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In what sense is the US a nation of immigrants
Comprehensive Responses
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1. In what sense is the US a nation of immigrants? Why has intolerance toward immigrants been a recurring problem in our country? Who should be entitled to privilege of US citizenship and who should be entitled to exercise political power?
The United States is referred to as the nation of immigrants because of the fact that the majority of the nation’s population is not part of the original, native population of the northern part of America. In other words, the US is a nation of immigrants because it remains, and it was a colonized land. America is a land mostly made up of a large number of immigrants. Immigrants started arriving in America since the 1490s, and in what is currently known as the US as early as the 1500s. Immigrants continue to arrive all these centuries later. After a process of displacement, genocide, relative assimilation and pacification of the indigenous people, Dutch, Spanish and French immigrants started instituting and formulating government and public policies that would sanction the exploitation and importation of other minority groups whose labor was essential in the development of the vast American resources (Simon, 1990).
The first laws against immigration where developed and implemented in 1924 which set limits to the number of people from certain countries admitted in the United States. This set the stone rolling for the constant intolerance to immigrants that is still witnessed today. This problem has been recurring because of a number of reasons which range from racial components, intertwined practice or belief deeming that certain populations are outsiders, and thus, undeserving and with no rights in integrating into the US and those who belong. Other arguments against immigrants include impacts on educational systems, social services and labor force in the US. Though many would oppose, any immigrant with legal documents is entitled to the privilege of attaining an American citizenship, and, just as well, those with legal migrant documents should be allowed political power (Simon, 1990). 2. Discuss the following quotation from Martin Luther King, Jr. “Violence is immoral because it thrives on hatred rather than love. Violence is impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all… Violence ends up defeating itself. It creates bitterness in survivors and brutality in the destroyers.” How does this relate to race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender?
According to Martin Luther King, Jr., there are many evils affecting the world, and one of them is violence. To him violence was more of an expression of hatred than of love, and to him, violence was immoral. When violence starts, it spirals around to result to unending destruction for all, and it only defeats itself, creates brutality in its perpetrators and bitterness, in those who survive it. This quote has a lot of meaning in regards to race, sexual orientation, ethnicity and gender. For instance, he argued that racism is a philosophy or concept based on violence and contempt of life. To him, racism is an arrogant assertion that a certain race is the key to value and of devotion, before which other races must worship and submit to. During his time, there was extreme racism towards the African American people in America and other minority groups, who the larger, white population harassed, acted violently towards and contempt (Martin Luther King, Jr., 1958).
The claim that violence only creates bitterness in those affected and brutality in those who perpetuate it applies perfectly in this case. The black people got tired of being harassed and took to the streets to fight for their freedom (Martin Luther King, Jr., 1958). The bitterness had accumulated in them for so long that led them to result to these actions. On the other hand, this only served to increase the brutality the opposing population met them with. Many were killed, injured, and deported to other areas, in addition to being treated inhumanly. The arguments of Luther that violence only leads to more violence are also true in this case. This violence against the blacks and other minorities took a long time to end as violence from one group led to more violence from the other group. The same applies to gender and sexual orientation, as these are immoral acts that result to bitterness, and hatred among the opposing groups. 3. The movie “CRASH” is a composite of almost everything discussed during the course. Identify four issues in the movie that still face individuals and groups today? Provide examples from the movie and apply them to society today.
The movie Crash is an excellent analogy of how the human race deals with people, life and our own experiences. The racial differences and physical characteristics may be seen as two different traits that separate the human race. This is mostly what has kept us separated and wary of each other. That leaves a number of abstract issues that the movie illustrates quite extensively. The first issue is the origins of personal prejudice, the other has to do with how individual experiences drive standing stereotypes and the other has to do with whether it is simpler to perpetuate existing stereotypes because it is possible that the situation will never change. Other issues have to with whether people can battle with the struggles that occur internally in their races and what really prohibits us from eliminating prejudices. These issues are obviously with us today, and the writer of the movie managed to extend the viewing experiences of the audience beyond the film, therefore, forcing individuals to analyze their personal experiences, racial stereotypes and prejudices towards others.
It is possible that many of us believe that racism results from one growing up in a racist home, or growing up surrounded by racist individuals. At first glance, Matt Dillon, a character in the movie, shows characteristics typical of this assumption. He exhibited a close relationship with his father, and it is only later that we come to know why he is so racist. By watching the movie, one can assume that Dillon learned to be racist from his father regarding his negative attitudes towards black people. However, one later discovers that it was Matt, who in combination, with the negative experiences of his father, and his own as a police officer, formed his own illusions and perceptions towards the black population.
