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Effects of Cyberbullying Among Adolescents
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Effects of Cyberbullying Among Adolescents
Cyberbullying is bullying that occurs across digital devices, among them tablets, cell phones, and computers and involves posting, sending and sharing mean, false and harmful information about someone else. While these devices have been said to have more benefits especially in flexibility, the effects of their usage among teens are not only disturbing but horrifying especially since in most cases it has been repeated. The discussion below focuses on the effects of cyberbullying among teens among the losing self-esteem, depression, social anxiety and hopelessness that leads to suicide, despite it being a new form of harassment and bullying.
Firstly, the main effect of cyberbullying is suicide. Recent studies have shown the increase in suicide cases on victims of cyberbullying, this results from the humiliation experienced where people make fun of someone’s defects that the victims are in no control over. While the commonly known bullying only takes place in a school cyberbullying have a large web audience and as its commonly known the internet does not forget. According to some scholar’s claims have been made that cyberbullying itself does not lead to suicide but the victims themselves are at a high risk of committing because of the effects associated with it among them social anxiety and depression where if they are left untreated result is a suicide, (Rueb).
Secondly, cyberbullying has been said to cause emotional and physical effects including anxiety in teens. While the victims of this behavior may not be affected physically, they translate the emotional effects in their social lives for years to come, this has been to lead to trust issues with their partners and family and some cases have been said to result to substance abuse to compensate for the deficiencies they feel. In addition, this type of bullying results in the victim’s esteem and confidence reducing and stigma (Kraft). Additionally, physical ailments have also been experienced among them headaches and can also affect the teens sleeping patterns that may lead to insomnia and eating disorder especially if a teen’s weight was the target for the harassment.
Lastly, cyberbullying has resulted in extreme violent measures. Recently, there has been an alarming increase in the gun shooting that has been witnessed in schools resulting in panic, death, and anxiety, unfortunately, most of the shooting perpetrators have been reported to have experienced bullying at their younger age, (Talpur). This type of violence stems from the use of substance abuse to fill up the inadequacies of the victims’ experience resulting in such extreme measures that continue to drag our society back. Finally, while these victims are affected in these massive ways few of them end up missing or dropping out of schools and end up joining gangs that only continue being a menace to the society leading to increased crime rates.
In conclusion, cyberbullying is a massive issue that if not handled can lead to many effects since the technology advances every day and it is up to everyone to address these issues before they become a problem that cannot be controlled. The long-term effects of cyberbullying especially suicide have been the cause of attention to the legislation that have been enacted to try to deal with this type of harassment among them people are suspended from using the social media platforms when suspicion of such harassment are noticed, helplines to report these behaviors have been pit to place. However, while legislation is useful in ensuring this harassment becomes a problem of the past it is up to individuals to realize that the use of these platforms comes with a responsibility that should be exercised at an individual level especially the teens since its usually the root of these issues.
Works Cited
Kraft, E. Cyberbullying: A Worldwide Trend Of Misusing Technology To Harass Others. 2006, pp. 1-12, https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/IS06/IS06016FU1.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2020.
Rueb, Emily S. “Times Topics”. Nytimes.Com, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/cyberbullying. Accessed 16 Feb 2020.
Talpur, Mir Ali Raza. “Effects Of Cyber Bullying On Teenagers: A Short Review Of Literature”. Open Access Journal Of Addiction And Psychology, vol 1, no. 3, 2018. Iris Publishers LLC, doi:10.33552/oajap.2018.01.000511.
Fiscal Policy
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Fiscal Policy
Introduction
Fiscal policy entails controlling government spending and tax regime by a central government. In the US, fiscal policy is principally implemented at the federal level via acts of Congress as well as presidential actions. In the government sector, there are three optional tools in the employment of fiscal policy. These tools are government procurement, transfer payments, and taxation. The fiscal policy is founded on the assumption that aggregate expenditures, particularly business investment, are the key sources of business-cycle volatility. The objective of fiscal policy is to influence aggregate expenditures, and consequently the macro-economy, directly through government procurement or indirectly through taxation and transfer payments.
