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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex disability that takes time to develop before resulting to severe social interacti
Autism
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Autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex disability that takes time to develop before resulting to severe social interaction, communication and restricted behavioral challenges (Lord et al. 2018). In most cases, those people with ASD have no set physical appearance differences that separate them from other normal people. The differences come in when we look at the communication, behaviors, learning and interactions of the people with ASD and those of normal people. It should be noted that the thinking, learning and abilities of problem solving of people with ASD vary and may be so good to be viewed as a gift of even prove to be a big challenge to them. In this case, Sam has his mother who is said to be struggling with being Sam’s guardian. It might be serious to the extent of making them require assistance with their everyday activities. As a matter of fact, Sam, in the series Atypical, can be said to be gifted judging from his abilities in class. Sam is a bright and excellent student.
Autism spectrum disorder is usually diagnosed basing on various conditions which are looked into in separate occasions. It is difficult to diagnose ASD because it does not entail any medical tests such as blood tests. Rather, the doctor observes the behaviors of the child and his/her development in order to make a diagnosis (Underwood et al. 2019). These conditions include autistic disorder, the Asperger syndrome and the pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). All these conditions together are what is referred to as Autism spectrum disorder. People with ASD can usually be identified by looking at their social, emotional and communication skills, this is because the disorder has some effects on these aspects of their day to day lives. As a result, these people tend to have a repetition of given manners and at times may never want any changes in their everyday lives. Furthermore, these people have shown dissimilar ways of their reaction to things, how they learn and even how they pay attention. Most of the signs of ASD start when an individual is at a young age and often last for an individual’s entire life (Bal et al 2019). The early assistance needed by ASD patients may not be available for them because the earliest diagnosis by an experienced professional can only be done by the age of 2. But in most cases, the final diagnosis is not given until the child is much older.
Some of the behaviors displayed by people with ASD include having difficulties relating to others. At times these people may have little or no interest in others at all. For instance, Sam, despite being intelligent and doing well in his studies, he finds it difficult to understand and get to the same page with the people living in the current world. To elaborate on this, in the series, Sam who is said to have a very notable interest in Antarctica tries to compare human beings with the life forms found in Antarctica. This is a distinctive strategy that has proven effective on several instances. The problem comes in when this approach does not make him comprehend the very composite human beings’ behaviors. For instance, the strategy cannot help Sam understand how to realize that a girl likes him.
Another symptom that can be identified with Sam is the fact that Sam’s outward appearance does not show his inner feelings about what is going on around him. To point out, when Sam had a conversation with his therapist, which occurs in form of a narration according to this TV series, he states that people think that he does not recognize when they are teasing him, he is usually hurt because he knows this experience and it is a painful one because he is usually aware that others are laughing at him. He further claims that he knows that they go ahead to ask questions in a way that is provoking. But rather than showing that he is hurting, Sam just shuts down. He admits that he does not figure out what he does to evoke the mocking. He furthermore does not understand why the other people think he is an easy target. In fact, someone who has childhood experiences of bullying will easily be hit by Sam’s description of bullying and ASD.
In addition to that, when in one of his usual therapy sessions, Sam provides a super and perfect definition of empathy issues that are experienced by people with ASD. To be precise, Sam talks of what goes ahead when are has offended someone. He explains that he does not realize at the given moment that his response, comment or deed has hurt someone else. However, later on when he finally realizes that he actually hurt someone or got them disappointed, he feels horrible and finds himself having a difficult time forgiving himself and getting over it. It is true that professionals have proven that people with ASD find it difficult to understand other people’s points of view and this makes the other normal people to be of the idea that individuals with ASD are not concerned about hurting or annoying other people. It should be understood that it may take a little more time for people with ASD to realize how an individual’s opinion can contribute to their own point of view. As a result, ASD victims end up committing simple social mistakes that in most cases end up upsetting the people they love and care about and as they learn to move on after such instances occur, the normal people around them should be of understanding and be willing to dedicate their time to helping these patients through these learning experiences.
