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effects of evolution
Biology help
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What is a species?
Species is among the basic taxonomical ranks and classification units in biology. Species is the largest group of organisms that is able to interbreed freely in nature and produce fertile offspring. It is a subgenus or division on a genus made up individuals that are related (Darwin & Quammen, 2008). Individuals in a particular species usually have same qualities or characteristics that are distinct from others in a different species. Individuals in a particular species can not breed with those from another species. A species is therefore considered to be the largest gene pool possible within the natural conditions.
What do genes have to do with evolution?
A gene is not only a single DNA unit but it is a replica of a particular type of DNA that is found all over the world. Evolution in organisms is as a result of a differential survival of genes that are competing leading to an increase in the frequency of alleles that have a phenotypic effect that promotes their own propagation successfully. Genetic variations lead to the basic evolutionary changes that are observed (Darwin & Quammen, 2008). Genetic variations are as a result of three primary factors. The first factor is mutations which cause changes on the DNA and when these changes accumulate they lead to an evolutionary change. The second factor is gene flow which is the movement of genes from a single population to another leading to genetic variations. The third factor is sex whereby it induces a new genetic combination in a population. This genetic shuffling brings about genetic variation leading to evolution.
How does natural selection work?
Natural selection involves the process through which life forms having traits which enable them to different pressures in the environment such as climate change, predators, and competition. These life forms end up surviving and reproducing in great numbers compared to similar species hence ensuring that these favorable traits are carried to the next generation (Freedman, 2006). Natural selection is a major contributor to evolution. Natural selection works when there is an existing variation in traits within a species. This is followed by a differential reproduction whereby the environment is unable to support the unlimited growth in population hence not all the individuals are capable of reproducing to their maximum potential. This leads to heredity whereby only individuals with a desired genetic basis survive (Freedman, 2006). The trait that is more advantageous becomes more common. If this process continues, all the individuals within the population will bear this desirable characteristic.
How can the evolution of one species affect the evolution of another?
There is no single species that exists in a vacuum and hence different forms of life freely interact in the physical environment. Therefore, the evolution of a species ends up influencing that of another species which it coexists (Darwin & Quammen, 2008). This is caused by a change in the natural selection pressures faced by these species. This leads to a co-evolution if the species have ecological relationships such as predator/prey, mutualistic and competitive species.
Does evolution stop once a species has become a species?
Evolution does not stop when a species becomes a species. Populations of living organisms continuously go through evolution, though the speed and degree of the process differs from group to group. Those populations that undergo major environmental changes evolve more quickly compared to those within stable conditions. There are also continuous variations in populations caused by mutation, random fertilization and crossing over. Selection can be stabilizing in stable environments but alleles still change. Evolution and speciation go hand in hand (Freedman, 2006).
References
Darwin, C., & Quammen, D. (2008). On the origin of species (Illustrated ed.). New York: Sterling.
Freedman, D. (2006). Natural selection. New York: Hyperion.
Effects of Dumping Plastics in the Sea On Aquatic Life
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Effects of Dumping Plastics in the Sea On Aquatic Life
Animals need to be treated similar to humans. Watching the video on how sea turtles get treated, one gets a very different picture how pollution is affecting the aquatic life. Pollution is majorly done by humans especially through disposing plastics everywhere. The video explores ethos pathos and logos to appeal to the audience how harmful it is to dump plastics in the sea. The video on sea turtles in the ocean is effective on using ethos, pathos and logos to convince the viewers that a lot has to be done on water pollution since it ends up affecting animals in the sea to an extent the sea turtle can’t breathe.
First, the key audience is the humans who use plastics and dump them in the ea. Plastics are not biodegradable thus the best way to get rid of them is to burn them in a safe environment and not disposing such wastes in the ocean and lakes. The key subject is on effects of pollution and the argument is that dumping wastes in the ocean affects the living organisms. The author is correct since many animals and plants in the sea die daily because of the effects that water pollutants have on them. The video explores how hard it was for the turtle to breath because of human negligence. This video shows you to be more open minded and helps you realize that sea turtles are extinct. Us human are the ones who caused this to happen. If we don’t change how we treat the environment, more mammals will soon become extinct as well. There are so many things that the video can tell besides the effects of pollutions.
It is a short video but it has ethos in it. First, it is ethical for the humans to help the turtle breath again. Despite there being those polluting the environments, there are the good humans who would not want to see animals die. The video was taken to convince us humans that a lot has to be done on pollution. Further, the author and editors of the video are ethical enough to write to the viewer what is happening showing how crucial pollution is.
Pathological appeal is also all over in the video. Perhaps, the author took the video to force everyone see the facial expressions on the turtle’s face. The turtle expresses pain just like a human being would, which is so sad. Who would want to watch his or her pet drown in such pain because of human negligence? Human beings want a safe breathing environment but cannot provide one to the sea animals. The straw nearly killed the turtle since it was defeated to breath.
Also, there is a logical appeal in the subtitles/ writings provided in the video. It is logic to get a sample of something before treatment. That is what the ‘life savers’ did to the turtle. They did sample out the thin (straw) to determine what it is before going ahead and removing the whole of it. Works Cited
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=6&v=vJmi_gwziy4Kühn, Susanne, Elisa L. Bravo Rebolledo, and Jan A. van Franeker. “Deleterious effects of litter on marine life.” Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer, Cham, 2015. 75-116.
