Recent orders

4(1)

1-23

the information disclosed in the case study shows some of the qualities of an effective manager that were demonstrated by Kay from the initiation to the final stages of implementation of her project. Some of the essential management qualities demonstrated by Kay were ability to identify areas of improvement or problem areas

self confidence

the opinions of the lower-level staff count as much as the opinions of the top managers in decision-making. This approach is based on the notion that changes can be more effectively implemented where lower-level staff are allowed and encouraged to use their job-knowledge and experience in facilitating change (Madura

2006). Kay adopted the top-down approach by failing to incorporate the opinions of workers in the process of introducing and installing the new equipment. A more successful approach that Kay would have adopted is one that includes both the top-down and bottom-up approaches. By adopting the combined approach