Another example of this happened at the start of the film when the Persian family attempted to buy a gun. The clerk in the shop made blatantly racist comments about the customer perceptions. He even made a few comments about the September 11 attacks. To him, it did not seem to matter that these individuals were Persians not Arabs. A recurring theme was that after the attacks, all individuals from the Middle East became possible terrorists, and this is even evident today. It is amazing how individuals have the capability to interpret and understand unpleasant experiences and cast their own racial stereotypes and prejudices on different ethnic populations to mask their frustration and anger.
From the movie, it is possible to understand that certain stereotypes have withstood the test of time, regardless of the level of racial equality America has achieved. The Sandra Bullock character makes a statement about the relations between black and white people arguing that if a white woman turns the other way after seeing two black men walking towards her then she is a racist. Maybe these stereotypes presented in the movie have stayed prevalent among us because there are more than enough individuals perpetuating them. It is the common believe that all young, black men are thugs, drug dealers or criminals. In addition to this, it is the common believe that most of the incarcerated males are black. As a young, black person, it must be extremely challenging to break free of such stereotypes.
References
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1958). Stride towards Freedom. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Simon, J. L. (1990). Policy issues at the 1984 World Population Conferences, in Population Matters: People, Resources, Environment, and Immigration. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
FIRST CRITICAL RESPONSE
FIRST CRITICAL RESPONSE
Student’s name
Department of affiliation
Course
Instructor
Date
First critical response
I agree with you that the children’s protection is essential and of great importance not only to the parents but also to professionals like social workers. This is because social workers have a great duty to utilize their knowledge about the development of the children for the community’s service and help the families to parent the children properly. These social workers’ skills are the ones used to deal with the challenges that arise in society in the four cases examples (Netting et al., 2016). Therefore, upon this, you base your argument that the judiciary should be the last step in dealing with the children, and you give an example of an 8-year-old being questioned in a court of law that does not sound appropriate. I agree with this as well.
I also agree with you that the collaborations between law enforcers and social workers are susceptible to failure. This is because these two groups of people are completely different, and they both have other goals and objectives to achieve. This is because when the social workers see the police’s mistakes by arresting young people, the authority, on the other hand, considers the breaking of the law done by the different young people who are arrested and how this should be brought to justice. Therefore these contrasts making everything go in an unexpected manner (Netting et al., 2016).
Therefore, this acts to prove to the world that social workers cannot fully cooperate because they are different. On the side of medical health, it is also very important to discuss the past, the present, and the tenets within the medical field, which are important to the general population. I agree with you that there were unhealthy practices in the past, but in the current medical performance and training, there are better improvements.
ReferenceNetting, F. E., Kettner, P. M., McMurtry, S. L., & Thomas, M. L. (2016). Social work macro practice. Pearson.
Effects Of Board Structures In Corporate Governance
Effects Of Board Structures In Corporate Governance
The performance of an organization relates directly with the structure of its board structure. Board structures usually surface themselves in different types but the success of any structure largely depends on its application and hence no type is superior the other. The distinct types of board structures include, two tired, outsider controlled, single, and insider controlled types of structures (Altenburg, 2011). A research by an author Gillette, which experimental in nature, ideally brings out the effects of board designs on the governance and performance of firms. The research clearly outlines that the governance of a firm depends on the board design since; the design affects the policies a corporation adapts. It is apparent that according to the results of the study, institutional policies and personal interested are adapted differently according to the structure of the board. This research paper outlines and analyses different structures of a board and the effects of each structure on firm governance.
Nash equilibrium of the four designs of board is known by their potential to adapt institutional based policies and their nature to synchronize activities (Hopt, 2011). It is according to this characterization that equilibrium divides into two, efficient and coalition-proof Nash equilibrium. Equilibrium is efficient if it is, the dominant equilibrium and no other equilibrium exist while a coalition-proof equilibrium is equilibrium that no other equilibrium if present can upend it. According to the research, a coalition- proof Nash equilibrium cannot execute institute-based policies, which especially maximizes value of a corporate. It is however important to note that, single tired boards are similar to two tired boards in the outcomes of equilibrium they maintain. This is especially because; these two types of board designs employ institutional based policies, which are only achievable in an efficient Nash equilibrium. Coalition-proof equilibrium can still be adapted in a corporation with a single tier board but is inside controlled.