In a different instance, Sam proves that his aversions of soft touch are different from that of others, for instance, at the moment when he is about to have sex for the first time, his revulsion of soft touch makes him to push away his partner who screams at him asking what is wrong with Sam and that if something is wrong with his brain. Besides being a poor reaction to the fact that she was pushed, it is understandable, moreover, the attraction that she had seen in Sam as fancy is not turned to understanding and admitting his disorder.
Another symptom of ASD that can be seen in Sam is the fact that he has feelings for his therapist who is actually 8 years older than him but he is not strong enough to open up about it to her. Sam does not know how to approach his therapist who he has a crush on. Instead he goes to his father for advice. This overwhelms his father who has been struggling to link up with his son. He even volunteers to drive Sam to his crush only to pull him away when he realizes that it is his therapist. He advises Sam to look for someone of his own age. This to Sam means that he needs to find what he refers to as a “practice girlfriend”. This is a common problem identified in people with ASD. You find that in most cases most of them find it difficult talking about their own feelings and even having an understanding of the feelings of others. In the case of Sam, his family and friend come in to help him with understanding the social aspects of dating.
While the specific causes of ASD is yet to be known, several researches and studies have shown that there I no exact cause of ASD but has several risk factors brought up. These factors include: genetic mutations (Grove et al. 2019). It was found that a gene called Usp9x which results in the brain developing fewer synapses. That’s due to the fact that Usp9x protects another protein called ankyrin-G, whose function is to evolve and stabilize synapses. The developing brain has to build plenty of synapses between neurons in order for the cells to communicate and learn as the brain evolves. But when Usp9x is mutated, its stabilization is hindered making the synapse-enhancing ankyrin-G. This makes the would-be enhancer protein degrades and destabilizes, leading to lesser synapses in the brain. A person with this mutation is likely to have delays in development, learning difficulties, increased anxiety and hyperactivity.
Other perceived causes of ASD include the presence of a close family member with autism. To add on this, someone born to older parents is also at risk of having autism. A baby born with relatively low weight at birth is also likely to develop ASD. When an individual has a delicate X syndrome in addition to other genetic disorders, he or she is also likely to suffer from ASD. Another cause of ASD is when someone gets exposed to heavy metals and other toxins in the environment. Furthermore, an imbalance in metabolic could also lead to development of ASD by an individual. Finally, severe exposure to valproic acid and past with infections of viruses could also lead to development of ASD by an individual. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) affirm that genetics and the environment can be used to determine if a person can develop autism (Chaidez et al. 2018).
Individuals with ASD live partially different lives with other normal people especially depending on the effects of the disorder on the individual. For instance, in the TV series Atypical, we are given a clue of how the lives of individuals with this disorder are. For instance, the family situation in Sam’s case is entailed of a mother who is fully involved in her child’s autism. Sam’s father is said to be struggling to get along with his son and this has been proven on several instances. It is in fact stated that he once left the family upon the realization of Sam’s situation. Sam’s sister feels unattended to and thinks all the attention is directed to Sam. Moreover, when she wins a scholarship to a distant prestigious school, she thinks and puts in consideration Sam and the family despite her strong desire to join the school. All this are signs of savantism which if further portrayed in Sam’s drawings in his drawing book that are highly structured.
It is also believed that people with autism usually lack the sexual and dating interest. This is not actually portrayed in the series Atypical, but it is evident that Sam has a tough time in his sexual experience and dating interest. For instance, he develops a crush on his therapist who is way older than him. Furthermore, his hatred for soft touch makes him destroy his relationship with his sexual partner when they Sam was just about to lose his virginity. In another instance, Sam locks his girlfriend in the closet because he finds her behavior of touching his things as disgusting. As a result, it can be said that people with ASD find it hard to keep their social interactions and relationships together, but that cannot be used to conclude that these people lack the interest in sex and dating.
People with autism spectrum disorder can find it difficult to focus, pay attention, and go through transitions, organization, memory, time management, emotional control and frustration. These are top-level abilities that help us do lots of everyday tasks such as cooperating with others at work and prioritizing things we are supposed to do. For instance, Sam uses rat-a-tat sounds in his communication. Moreover, despite excelling in class, he has difficult times interacting with students like in the instance where he asks his peers about dating and they end up teasing him, an experience he admits to be painful (Tonnsen and Hann, 2016).
