.pdf
ALEXANDER M. WYGLINSKI, X. H. (2013, Feb). Security of Autonomous Systems Employing Embedded Computing and Sensors. Retrieved from PROLEGOMENA: http://www.computer.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/csdl/mags/mi/2013/01/mmi2013010080.pdf
Brijesh Kumar Chaurasia, S. V. (2011, July). Attacks on Anonymity in VANET. Retrieved from IEEE Computer Society: http://www.computer.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/csdl/proceedings/cicn/2011/4587/00/4587a217.pdf
Nicholas Grossman. (2013). Robotics and the future of asymmetric warfare. Retrieved from Proquest: http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/pqdtft/docview/1506155122/6D6AB3A1C82E46B7PQ/4?accountid=14580
Sarah Schulz Mukisa, A. R. (2014, Jun). Cyber-security challenges of Agent Technology in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Retrieved from http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/10.1145/2610000/2602953/a9-mukisa.pdf?ip=54.84.104.155&id=2602953&acc=ACTIVE%20SERVICE&key=5F8E7AA76238C9EB%2EB1CB922B730AF910%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35&CFID=479571626&CFTOKEN=64034787&__acm__=142405937
Zhang, L. (n.d.). Specifying and Modeling Automotive Cyber Physical Systems. Retrieved from IEEE Computer Society: http://www.computer.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/csdl/proceedings/cse/2013/5096/00/5096a603.pdf
A comparative study of conflict management styles of public
ARTICLE CRITIQUE; A comparative study of conflict management styles of public
And private secondary schools’ principals
NAME:
UNIVERSITY:
DATE:
Introduction
In any institution, be it in schools and workplaces are inevitable. For instance, there may be conflicts between teaching and non-teaching staff or among students themselves in a school setup. According to Bailey , there is no question that rifts occur not only in theory but also in practice. When designing conflict resolution strategies, it is often necessary to consider field perspectives. Principals must also participate in field activities to better understand the management skills that must be used in their organizations. He counsels the school principal on conflict resolution. First and foremost, the principal must realize the importance of recognizing conflicts early and responding quickly to misunderstandings among subordinates, educators, and students. Second, to overcome his prejudice, he should use mutual judgment.
Finally, suppose you understand that disputes are uncontrollable. In that case, the easiest and most efficient way to evaluate your resources is to acknowledge your opponent’s power and decide what action strategy is required to overcome the dispute, how to make this decision, and how to prepare for the imminent attack. Finally, the school administrators should be forthright and frank about their own merits and merits in the dispute resolution process. As a motivator or driving force, systemic change strongly relies on dispute resolution. This is why, if you want to make a drastic change in the company, you should speak with the principal or supervisor.
Description of the problem
Ghaffar, Zaman, and Naz (2012) address the impact and efficacy of conflict management styles in the classroom and how a manager can use them. These researchers concentrate on the different conflict resolution approaches used by students and the forms of conflict resolution that they prefer. A variety of private and public schools were measured and contrasted by the authors. The qualitative data was gathered from 50 teachers who completed a questionnaire. Among the five types of conflict management discussed by the questionnaire were a constructive approach to conflict resolution, a consensus solution to conflict resolution, a competitive approach to conflict resolution, a workaround approach, and a conflict management avoidance approach (Ghaffar, Zaman, & Naz 2012). According to the report, teachers tended to take a community approach to dispute resolution. The researchers claim that directors are trained in a range of conflict resolution methods and how to apply them in various situations.
According to this report, directors face a variety of conflict situations due to their administrative position. Principals may use several conflict resolution methods to resolve disagreements. Directors must first determine the situation before deciding which style is ideal for the situation to settle disputes efficiently. Different conflict management styles may be used depending on the situation and the people involved in the conflict. A principal can take one of two approaches depending on the nature of the dispute. Principals must also be able to solve problems and make decisions without introducing personal bias into the equation. To effectively deal with disputes, an action plan and a resource assessment are needed. According to the writers, managers can study a range of conflict resolution techniques and gain hands-on experience with them.
