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Individuals are faced with making decisions on a daily basis.
Individuals are faced with making decisions on a daily basis. Some of these decisions have various outcomes. Across individuals, there is variation in the quality of decision-making; such that, some individuals make better decisions than others. An important characteristic of decision-making, is that, in situations of uncertainty, individuals predict the likelihood of a particular outcome (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973).
Decision-making under uncertainty is affected by three factors. These are (1) prior knowledge, (2) information about the subject, object, and person, and (3) expected accuracy of prediction. Specifically, decision-making under uncertainty involves information about what we already know, information about the specific person, object, and how confident one is about their prediction. Altogether, these factors impact how one makes decisions on the daily.
Previous research has show that when individuals are making predictions about uncertain outcomes, there is a greater emphasis placed on previous knowledge (Johnson, 1987). That is, when an individual is uncertain about the outcome of a decision, they are more likely to rely on previous information and heuristics. For example, if an individual is uncertain about whether their team is going to win or lose in the upcoming game, the individual is more likely to rely on previous performances to make their predictions (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973).
Individualized Education Program for Dyslexic Student
Individualized Education Program for Dyslexic Student
Name
Institution
Date
Individualized Education Program for Dyslexic Student
I chose the first video featuring Alex as the student who was a dyslexic child. Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by difficulty to identify learning as well as speech sounds and how they are related to the words and letters. The reading disability affects the part of the brain that is associated with language (Sandman-Hurley, 2013). In order for the educator and the parents to help Alex become better, an Individualized Education Program was held by educators, parents and other relevant stakeholders. From the IEP meeting, Alex the student has several strengths including how she is an obedient and hardworking student who is often ready to help other people. Her challenge includes the fact that she is a shy student and in dealing with this the math teacher created a smaller group for her and thus she can be able to work with them. She is good at math and enjoys doing math related subjects. He is also dyslexic and needs help with reading at times so that he may have a better understanding. Because of his shyness he does not love to work with the groups.
The IEP meeting was parent friendly as the teachers gave the parents an opportunity to talk. It was an engaging conversation. The teachers were also mindful of what they said and how they said it. Even while giving the weaknesses that Alex has they were able to put in a way that made the comets seem that they are out of love and concern that they have for Alex as they would want the best for her. The team composed all the members require in order for the IEP meeting to be successful. The members present in the meeting were Alex, the student, Joe who is Alex’s father, Lia who is the students mother, Mrs. Parker the ATP who was chairing the meeting, Dry Sanchez the school psychologist, Mr. Ivan who was the note taker in the meeting. Mr. Brooks, a teacher, Miss Emily who is Alex’s English teacher, Mrs. Sarah who is Alex’s math teacher. The room used was also not a class setting and was friendly. I did notice however there was no representative from the district. The district representative plays a very important role especially when it comes to placement of the student which includes ant classroom or building changes that may be suggested (Ruppar, 2011). The district representative is also important in approving services that may be seen as beyond the normal protocol. Aside from the representative, all the other members needed in an IEP meeting were present.
Meting protocol was followed, Mrs. Parker who was the one chairing the meeting first introduced herself then later everyone introduced themselves. The agenda being discussed had already been printed out in the paper prior to the meeting. She then went ahead to specify the agenda for the meeting which would involve creating a plan that would help Alex to study better as she was dyslexic. She gave an opportunity first to the parents to state what they thought of their daughter ad later the teacher gave their comments on the strengths and weaknesses that Alex have including her favorite subject to her least favorite subject. The protocols were followed and all the papers signed. Every member who had attended the meeting had to sign the document before leaving affirming that all had been discussed and recommendation on bow to help Alex had been made (Zeitlin, 2014). There was need for follow up especially on the recommendations that were made including encouraging reading at home with the help of the parents.
A child’s history is important in helping the child become better and also helps the educators have a better understanding on how they would handle. In Alex’s case, one important information would be how the child behaves while at home be it her social life or how she handles academic. For example, information from the parents on whether the child is shy also around the friends at home. This will help the educators understand if it is the school setting that makes him shy or does the discrimination from the other students tend to make him shy and afraid of interacting with other students. Another important history would be the psychologist or medical practitioners he may have seen and what they had to say about the child. This will help the educators have a better understanding of your child’s need thus creating a perfect way to help the student improve and build on his weaknesses to become strengths. The child’s needs were put in front instead of their needs. The discussion that the educators had was to identify what ways the teacher would help the students. They did not bring up matter such as student placement. The meeting clearly indicates that Alex’s education needs were outlined first and very clearly.
A child with special needs such as dyslexic home environment is important. She needs to feel the love and support from the parents that they are ready to help her out. If a child is constantly being condemned and being made to feel that all mistakes were her fault, she may develop a hate towards herself and may eventually not work on her weaknesses. However, a child who constantly receives love and care from home is most likely to become a better student. IT is therefore important to understand the environment she leaves in by asking questions that will help the educators know her life. By understanding the background as well as the environment the evaluation will help describe the student’s needs, their current performance as well as behaviors and services or techniques that may have been employed in the past that has seen her improve.
As an educator dealing with a dyslexic child, exercising patience is important. Including Alex into the school environment will help her become better by helping her to be more outgoing and free with the other students. One strategy that may be put in place that may help Alex is employing memory aid as it has been proved there exist certain tricks that may help a child remember a word. A rhyme often referred to as mnemonics can be used so a child may associate something to the word that they are learning. Multisensory learning may be employed for Alex where senses are used such as sight and hearing in order to help the student. Use of multisensory learning has been found to help learners remember what they have been taught and it is an approach that can be used on all the students. Educational games are also an important strategy that can help Alex out. With technology, there are educational apps that have been created that will help dyslexic patients improve their learning (Bjorklund, 2011). Educators have often pointed out that dyslexic children are just as much as likely to become successful like other students if the educators implement strategies and program that makes it easier for them to learn.