A single-tired board that is composed of majority insiders, every member will have a preference to undertake a project rather than rejecting it regardless of his or her information hint (Brain, 2011). This is because in a situation where the insiders are the better part, they command strongly rendering the overseers almost immobile to overrule the insiders’ preference. The research still proves that defaulting by a subgroup of the insiders that can render a project vulnerable to rejection is not maintainable. This is because the defaulters have the power to payoff and vote back for the project approval. Although this gives the insiders to have a sense of control in their corporation, the corporation is prone to experience overinvestment since quality of projects lack consideration. It is thus evident that in coalition-proof equilibrium with insiders being the majority in the board, there is guarantee of project acceptance regardless of the overseers’ votes although their votes are unrestricted.
A switch in the ratio where the overseers become the majority the voting powers consequently modify so is the equilibrium, which becomes an effective Nash equilibrium. In such, even positive response from one hundred percent of the insiders cannot guarantee acceptance of a project but only the overseers vote can. However, if the change in voting powers accompanies a reduction of the insiders’ representation in the board to one, then the effectiveness of the board is also prone to change (Brain, 2011). A representation of one in the board makes coordination on the inside more efficient, which purges the likelihood of efficient equilibrium leading to an institutionally based policy. The policy can only be active if the insiders send their honest preferences regarding the quality of a project.
In a two- tiered board, governance seems relatively different in some aspects compared to a single-tiered board. Overseer’s can only control only solitary board tier and have the power to obstruct the insiders’ proposals even if the insiders’ votes outnumber theirs (Gillette, Noe, & Robello, 2008). Consequently, the overseer can maneuver dependable outcomes. Recent research shows that since even in a two- tiered board the insiders are as many as in the case of a single-tiered board, a single insider cannot affect the outcome. This design of a board only allows Nash equilibrium that maintains institutional based policies. It is therefore a common feature in both single and two tiered boards to expect identical outcomes if the overseers are the majority with insiders being more than one.
In a two-tied board where the insiders are more than one then if the equilibrium is a coalition-proof, a hundred percent of the insiders vote to decline a project even with the two information indicators (Gillette, Noe, & Robello, 2008). This theory finalizes that with the insiders being majority in a board, overinvestment is a common produce of their coordination. When their number in the board declines or their votes subjected to a sanction by a second board in case of a two- tiered board then they lose control. Thus, inclusion of many insiders in the board results into an equilibrium that is desirable to both the overseers and the insiders. It is also evident from the theory that when outsiders have total control in any board structure results to a coalition-proof equilibrium with decisions being biased against the insiders (Gillette, Noe, & Robello, 2008).
Inclusion of outsiders in a board noticeably affects the equilibrium of whether they are the minority or the majority. This is especially because presence of outsiders in the board calls for adoption of institutional based policies more frequently (Gillette, Noe, & Robello, 2008). This leads to a coalition-proof equilibrium in boards where the outsiders are the majority. This is in total contrast of a board having insiders as the majority as it is possible to have self-interested policies since the insiders always wants the policies designed according to their preferences (Gillette, Noe, & Robello, 2008). Yet, outsider controlled boards prove more success as they are able to barricade appalling projects but not able to ensure implementation of the good quality projects, this is especially common in two-tiered boards. Thus sovereign outside directors have the potential to perform as overseers even with without the direct personal information about the operations of an organization (Hopt, 2011).
In conclusion, the structure of a board can be single-tiered or two- tiered board. In a single- tiered board, the votes of the insiders come prior to those of the overseers although the overseers’ votes are not restricted (Brain, 2011). In a two-tiered board however the insiders, proposals are passed to another board and a project have no guarantee of acceptance as in the case of a single- tiered board a project proposed by the insiders stands is guaranteed of acceptance. A board is as outsider controlled if the outsiders are the majority in the board and control all decisions or insider-controlled if the insiders are the majority in the board and control all decisions.
References
Gillette, A.B., Noe, T.H. & Rebello, M.J. (2008). Board structures around the world: an experimental investigation. Review of Finance, 12 (1) pp.93-140. DOI: 10.1093/rof/rfm027.
Altenburg, R. (2011). The determinants of roles and responsibilities of boards of directors. London: GRIN Verlag.
Hopt, J. (2011). The European Company Law Action Plan Revisited: Reassessment of the 2003 Priorities of the European Commission. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
Brain, T. (2011). The duties and Liabilities of the board of directors. New York: Pearson Technology Group.