Another effect of autism spectrum disorder on an individual is that it impairs their view and perception of things. For example, in the series Atypical, Sam tries on a leather jacket in an attempt to look cool but while in class, he ends up feeling very uncomfortable that he gets it off and throws it in the trash can. The discomfort can be understood to be caused by the leather which is stiff and its buckles that are so loud. As a matter of fact, every cheerful moment is accompanied by a corresponding heartbreaking one. Further illustration can be drawn from Sam telling his father that the igloo is really a good one. Remember his father made him the igloo in an attempt to link up with his son.
There is currently no specific cure for ASD. However, research and studies show that intervention treatment services at an early age can improve a child’s development (Eissa et al. 2019). Furthermore, early intervention services will enable and enhance children from birth to 3 years old to learn and develop essential skills. Services such as therapy intended to aid the child with talking, walking, and enhancing their interaction with others is crucial and proven to be effective. Therefore, it is significant to talk to your child’s doctor as early as possible if you suspect that your child has ASD or other developmental issues. it does not matter if the child has been diagnosed with an ASD or not, he or she may be entitled to early intervention treatment care. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) external icon clearly states that children of below the age of 3years (36 months) and especially those who are at a higher risk of experiencing developmental delays may be of worth for the services. These services are being offered in form of an early intervention system in your state. Through this system, you can ask for an evaluation. In addition to that, treatment for a given number of symptoms including speech therapy for language delays, in most cases does not need to wait until a formal ASD diagnosis is completed and received.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is believed to be the best treatment for ASD. This is a remarkable treatment approach for people with ASD. ABA has turned out to be widely recognized all over among healthcare professionals and service providers. Moreover, it is used in many schools and treatment clinics. ABA stirs up positive behaviors and disheartens negative behaviors with the aim of improving a variety of skills and abilities in the child. As a result, the child’s progress is observed, traced and measured. There are several types of ABA including: Discrete Trial Training (DTT) which is a design of teaching that entails a series of trials aimed at teaching each step of an intended behavior or response. Lessons are divided into simple parts that are easy to understand and learn, positive reinforcement is used to reward right responses and behaviors while the incorrect answers are ignored. In addition to that, there is Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI); this is just a sub-type of ABA for very young children with ASD, in most cases children younger than 5. EIBI uses a highly structured teaching approach to build positive behaviors like social communication and reduce unwanted behaviors like tantrums, aggression, and self-injury. EIBI takes place in a one-on-one adult-to-child environment under the supervision of a trained professional. Other forms of ABA include Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) which is for children with ASD between the ages of 12-48 months and assists parents and therapists use play and joint activities to enable children to advance their social, language, and cognitive skills. Pivotal Response Training (PRT) looks to improve a child’s motivation to learn, monitor their own behavior, and initiate communication with others and finally Verbal Behavior Intervention (VBI) which emphasizes on teaching verbal skills.
References
Bal, V. H., Kim, S. H., Fok, M., & Lord, C. (2019). Autism spectrum disorder symptoms from ages 2 to 19 years: Implications for diagnosing adolescents and young adults. Autism Research, 12(1), 89-99.
Eissa, N., Al-Houqani, M., Sadeq, A., Ojha, S. K., Sasse, A., & Sadek, B. (2018). Current enlightenment about etiology and pharmacological treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in neuroscience, 12, 304.
Grove, J., Ripke, S., Als, T. D., Mattheisen, M., Walters, R. K., Won, H., … & Awashti, S. (2019). Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nature genetics, 51(3), 431-444.
Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet, 392(10146), 508-520.
Tonnsen, B. L., & Hahn, E. R. (2016). Middle school students’ attitudes toward a peer with autism spectrum disorder: Effects of social acceptance and physical inclusion. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31(4), 262-274.
Underwood, J. F., Kendall, K. M., Berrett, J., Lewis, C., Anney, R., Van den Bree, M. B., & Hall, J. (2019). Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in adults: phenotype and genotype findings from a clinically derived cohort. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 215(5), 647-653.