References
Björklund, M. (2011). Dyslexic students: Success factors for support in a learning environment. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 37(5), 423-429.
Ruppar, A. L., & Gaffney, J. S. (2011). Individualized education program team decisions: A preliminary study of conversations, negotiations, and power. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 36(1-2), 11-22.
Sandman-Hurley, Kelli. (2013). “Of dyslexia.” TED-Ed Lessons Worth Sharing.
Zeitlin, V. M., & Curcic, S. (2014). Parental voices on individualized education programs:‘Oh, IEP meeting tomorrow? Rum tonight!’. Disability & Society, 29(3), 373-387.
Florida State Representative
Florida State Representative
Date …………
Name ………..
Address ………..
City, State, Zip code ……..
E-mail …….
Phone Number ……….
The Honorable ………..
House of Representatives
Office Address of Representative
Dear Representative ………..,
Am very fortunate to live in a country full of heritage as well as a country with the largest potential for economic growth. I am a resident of the state of Florida where I have been much interested in the minimum wage of the employees. The primary aim of each state is to reduce the rate of dependency and to increase their economic growth and therefore to achieve this; they have to reduce poverty levels by increasing the minimum wage per hour from 8.25 dollars to about 11 dollars. Am happy to share this platform with you so that my plea will make it to the Congress and get to be addressed.
Research has shown that the countries with a higher minimum wage per hour have less number of people living below the poverty line and that most of the residents are in the middle class (Dabla-Norris et al.). The reason is that they are able to have the minimum salary that is required to maintain them in their daily lives and can, therefore, afford to save a few coins, and thus, doesn’t have to rely on well-wishers or the government to foot their bills. Most of the states in the US have increased their minimum wage, and their economy has been doing fine with the example of Washington with the minimum wage of 11.50 dollars. The main reason as to the request is that the wage rate may keep the pace set by inflation as the past increment has been much lower.
The inflation rate in the state of Florida has for a long time increased with various margins, and this has made the earnings of the employees to be very little compared to the rate of inflation (Brigham et al.). With an increased rate of inflation that is evident in each and every fiscal year, the monetary value of the manufactured products and services especially the essential products have as well increased in prices as the cost of production has risen over the past.
To make it possible for the residents of the Florida state be able to have a higher purchasing power, the federal government and more specifically the local government in the state of Florida should increase the minimum wage per hour above the current rate in accordance to the inflation rate. Raising the minimum wage rate implies that the employees and the general population in the state of Florida will have a higher disposable income that they will use to fulfill their basic needs.
The number of dependency in the state, considering the aged, disabled, the poor as well as the homeless are high, and this makes the governments burden much more cumbersome (Ruggles). The bill regarding the increment of the minimum wage will help in the reduction of the welfare program that is carried out by the government to the people enlisted to benefit from the program. A higher minimum wage will enable the large population of the employees being able to secure a sufficient salary that will allow them to run their daily lives comfortably while at the same time being able to save some amount.
With the larger number of the employees being able to save some money, they will be able to cater for their families as they are capable of providing for their needs leaving a small proportion of people in the welfare program and thus reducing the burden on the side of the government. The increased minimum wage will enable a significant number of people who are homeless to seek for mortgages as they will be able to repay them in time as they are receiving a good amount of salary and therefore the number of homeless individuals will reduce, reducing the number of street families and consequently reduced crime rate (O’connor).
The local government has been struggling with the economy, and this has dramatically affected the investments as well as infrastructural development in the state. Slowed economic growth has been witnessed due to various reasons such as the government having less money to inject into the business sector, and this has affected the local trade in the region. With less infrastructural development in a nation, the State’s interior will not be opened to the rest of the country, and therefore, the transportation of goods, as well as raw materials and ready products to the markets, will be difficult proving hard for the businesses to thrive.
For the government to improve the economy and infrastructure, a higher minimum wage should be implemented (Stiglitz). The reason is that a huge amount of money will be disposed to the citizens and the government will be able to collect a large amount of revenue through taxes. The high amount of revenue will help the government in improving the quality of services that are offered as well as the infrastructure. With a large amount of money at the citizens’ disposal, the economy is deemed to grow as everyone is able to buy the goods and services that they need in their daily lives and as well enables them to invest in income-generating projects rising the country’s gross domestic product.
I, therefore, do ask for your support in pushing for the bill regarding the increment of the minimum wage per hour from 8.25 dollars to about 11 dollars. In supporting the bill, a large number of employees in the state of Florida will benefit and will be able to reduce the rate of dependency through poverty elimination and finally increase our country’s gross domestic product. I believe that your support on this bill will have a massive impact on the lives of the Florida residents
Sincere
(Signature) …….
Name ……….
Work Cited
Brigham, Eugene F., et al. Financial Managment: Theory and Practice, Canadian Edition. Nelson Education, 2016.
Dabla-Norris, Ms Era, et al. Causes and consequences of income inequality: a global perspective. International Monetary Fund, 2015.O’connor, James. The fiscal crisis of the state. Routledge, 2017.
Ruggles, Patricia. “Short-and Long-Term Poverty in the United States: Measuring the American “Underclass”.” Economic Inequality and Poverty: International Perspectives. Routledge, 2017. 171-206.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. “How to restore equitable and sustainable economic growth in the United States.” American Economic Review 106.5 (2016): 43-47.