This article publishes papers on non-competitive conflict settlement methods. This tactic should be avoided because it can lead to more disputes between teachers and students in the classroom, and no one wants to be the loser. The article does not talk of mitigation measures or prevention measures to reduce conflicts in schools. This article has been sussed because it recommends that principals undergo proper dispute resolution training to resolve interpersonal conflicts. It is often criticized because the principles did not allow for a consensus dispute resolution process. When teaching principals, they should be encouraged to avoid using a competitive tactic when dealing with conflicts. Principals should be reminded to use the most suitable style for the situation and the people involved. They had no idea how to deal with relationship problems that were affecting the students.
Analysis and discussion
Understanding the different forms of dispute resolution is essential for a future instructional chief. Each personality type affects both the other parties and the conflict. I’ve developed a greater understanding of myself by reading how I’ve used as a teacher and now as a college professor at different points in my career. Based on this study’s questionnaire findings, I know that standard methods and negotiation tactics are the best ways to solve it. To be an effective educational leader, I need a conflict resolution technique that I can implement. Workplace disputes can be both competitive and cooperative, depending on the circumstances.
Specific issues occur when disputes, whether competitive or cooperative in nature, are considered. The focus of management should be on collaboratively resolving conflict. Conflict is often caused by two or more individuals, each with a different desire. The key is to determine how capable each disputing party is at negotiating. Suppose two employees disagree about who should conduct a specific role, and neither is willing to budge. In that case, the only option is to find a happy medium that is agreeable to both parties. This is the nature of conflict resolution work, which seeks to find an arrangement that gives both parties the impression that they have gotten what they wanted, even though it isn’t exactly what they wanted. Some of the common conflict resolution measures should be proper discussions and one should not be biased. If discussion does not work one can use other measures mediation or arbitration. Teachers should also play their role effectively guide children at school in the right manner. They should also teach their students on the best ways to handle conflicts.
In collaborative conflict management, the importance of a mediator’s role in listening to both parties’ needs, desires, fears, and concerns to achieve a resolution is emphasized. Since the aim is for both parties to feel comfortable sharing their opinions, the approach must be gentle and non-confrontational. Managing conflict is a philosophy and a set of skills that individuals and groups of people use to better understand conflict and deal with it in their daily lives (Himes,2008). Conflicts have both the negative as well as positive effects on school, parents as well as society. It is evident that where there is no peace there is a conflict. We should live together fairly and share our scarce resources equally as well.
Conclusion
Workplace disputes are typical, and completely eliminating them from the company is not an option. It’s also important to be gentle with the principal. What style(s) they are interested in determines the situation and the principal’s personal preference for dealing with conflict. According to the results, leaders use one of two approaches to conflict resolution. Leaders should choose the style that best suits them and the circumstance at hand. The definition of any dispute and the strategies for managing it is not limited to educational institutions; it can be found in various disciplines. According to the literature, the secondary school principal has been credited with conflict management due to their managerial role. It has been demonstrated that equilibrium is natural and that any problem scenario, whether in an organization or a person’s ability, is abnormal. Disagreements and disagreements are often the same things. The implementation of effective measures is needed for the de-escalation of the adverse effects of violence.
References
Ghaffar, A., Zaman, A., & Naz, A. (2012). A comparative study of conflict management styles of public and private secondary schools’ principals. Bulletin of Education and Research, 34(2).
Himes, J. S. (2008). Conflict and conflict management. University of Georgia Press.
A comparative study of choice based lettings from the local authority perspectives What is their view about choice based lett
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHOD AND METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter will be dealing with research methodology and data collection. The chapter will discuss the location of the study and the time of the study, unit of study, and how the sample was selected and the method of data collection. The remaining part of this chapter deals with the statistical techniques used and the problems encountered during the field work.
According to (Bell, 1999:2) research is ‘seeking through systematic methods to add to one’s own body of knowledge and, hopefully, to that of others, by the finding of non-trivial facts and insights’
The web definition of research also agreed that research is a method of ‘inquiring into a topic to discover or revise facts or add to knowledge about the topic’.
www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/ollc_glossary.html 3.1 RESEARCH QUESTION
A comparative study of choice based lettings from the local authority perspectives: What is their view about choice based lettings system?