HOW THE CURRENT ECONOMY IS DOING AND CURRENT GDP GROWTH
In regard to the U.S. fiscal policy, the sluggish pace of economic recovery and fragile job creation, in spite of the broad margin of surplus capacity, argues for sustaining supportive fiscal and monetary policies in the near term. In reality, the expansionary fiscal policy played a vital role in forestalling a deeper recession. In reference to IMF analysis, the fiscal measures contribution to GDP growth was approximately 2% points in 2009 and an additional one percentage point in 2010. In the same period, the public held federal debt rose from approximately 36% of GDP in 2007 to approximately 62% of GDP in 2010. In the absence of remedial measures, and considering fundamental fiscal pressures predating the predicament, debt might reach approximately 95% of GDP by 2020. In the absence of policy adjustments, consequently the debt would continue rising. It is in this perspective that, the necessity for urgent measures to secure fiscal sustainability appear to be patently obvious (Romina, The Heritage Foundation 19/01/12).
Current State of Inflation in the US Economy. The reactions Federal Reserve System in response to the latest credit crisis have caused the creation of surplus reserves that are held by banks. If allowed to run free in the economy too fast, the excess reserves would certainly activate an extended interlude of fast rising prices. A significant new approach recently offered to the Federal Reserve System by Congress, is the capability to pay interest on the new surplus reserves. Hypothetically, this new tool ought to be adequate to facilitate the Federal Reserve System to restrain inflation, particularly when implemented used together with other supportive tools such as increasing the Federal funds rate. For that reason, the primary basis of risk is that theory may backfire in practice, but there are no signs currently to indicate that the hypothesis is illogical. The outstanding risk is that the Federal Reserve System may underestimate the situation and linger too long to squeeze monetary conditions. Receding monetary accommodation to circumvent inflation, whilst permitting the recovery to progress rapidly is always a complex exercise. A viewpoint that appears to be extensively held is that persistent economic weakness presents sustained inconsistency to inflationary pressure. Even in the perspective that an under-performing economy and a high unemployment rate present a level of indemnity against inflation over duration of time, that duration is not indefinite (Robert, S. EPI, 05/12/11).
Job Creation in the Economy. Unemployment continues at 9.5%. Approximately 45.5% of the unemployed human resources have been jobless for in excess of six months. There are 25.8 million human resources who are either underemployed or unemployed. The labor force is essentially lesser than at the beginning of the recession. This is another indicator of an underperforming economy. With a shortfall of 10.6 million jobs, an unemployment rate of 9.5%, and the private sector still unable to grant a robust upturn, Congressional failure to act in enacting appropriate policies that sustain job creation as well as economic growth, together with renewing comprehensive unemployment insurance and offering fiscal reprieve to the states, is unwarrantable (Alex Adrianson, NYT, 9/16/10).
Appropriate Fiscal Policies for the US Economy. Development of fiscal policy is a complex process. The US economy has experienced a squall of lowering rates and rising rates, market hurdles, increases and decreases in taxation. I would ponder as to where can we find the appropriate balance. Candidly, I do not believe there ought to be a balance. However, even if a balance was found, I believe that the economy would assume its course and unhinge the balance. In my opinion, the expenditure of the government from budget is the basis of the ripple effect that results in rising taxation, the rising debt, and influences each economic indicator. Increased taxation in my opinion, would affect the entire economy, particularly GDP.
Despite a fragile economy, the Obama Administration continues to enlarge the regulatory burden. From the inauguration of the Obama Administration 75 new key regulations, with costs in excess of $38 billion, have been implemented. Whilst Obama acknowledges the necessity restrain regulation, the steps that the administration has taken have significantly backfired. The administration must take significant and real measures to restrain it. Simultaneously, Congress ought to establish critical institutions and mechanisms to guarantee that gratuitous and excessively expensive regulations are not forced on the economy.
In my opinion, the government ought to spend more on Unemployment Insurance benefit. This would provide a very constructive way to infuse money into the economy. This is because; the injected money would be spent instantaneously by long-term unemployed, cash-strapped workers. This spending would consequently create demand for services and goods. It is essential to note that goods and services are generated by workers, and hence this would generate additional jobs.
In my opinion, the expansionary fiscal policy is the most appropriate tool for the ailing economy, particularly in regard to job creation. The proponents on either side of the current debate may make strong arguments in relation to whether a particular policy would generate or wipe out jobs. It is essential to note that, only those policies that enhance the general demand for services and goods in the economy will radically lower the rates of unemployment.
CONCLUSIONIt is essential to note that the government spending cannot stimulate economic growth nor can it stimulate job creation. The money that the government would redistribute in its fiscal stimulus must in the first place originate from somewhere. Whether the government stimulus embodies current or the future taxes, the consequences would be the same. By drawing finances from the private sector in order to provide the same to preferred industries, the government diminishes long-term production as limited resources are relocated to less productive firms and sectors. Policymakers should institute the set of measures presented in this paper, and subsequently pursue supplementary reforms including restructuring of Medicare.