Autism Social Skills Profile (ASSP)
Autism Social Skills Profile (ASSP)
Student’s name
Institutional affiliation
Autism Social Skills Profile (ASSP)
The Autism Social Skills Profile (ASSP) is a reasonably new assessment tool developed for the purpose of providing a comprehensive assessment of the social functioning of adolescents and children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Specifically, the ASSP second edition measures the social competence of 6-17-year-olds. The tool assesses social skills such as active listening, empathy, respect, effective communication, and conflict resolution. The tool is administered individually. It is not meant to be a diagnostic tool as it primarily developed as a mechanism for measuring the progress of social intervention. The ASSP second edition is used with youths and takes about 15-20 minutes to complete. It can be administered by two grow-ups that have knowledge of the student’s functioning. A 4-point Likert scale is used to rate the 49 items that are being assessed. The test tends to yield three subscale yields, including Detrimental Social Behaviors (DSB), Social/Emotional Reciprocity (SER), Social Participation/Avoidance (SPA), as well as a total score (Strofylla, Charitou, Asonitou, & Koutsouki). The recorded raw scores get converted to standard scores (SD=15 and M=100). Normative data is based on the report given by parents only. One positive aspect of the ASSP is that it provides separate scoring tables for children that have a cognitive disability or significant language impairment as well as those without. The ASSP approach has been found to possess the ability to detect whenever there are changes in social skills use that are linked with interventions in children of different ages. As an instructor, I would use the autism social skills profile in the classroom because I have found it effective in assessing the social functioning of children. It would thus be helpful in understanding the capacities of the learners, which would help me meet all their needs.
Incident Teaching
Incidental teaching is a model of teaching where the instructor takes advantage of incidents that happen naturally to provide the student with a learning opportunity. An example would be a teacher using characters in a book or a video game to pass across a message that is relevant in class. Incidental learning is based on the notion that learners, including those with autism spectrum disorders tend to be more willing to learn if learning is based on issues that interest them. Although incidental learning was first developed particularly for learners with autism, research has shown that all children learn better when their everyday lives and interest are factored into lessons (Rosenberg, Artman-Meeker, Kelly, & Yang, 2020). Incidental teaching tends to improve communication skills in learners. Incidental teaching uses six steps to boost a child’s communication skill. The first step is to set up an exciting environment for the learner. Step two has to do with giving the child restricted access to an interesting object. In the third step, the teachers wait for the child to make a gesture or ask for it. In step four, the teacher prompts the child to describe the item in detail. In essence, the child should elaborate on the item. They can mention color or shape. In stage five, one waits for the child to respond before rewarding him with the object in the final step. Other uses of incidental teaching include helping children start conversations and skills transfer from one situation to the next. Noteworthy, according to high-quality research, incidental teaching has positive effects on the behaviour of children with autism spectrum disorders. I would use incidental teaching as a teaching intervention in the classroom as it has rewarding results for children. In addition to boosting language skills, it boosts courage and communication skills.
References
Rosenberg, N. E., Artman-Meeker, K., Kelly, E., & Yang, X. (2020). The effects of a bug-in-ear coaching package on implementation of incidental teaching by paraprofessionals in a K-12 school. Journal of Behavioral Education, 29(2), 409-432.
Strofylla, G., Charitou, S., Asonitou, K., & Koutsouki, D. (2021). Profile of Social Skills in Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Advances in Physical Education, 11(2), 195-206.
A company is required to have a new product development policy because according to
Section A
Question 1
A company is required to have a new product development policy because according to Nicholas & Perks (2011), new product development is crucial in the process of introducing new products into the market or improving an existing product through modification with an aim of meeting seasonal customers’ requirements in the market. Many organizations engage in different activities with an aim of satisfying the needs and wants of customers. In addition, these activities and strategies also assist business growth, development, success, and survival in the business against rival competitors in the market. New product development is one of the major activities that businesses engage in with an aim of satisfying customer needs and beat competition in the market.