Five Forces Model of Competition
Five Forces Model of Competition
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Five Forces Model of Competition
Introduction
The influence of Porter’s five forces differs by industry. Whatever the industry, the five forces affect the profitability as they influence the costs, the prices, and capital investment necessary for survival as well as competition in the relevant industry (Hill, 2008). The five forces model assists in strategic decision making processes as it is utilized by the managers to establish the competitive structure of the industry (Borge, 2005).
(Fred, 2007).
Porter’s Five Forces in Wal-Mart
A brief illustration using Wal-Mart’s in the consumer retail industry in relation to the relevant industry forces.
Potential Rivals: Medium pressure
Other grocers may potentially penetrate the retail industry.
Entry barriers may be relatively high, since Wal-Mart has an exceptional distribution system, brand name, strategic locations, as well as financial capital to dissuade rivals.
Wal-Mart regularly has a supreme cost advantage over rivals.
Rivalry amongst Established Companies: Medium Pressure
At the moment, there are three major incumbent firms in the market. These are Sears, Target, and K-Mart .Target is regarded as the most influential among the three in regard to retail.
Target may have experienced remarkable growth in the domestic market and has effectively defined its niche.
Buyers Bargaining Power: Low pressure
Individual buyer’s bear little pressure.
Consumer activist groups have criticized pricing techniques used at Wal-Mart.
The consumer may shop at a rival who grants comparable goods at comparable prices, although the convenience would be lost.
Suppliers Bargaining Power: Low to Medium pressure
Wal-Mart holds a huge portion of the market share, and it offers huge business to wholesalers and manufacturers. This presents Wal-Mart with much influence since if Wal-Mart threatens to switch suppliers, this may create a scare tactics to suppliers.
Wal-Mart has the ability to integrate vertically.
Substitute Products: Low pressure
The substitutes that grant low pricing and convenience are few.
Online shopping presents another alternative since it is different and the customer may gain price advantage for the company may not necessarily have a physical store, thus passing savings to consumers.
Complementors: Low pressure
Sam’s Wholesale Clubs is a Wal-Mart complementor in that it complements Wal-Mart through offering similar goods in wholesale, thus making the Wal-Mart increasingly profitable.
Suppliers require innovative products to draw customers.
Porter’s Five Forces in GreenTree Cooperative Grocery Mt. Pleasant, MI
The GreenTree Cooperative endeavors to provide earth-friendly, healthy food that complies with high quality standards. It also provides education and information to the greater society, which facilitates customers in making informed choices concerning their health and their influence on the larger environment.
Potential Rivals: High Pressure
Other grocers can easily infiltrate the food retail industry.
Entry barriers are relatively low, since GreenTree Cooperative does not have a far-reaching distribution system, an established brand name, or the requisite financial capital to discourage rivals.
Rivalry amongst Established Companies: High Pressure
Presently, there are numerous outlets that are retailing in healthy organic foods
The industry’s life cycle is mature.
Buyers Bargaining Power: Low pressure
Individual buyer’s bear minimal pressure.
Consumer activist groups have supported the consumption of organic foods in recent years.
Suppliers Bargaining Power: Low to Medium pressure
GreenTree Cooperative holds a sizeable portion of the market share in the organic food retail market, and it offers huge business to the wholesalers and growers. This presents GreenTree Cooperative with much influence it has a well established network of suppliers.
Substitute Products: Low pressure
The substitutes in organic foods are few.
GreenTree Cooperative also has a online shopping platform that presents another advantage over rivals
Complementors: Low pressure
Food co-ops are complements to GreenTree Cooperative since they also offer similar products at comparable prices, thus making the GreenTree Cooperative increasingly profitable.
Porter’s Five Forces in Ric’s Food Center Mt. Pleasant, MI
Ric’s Food Center are traditional full-service grocery stores. Ric’s Food Center is committed to providing quality products, value and a sociable service-oriented experience in shopping.
Potential Rivals: High Pressure
Other grocers may easily penetrate the food retail industry.
Entry barriers are relatively low, since Ric’s Food Center does not have a far-reaching distribution system, an established brand name, or the requisite financial capital to discourage rivals.
Rivalry amongst Established Companies: High Pressure
Presently, there are numerous outlets that are retailing in food products.
The industry’s life cycle is mature.
Buyers Bargaining Power: Low pressure
Individual buyer’s bear minimal pressure.
Suppliers Bargaining Power: Low to Medium pressure
Ric’s Food Center holds a sizeable portion of the market share in the neighborhoods it operates in. This presents Ric’s Food Center with much influence it has a well established network of local suppliers.
Substitute Products: High Pressure
The substitutes in food products are numerous.
Online shopping presents another alternative to customers, since it is different and the customer may gain a price advantage. This is because the company may not necessarily have a physical store, thus passing savings to consumers.
Complementors: High Pressure
There are no complementors to Ric’s Food Center since the company operates as a family business.
References
Borge, H. (2005). The Manuscript of Risks. New York: Wiley.
Fred, D. (2007). Strategic Management: Cases & Concepts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton U.P.
Hill, W. (2008). International Business: Competition in the Global Marketplace. New York: McGraw-Hill.