Works Cited
Alex Adrianson. “Spending Cuts Are Good For the Economy”, The New York Times, 16 Sept 2010. Web. 02 Feb. 2012.
Robert, S. “Inflation: Whose Fault Anyway”, Economic Policy Institute, 05, Dec 2011. Web. 02 Feb 2012.
Romina Boccia. ‘New Stimulus Plan Same as the Old: Spend, Spend, Spend’, The Heritage Foundation, 19 Jan 2012. Web. 02 Feb. 2012.
Income Inequality in United States
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Income Inequality in United States
Inequality refers to the unfair distribution of resources within a community, and this can be such that some groups in society receives more opportunities than the others (Pigou). In the United States, the state of inequality is greatly evident even though the American dream still deems to reign in the country. There has been a widening gap between the rich and the poor as well as the young and the old and to which has largely been ignored by the policymakers. The America dream aimed at providing equal opportunities for the people to thrive, but this has just been a dream as there is nothing like an equal opportunity for all. The realization of the American dream, therefore, has just been a scam that only promises better things only to deliver the worst part of it.
Income inequality is one of the biggest issues that face the American nation in the present day (Omi). A large number of people have been separated by the thin lines of poverty while the rest are rich and this triggers the question as to whether the income inequality is that bad. Income inequality has been on the rise at an alarming rate. According to statistics, 400 wealthiest individuals in the United States have more wealth compared to the poorest Americans that rage to around 150 million combined and this imply that the top individuals that contribute to 0.1 percent of the population of the united states are worth more than the rest of the people at the bottom, that is 90 percent (Formisano).
According to Teixeira, “The economic growth has done far much better than any redistributive program could. Focusing on income inequality doesn’t help the poor” (Teixeira, 306). Teixeira argues that capitalism has the ability to promote economic growth and this works due to the provision of incentives whereby the incentives naturally result in income inequality. Despite the rise in income inequality, Teixeira argues that all the members of the society in the American nation are better off with capitalism. And therefore, according to Teixeira, the increase in income inequality doesn’t really matter, and therefore income inequality isn’t that bad.
Teixeira argues that capitalism has played a crucial role in the alleviation of poverty. She says that “Almost two billion people have been pulled out of poverty by capitalism alone” (Teixeira, 306) and this postulates that she is of the idea that a nation is more comfortable with a few wealthy individuals than having an economy whereby everyone has equal opportunities. Teixeira thus argues that “it is the best poverty program that the human mind has ever created” (Teixeira, 306). She thus disputes that capitalism promotes the exploitation of the poor people in a country, but instead it helps in alleviating poverty, as according to her, the problem is poverty and not the income inequality that faces the people in the American nation.
Teixeira argues that “It is the obvious moral imperative to take care of the poor” and as well provide the poor with dignity in the attempt to aid them out of poverty. According to Teixeira, she is of the perspective that only capitalism would have the capability of providing solutions of helping the poor out of poverty, of which the income inequality isn’t able to eliminate the poverty. According to the arguments brought forth by Teixeira, she doesn’t clearly explain how the issue of poverty can be solved without addressing the problem of income inequality.
According to statistics, socio-economic status is a strong predictor of the academic as well as the economic success of a country, and it is for this reason that the poor have been pushed to the edge, being more disadvantaged in the chase of the American dream due to income inequalities (Teixeira, 306). Despite believing in capitalism, to solve the problem of poverty, the imperfect system that focuses only on capitalism needs to be repaired to accommodate also the address to income inequality. Positive capitalism that is aimed at addressing and helping the people out of poverty is highly acknowledged, but despite that, it would be an act of irresponsibility for the failure to address the flaws of income inequality.
The idea that is perpetuated by capitalism is that the rich in the society work harder and this perpetuates inappropriate stereotyping about the poor (Obama, 308). It portrays a picture that the poor in the society are lazy and stupid and due to that, they deserve to be poor. Capitalism makes villains out of the poor, and this portrays a negative image about a people that the American dream argued that all people in the society have an equal opportunity in the realization of their dreams. It is therefore important that people be more vigilant in addressing the issues of poverty in that they should not forsake to address the issue of income inequality with the mere grounds that they have not experienced it by themselves. The reason is that the personal backgrounds of a person influence their perception on how they view things and therefore if a person hasn’t been faced by the issue of income inequality, they should not just ignore it but have to reconsider the other people’s opinions.