New product development is required for every company because it is considered a driving force for most organizations and as a result a vital process in the organic growth of an organization (Owens, 2001). Through New Product Development, organizations are able to keep pace with the changing consumer needs, increased competition, technological advancements, while also engaging in risk diversification, all of which contribute to increase in company and brand reputation thus resulting to the success and survival of the business. Bearing in mind that NPD is of great importance in the organizations, it is therefore imperative for businesses to adopt new product development policy within the organization. Adopting new product development policy is important for business organizations due to the fact that lack of it results into new product development failures in the organization. According to Owens (2001), business organizations that approach the process of NPD in a structured and strategic manner have more chances of success compared to those with ad-hoc approaches. By adoption and following a well-developed and plan set of policies, milestones, and procedures business organization are able to avoid some of the most common challenges and pitfalls which results in the failure of New Product Development. Some of the challenges and pitfalls avoided that could lead to NPD failures include, overestimation of the market size, misinterpretation of customer requirements, poor product design, poor marketing and advertising, and mismatch of target customer requirements. Bearing this in mind, it is therefore imperative for business organizations to adopt new product development policy if indeed they wish to avoid the various pitfalls and challenges that result to NPD failures.
Question 2
Marketing plays a critical role in ensuring the sales of new products in the market (Ernst et al., 2010). Within the business organization, the marketing department is charged with the responsibility of introducing new products to the consumers in the market, thus, creating strategic messages to increase appeal and sales. In regard to this, the marketing department role therefore is to measure the consumer’s response and feedback about an organizational product. Through its marketing teams, the marketing department is able to achieve this role by advertising these new products to the market, to see what product performs and what product does not perform. Therefore marketers will be able to note the trends in demand of a product in their specified market. In return, this plays an imperative role in the development of new product, since the marketing department team are able to work well with the product developers towards creating products that are primarily based on customer’s demand. It is therefore the role of the marketing department to enable this connection, and to find an effective and efficient strategy to communicate the response that comes from the customers to the team involved in product development (Griffin & Hauser, 1992). This input is what influences how the team involved in product development, designs and approaches its new products line. Essentially the product development teams are able to approach and design new products based on the feedback of real market and on analysis of competitors.
Image 1: Product Development Process
As shown in image 1 above, there are six major stages in NPD, which include planning, concept development, system-level design, detail design, testing and refinement, and production ramp-up. However, out of these stages, the marketing department is involves in the research stage on NPD. Here, the marketing department conducts research based on product validation, thus ensuring that the product developers create products that customers will actually pay for (Ernst et al., 2010). By doing this, the marketing department assists product developers avoid wastage of money, effort, and time on a product idea that will not survive in the market. Therefore, the marketing department conducts research on customers and the market whereby they find opportunities and target markets that provide information of how these products or services are perceived.
Question 3
One of the biggest challenges facing numerous organizations for new products marketing research has been on the issues of how to effectively, efficiently, and realistically stimulate and describe a new service or product to a client through image or text description, or through prototyping or expensive test market. However, over the few years, the use of corporate technology expertise has revolutionized this challenge of NPD marketing research via the application augmented reality, visual and 3D printing (Montes, 2016). In NPD, the most exciting use of the 3D printing technology is in inexpensive and rapid prototyping. In many scenarios, customer reactions to descriptions or concepts are not always as reliable as it is when using a prototype. However, the creation and transportation of prototypes is also considered a challenging and prohibitively expensive technique. In regard to this, instead of developing huge prototypes to be transported to the research site or to the market for customer viewing, 3D printers will be used to produce stimuli instead. These 3D printed prototypes will cost fewer expenses while also eliminating shipping. In addition, the use of 3D printing technology will provide customers with a clear and simple description of the product required making the customers insight more readily available even for other projects. In addition, the use of the 3D printing technologies also enables swift iteration of design and research of a product (Montes, 2016). For instance, If Dyson Company marketers identify in early testing that a feature or attribute of their vacuum cleaners product needs to be changed, they will simply send a 3D printing file to the respective research site where a new product prototype will be sent and research will continue without a problem hence leading to the development of a range of successful products in an organization.
Section B
Question 1a
Product innovation is imperative for business prosperity (Cooper, 2019. Thus, companies and industries re-strategize and restructure their operations in order to cope with the changing times, fierce and new competition, and the rapidly developing technologies. In order to achieve this, these companies focus on the drives to new product success. Product superiority is one drive towards the success of new product. This is achieved by delivering products with unique benefits and value to the users. This drive brigs a product advantage in ensuring its success.