3.2 LOCATION OF THE STUDY
This research was carried out between the allocation officers of two boroughs Lambeth and Merton councils in London, United Kingdom. Lambeth and Merton councils are both located in the South West area of London. This research was carried out in other to compare two boroughs and find out their views about choice base letting schemes in their borough.
3.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESERCH
The aim and objective of this research is to find out the difference and similarities of the way Merton and Lambeth council operate choice base lettings schemes in their borough and compare them.
3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
This dissertation is based on( qualitative and quantitative) methodology. However, whatever methodology used in this dissertation, qualitative or quantitative, it can produce interesting and useful result. Both methodologies require a high of self-discipline and a capacity for attention to details. Davis( 2007) stated that “qualitative and quantitative researches are both legitimate vehicles for” finding out” social reality in whatever sphere of human life are the focus of your study of your interest”. The approach first adopted for this study was qualitative method believing that it would enable me to have the general ideas of how choice based lettings was delivered, and if it was delivered as promised. However, as the study progresses, there became a necessityfor me to include the quantitative methodology in my research in other to get the fact and compeer them from both boroughs (Merton and Lambeth).
were used for this study, the questionnaire and the structured interview. A questionnaire is the main instrument in survey research through which a researcher communicates information needs to a group of respondents to stimulate an accurate response and render data in a form which is meaningful for analysis. There are three types of questionnaire structure namely: open-ended questionnaires, close-ended questionnaire and contingency questionnaire (Abosede A.J et al. 2001).
A structured interview is also known as standardised or a researcher administered survey. This type of interview is a qualitative research method frequently used in survey research. The main objective of this method is to ensure that each interviewee is given exactly the same questions and in the similar order. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured interview)
Both instruments have been employed for the purpose of this study because of their individual merits. Questionnaires have the advantage of guiding respondents to more precise answers and avoid digression away from the focus of the survey. Interviews on the other hand have the benefit of enabling the researcher to capture more detailed and less guided information from respondents. It allows for free-minded information and input from the respondents.
The structured interview method was used to collect data from the allocation officers in Lambeth. The same questions were asked in the questionnaire that was sent to allocation officer in Merton council, this was used in order to note differences in their reply and response. This can be examined and proven to be genuine answers reflecting actual views and representation of the Lambeth and Merton council. According to (May 2001:121) “Validity may then be checked by asking the respondent about the same issue, but employing a different form of question wording and then comparing the answers”
3.5 DATA COLLECTION
The data for this study will be collected from two different set of boroughs
1. Lambeth
2. Merton
Both boroughs have been chosen for the collection of data because both operate the choice base letting system and use the same method of allocating houses which is the Home Connection website on which most empty Council and Housing Association properties are advertised for you to bid for. This is a method whereby the applicant views properties on Home connection website and decides which one to apply for.
Two vital research instruments were used for this study, the questionnaire and the structured interview. A questionnaire is the main instrument in survey research through which a researcher communicates information needs to a group of respondents to stimulate an accurate response and render data in a form which is meaningful for analysis. There are three types of questionnaire structure namely: open-ended questionnaires, close-ended questionnaire and contingency questionnaire (Abosede A.J et al. 2001).
A structured interview is also known as standardised or a researcher administered survey. This type of interview is a qualitative research method frequently used in survey research. The main objective of this method is to ensure that each interviewee is given exactly the same questions and in the similar order. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured interview)
Both instruments have been employed for the purpose of this study because of their individual merits. Questionnaires have the advantage of guiding respondents to more precise answers and avoid digression away from the focus of the survey. Interviews on the other hand have the benefit of enabling the researcher to capture more detailed and less guided information from respondents. It allows for free-minded information and input from the respondents. I chosen semi- structured interview method for the research, but due to unavailability of the allocation manager of Merton council who requested for an online interview which I have to as a questionnaire. The structured interview method was used to collect data from the allocation officers in Lambeth and Merton. The same questions were asked in the questionnaire that was sent to allocation officer in Merton council, this was used in order to note differences in their reply and response.
This can be examined and proven to be genuine answers reflecting actual views and representation of the Lambeth and Merton council. According to (May 2001:121) “Validity may then be checked by asking the respondent about the same issue, but employing a different form of question wording and then comparing the answers”. The allocation officers in Merton council was selected among the staff working in the housing department because they will be in the best position to talk about their choice base letting schemes and the same was done in Lambeth council. Their respondents will explained why they are asked to adopt the choice base letting schemes and how the government want them to go about it.