The American dream provides for equal opportunities for all, and therefore everybody has a fair chance of attaining college education (Teixeira, 310). Education has the ability to benefit the whole society as it is not a resource that is subject to devaluation as more people are granted access to, and therefore every individual should be granted an equal chance to education no matter their social, economic class. Education is not a privilege but a right, and therefore everybody should have access to college education whether or not they are poor. Providing equal chances in education plays a significant role in reducing the problem of inequality in society and therefore aids in the achievement of the American dream.
Other than income inequality, there are other types of inequalities that define the United States at present times (Formisano). One of them is the wealth inequality that is as a result of unequally distributed wealth. There has been a growing income inequality in the united states that is a reflection of the many trends as well as many of the same cause as the increasing income inequality. There have been challenges that arise in the measurement of wealth inequality in particular and this is because there has not been an accurate way to which the wealth could be tracked just like income is subjected to, the trends in the wealth inequality thus are concentrated among a small number of households.
The American dream set the pace for every citizen in the united states to possess and acquire wealth on the same basis. Therefore, according to the claim by the American dream, every person in the country is entitled to an equal opportunity to acquire wealth. But this has not been the case since, in the United States, wealth is concentrated and acquired to a small number of people who are and have been at some time in the power range of the country implying that they held senior positions in the government or controlled various strong sectors of the American economy (Omi). The wealth inequality, therefore, has been as a result of the disparities that arise in terms of income distribution. Income is the basic building block for wealth and therefore if an individual or a certain household is entitled to a lesser income than the other, it will have an overall impact on to the households as one of them will have much less wealth accumulation than the other.
Wealth inequality as well can be attributed to the spending and nature of saving that a household does possess. Poor saving is a prerequisite to low wealth as it means that a household is overspending and this has the implication that their net wealth will reduce. Better saving skills mean that the household is able to keep something or own something not necessarily on a monetary basis but also as assists. The more the assets, the more wealth an individual or a household is and therefore, the spending habits determine the overall wealth in a household. In the United States, the aspect of wealth inequality is vivid and has been as a result of the above factors that include poor saving behavior as well as the increased spending on unnecessary items that don’t count in the wealth measurement.
Opportunity inequality has as well been evident in the United States, and this has been prevalent across the nation (Pigou). The typical arguments that the rise of inequality is due to the normal economic competition is based on the notion that competition for the unequally distributed rewards encourages the production. But when the inequality becomes so entrenched such that it crosses the generations and as well limits the opportunity, it tends to narrow down the pool of human capital that is capable of competing. With such an example of throttling opportunities, there is significant distress in the economic growth, and this has the impact of prohibiting the potential investors and workers from participating fully in the economic growth as well as on the productivity growth.
Moreover, in case the entrenched interests are able to limit future competition through such as acts such as influencing policymaking processes or as abusing the market power, the dynamism as well as well as the firm’s entry decreases. The presence of the opportunity inequality has an implication to working the wrong way for both efficiency and equity. In the United States, opportunity is one of the factors that can be attributed to causing income and wealth inequality. The main reason is that, with fewer opportunities in a country that has a population of millions, it means that the population is entitled to fewer chances of being employed or even the opportunities of firms introducing themselves into the American market. The lack of ample opportunities leads to more people being left out of being in the payroll, and this leads to most people living below the poverty line while others live slightly above earning just enough to keep them hopeful for the next day.
Income, wealth and opportunity are all related in that one of them lead to the other. Opportunity leads to income and to which in turn contributes to the wealth of a household. Other inequalities such as in the access to education and health opportunities result due to the reduced income among the populations making them unable to access the much needed and basic services. Health and education are significant in the life of a person, but it requires money to fund a person’s education and as well paying for the bills in hospital. With low income and fewer opportunities, there is a high opportunity of deprivation of the services due to the inability to pay.
Inequality in the united states, therefore, has taken a diverse range contributing to other types of inequalities. Wealth inequality leads to the division of the social system splitting the community into classes according to the amount of wealth owned. The achievement of the American dream has been far from reach as the inequalities continue to increase despite the promise by the American dream of better America where everyone is provided with equal opportunity for growth and prosperity.
Work Cited
Barack Obama. The defining challenges of our times. From a speech delivered on December, 2013.
Formisano, Ronald P. Plutocracy in America: How Increasing Inequality Destroys the Middle Class and Exploits the Poor. JHU Press, 2015.
Mimi Teixeira. Is income inequality really is that bad.
Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. Racial formation in the United States. Routledge, 2014.
Our Battered economy. Is the American Dream over?
Pigou, Arthur. The economics of welfare. Routledge, 2017.