Commitment to customers and a strong market orientation is another drive towards the success of a new product, here, companies ensure that they have a customer focused and market driven goal in their new product development (Ciappei & Simoni, 2005) This is imperative and critical in the success and of new products. Therefore, there is need for firms to understand customers’ wants and needs thoroughly, nature of the market and competition situation in order for these new products to succeed.
Upfront homework is another drive towards the success of new products. The various steps used in the development of a product and actual design, that is, market studies, screening, building if business case and assessment of technical feasibility are primary factors that ensures the success of a new product (Cooper, 2019). Apart from upfront homework, multi stage and gate game plan is another drive for the success of a new product. Here, the companies’ re-engineer their product process of innovation, by first launching small products to the market and observe the good and bad concerns about it. Later, the company redesigns the process of innovation based on earlier findings in order to come up with best products.
Another drive towards success of a new product is focus. There is need for these new products to have shaper decision points and evaluation. Majority of firms suffer from lacking resources for their new product project and in most cases they find themselves not having enough money, time or the people to perform well. However, a better focus as a drive ensures these limited resources are well devoted to the project.
Question 1b
Innovation is one of the major drivers of success in Dyson Company. In the world today, innovation is considered as one of the most influential forces of change, especially in the technology industry (Montes, 2016). In one way or another, innovation has largely contributed to the shift in development in the business world. In many organizations, such as Dyson, innovation is known to provide firms with a competitive advantage in case of development of market challenges. As a success driver, innovation has enabled Dyson to become more successful in its industry, which in return has contributed to towards its profitability making Dyson Company more and more stable both in the short and long run. By engaging innovation, Dyson has been able to increase its difference and diversification of goods (Yun, 2017). For instance, over the years, Dyson has been able to engage in the production of different types of home appliances such as heaters, hand dryers, and lights, all thanks to innovation.
Though innovation, Dyson Company has been able to be a positive influence in terms employee retention, quality, and productivity of products. In regard to employees, Dyson Company has been able to retain and employee a huge number of individuals who have also been huge driver of success in Dyson especially due to the fact that they engage in the day to day activities at Dyson which contribute to the overall growth and development on the Company leading to its success in the market. According to Yun (2017) with innovation, Dyson has been able to obtain demarcation to provide the consumers with the satisfaction of the highest level.
Question 2
In the world today, the planet is generally being considered as unsustainable especially due to the current linear economy. As a result of this, the need to push towards a circular economy which results in as sustainable planet has become one of the major aim of every individual and organizations. According to Harper et al. (2019), a circular economy involves a strategic approach towards the development of an economy that is of benefit to the society, business, and the environment. Major organizations today such as Tesla are leading the fore front in their involvement towards a circular economy. For instance, in their effort of guiding towards a circular economy, Tesla’s approach of recycling is one of the major ways of ensuring a sustainable production leading to a sustainable planet. In effort to ensure a circular economy, Tesla in involved in the recycling of its old spent cells, battery packs, and modules. Although Tesla is not striving towards a sustainable planet on its own, it has chosen to work closely with Umicore for the European operations, an environmental conscious recycler to recycle battery leftover products into construction materials (Huang et al., 2018). In so doing, this partnership is able to recycle back battery waste products profitably, while ensuring that the material flows in a circularly loop. In addition, this approach to economic development also results to society and environmental safety.
Up to date, Tesla’s main mission has been to engage in various projects that accelerate the world’s transformation into the use of sustainable energy. In regard to this, Tesla has ventured itself into producing electric vehicles that contribute towards a future of sustainable energy. The electric cars are better in sustaining the environment compared with the gas powered vehicles (Bonsu, 2020). In so doing, this approach has enables Tesla to continue focusing on its business economic development goals while at the same time ensuring the protection of the society and the environment from pollution as a result of excessive carbon emission. With these roles, it is therefore important to note that, Tesla indeed is greatly contributing to the current and future involvement in the circular economy.