3.6 SAMPLING PROCEDURE
May (2001) described sampling as ‘a portion of a larger group called a population. The population in the universe will sampled’. He went on to say that ‘a good sample is a miniature version of population- just like it, only smaller’. (May 2001:93).
However, among the staff working in the housing department of both London borough of Lambeth and Merton, only three (3) people were interviewed (1) questionnaires was returned via email. They are all in the allocation departments, because these are the people that can provide the information needed since the other staff view will not be of any important in this studies ,and it will not be necessary. So therefore it will not be difficult and too expensive to cover the staff, needed for the survey, only a limited sample will be surveyed for the purpose of this study.
It is essential to highlight at this stage that the sample surveyed from the questionnaire and structure interview represents a targeted staff of two councils as the respondent of the survey are major staff of locals council. The researcher adopted the use of stratified random sampling for some of the respondents. Stratified random sampling is the process in which the population are grouped into sub-population called “strata”, each strata is then subjected to random selection chances. (Obasan, 2001) .The structured interview was to administer at this stage to the selected three (3) allocation officers in both borough and one (1) questionnaire was sent online to the allocation Manager in Merton council through his email due to his unavailability for the interview. In light of this, the purposive sampling was applied to enable the researcher reach a reasonable number of allocation officers to reflect the true situation of choice based lettings in both boroughs.
. However, in the case of the structured interview, one (1) staff from Merton council was interviewed, and one (2) staff was interviewed from Lambeth council. They were selected using a simple random sampling method. As the definition implies, simple random sampling uses the principle of randomisation, which involves giving each unit of the total population or universe equal chance of being included in the sample. With this method necessary information and data were equally collected. Four (4) staff from both boroughs was willing to participate in the interview and one interview was done through online interview via email. They all gave valuable and necessary information needed for this study.
3.7 SAMPLE SIZE/POPULATION SIZE
This study was conducted on staff of the allocation section in the housing departments of London Borough of Merton and Lambeth. Assuming (ABC) number of staff are working in the allocation section of housing department of Lambeth borough and (ABC) number of staff are working at the allocation section in housing department in Merton borough as mentioned above. The staff in the sample size comprises of staff from the boroughs.
The structured interview was conducted among three (3) staff of both borough and one (1) managers of London borough of Merton who requested for his interview to be sent to him through email. Totals of three (3) respondents were interviewed but only one (1) was sent online interview through questionnaire, and they all gave valuable and necessary information on the study at hand.
3.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY AND PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
It is obvious that a researcher cannot but be faced with one problem or another in a study like this, especially when it comes to the collection of information relating to human beings whose behaviour cannot be precisely predicted. London Borough of Croydon and Lambeth was initial chosen for the research location but Croydon borough has not started the choice based lettings scheme. Croydon borough happens to be my borough and they further said the government is not funding the scheme anymore, so therefore they are not adopting the scheme. Due to this, i decided to choose London borough Merton and Lambeth because they operate the choice based letting schemes and i will be able to gather enough information for my research. However, it was not easy to get in touch with staff in the allocation section in the Housing department of both boroughs, eventually i was able to get them and letters of consent was sent to them for approval. It took weeks for the approval letter to be sent back due to the unavailable of the allocation manager in Lambeth.
The allocation manager in Merton said he was very busy when i call for the approval letter he said he won’t be available for any interview that i can come in and speak to members of staff in the choice based letting section and he said I should send an online Questionnaire to him. However, a well structure questionnaire was sent to him through online and an appointment was fix to interview the staff, only one was available but it took weeks before this was possible. Lambeth approval letter was sent back and a date was fix for the interview although it was very difficult to set an interview date with the staff. I was able to interview only two staff. More, so the time available to go about this research work was somehow limited coupled with lack of financial resources which also posed a limitation.
3.6 Personal reflection
This chapter has dealt with the research methods and methodology used in carrying out all the research work for this study. The next chapter will show in details the presentation of data used for this study as well as the analysis of data and it interpretation.