Question 2b
Population worldwide is growing thus resulting to negative effects to the environment. In order to ensure there is enough prosperity, water and food, companies should switch from linear economy to circular economy (Calvo-Porral & Lévy-Mangin, 2020). The aim of this circular economy is ensuring safe and healthy living and to also cause less damage to the environment. In circular economy the key focus is recycling of materials to use them once again. Examples of these products include, waste glass, waste papers, electrical devices, plastics and metals, among others exhibit the level of circularity products.
Waste glass can be used again in making new glass. Broken pieces of glass are crushed, and then sorted, cleaned and later prepared for mixing with raw materials such as sand and soda ash (Cámara-Creixell & Scheel-Mayenberger, 2019). These glass pieces and raw materials are later melted in the furnace and finally moulded to making new bottles of different sizes and colours. Waste papers are also reused by mixing of old and used papers with chemicals and water, so as to break them down. They are later heated to form slurry or what is called pulp. The pulp is then cleaned to remove any form of contamination. It is then re-inked, refined, colour stripped and bleached. After this process the cleaned pulp is ready for use.
Electrical devices can be recycled too. For instance, mobile phones, kitchen appliance, televisions and computers can all be reused. Waste electronics are collected and taken to reprocessing plant whereby they get shredded into very small pieces. Once they are shredded, those with very strong magnets produce ferrous metals like steel (Cámara-Creixell & Scheel-Mayenberger, 2019). Waste plastic can be recycled in two main ways. One is mechanical recycling where these plastics are chopped and washed then they are grounded to powder and later melted. Two, is chemical recycling where these plastics are chemically broken down to monomers.
All waste metals finally end at a yard of scrap metals, where these metals get separated with type. The metals are later crushed and then compacted. Later they are melted in the furnace to produce metal sheets. These metals sheets are finally used to produce new products of metal (Calvo-Porral & Lévy-Mangin, 2020). The ability of circularity in these products helps in ensuring safe and healthy living, also they reduce the massive costs involved in production of new products and lastly they cause less damage to the environment because once used, they can be recycled or reused.
References
Bonsu, N. O. (2020). Towards a circular and low-carbon economy: Insights from the
transitioning to electric vehicles and net zero economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, 120659.
Calvo-Porral, C., & Lévy-Mangin, J. P. (2020). The circular economy business model:
Examining consumers’ acceptance of recycled goods. Administrative Sciences, 10(2), 28.
Cámara-Creixell, J., & Scheel-Mayenberger, C. (2019). PetStar PET bottle-to-bottle
recycling system, a zero-waste circular economy business model. In Towards Zero Waste (pp. 191-213). Springer, Cham.
Ciappei, C., & Simoni, C. (2005). Drivers of new product success in the Italian sport
shoe cluster of Montebelluna. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal.
Cooper, R. G. (2019). The drivers of success in new-product development. Industrial
Marketing Management, 76, 36-47.
Ernst, H., Hoyer, W. D., & Rübsaamen, C. (2010). Sales, marketing, and research-and-
development cooperation across new product development stages: implications for success. Journal of Marketing, 74(5), 80-92.
Griffin, A., & Hauser, J. R. (1992). Patterns of communication among marketing,
engineering and manufacturing—A comparison between two new product teams. Management science, 38(3), 360-373.
Harper, G., Sommerville, R., Kendrick, E., Driscoll, L., Slater, P., Stolkin, R., … &
Anderson, P. (2019). Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Nature, 575(7781), 75-86.
Huang, B., Pan, Z., Su, X., & An, L. (2018). Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Recent
advances and perspectives. Journal of Power Sources, 399, 274-286.
Montes, J. O. (2016, November). Impacts of 3D printing on the development of new
business models. In 2016 IEEE European Technology and Engineering Management Summit (E-TEMS) (pp. 1-9). IEEE.
Nicholas, J., Ledwith, A., & Perks, H. (2011). New product development best practice in
SME and large organisations: theory vs practice. European Journal of Innovation Management.
Owens, J. (2001). The importance of a structured new product development (NPD)
process: a methodology.
Yun, J. J. (2017). Customer Open Innovation-Based Business Model Developing Circle.
In Business Model Design Compass (pp. 163-177). Springer, Singapore.