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Effects of Aids on Human Immune System
Effects of Aids on Human Immune System
Student’s Name
Institution
Effects of Aids on Human Immune System
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome has immensely spread throughout the world’s population since the early 1980’s leading to the demise of many people, even though the mortality rate has declined with the advancement in its treatment. The Human immunodeficiency virus is the causative agent of Aids, and it is transmitted through the exchange of body fluids either through blood transfusion, sexual intercourse and sharing of sharp objects with an infected person. HIV being an inimitable virus have the capability of affecting the immune system of human body altering its functionality. The target cells of HIV in the human immune system are the T helper cells commonly referred to as the CD4 cells. The virus eventually kills the CD4 cells which play an essential role in regulating the immune responses when it comes to preventing the body from microorganisms’ invasion. Lack of medication is hazardous to human health as more than ten billion HIV viruses are produced per day if the infected person is not treated. The higher the replication of the virus in the human body the more the CD4 cells are progressively lost, and this can last for few years or a decade if proper medication is not adhered to by the patient.
The destruction of the T helper cells weakens the infected individual’s immune system making him or her vulnerable to the opportunistic infections which emerge to be the primary threat to human health at the late stage of the epidemic. Typical people who have regular health conditions are not prone to the opportunistic infections which in many instances are the cause of death to the individuals who have HIV and Aids (Deusch, et al 2018). After a few weeks of disease, the initial stage of HIV known as acute infection stage. The severe symptoms that might be experienced in this stage include fever, sore throat, headache, joint pain, and diarrhea. The subsequent stage is clinical latent infection condition which may last for about eight to ten years, and the T helper cells reduce more radically. Aids is the fatal stage of HIV infection, and it can only be diagnosed when the CD4 count has fallen below two-hundred as well as when the infected person has developed severe opportunistic infections. With proper health care, HIV infection does not extend into the final stage commonly referred to as the full brown stage where the patient is believed to have Aids.
With the advancement of technology in the medical field, the scientists have been able to develop drugs to prevent the spread of HIV in the human body through the study of the virus life cycle and how it damages the immune system. Development of new drugs to prevent the diseases reduced the decrease rate currently making Aids a common illness that does not substantially affect human health and infected people workability in the world today. The commonly used medication to treat HIV and Aids are the antiretroviral drugs, even though the patients tend to develop resistance against the medicines naturally. Currently, the scientists have discovered the new class antiretroviral drugs known as Trogarzo which significantly works well for the patients who undergoes HIV treatment (Ortega, et al. 2015). Drugs such as protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors can also play a significant role in maintaining good health condition by restoring immune system and controlling the replication of the virus.
The new drugs invented after the research advancement in the modern world have increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV and Aids. With proper medication, an infected person can live to an average of fifty-one years compared to the earlier era where the patient could only live for about twelve years, and it is all after the development of the acute stage. It signifies that currently, the survivability rate of people infected with HIV is more than eighty percent with proper medication and healthcare where one has to feed on a balanced diet properly.
Work Cited
Deusch, S., Serrano-Villar, S., Rojo, D., Martínez-Martínez, M., Bargiela, R., Vázquez-Castellanos, J. F., … & Gosalbes, M. J. (2018). Effects of HIV, antiretroviral therapy and prebiotics on the active fraction of the gut microbiota. Aids, 32(10), 1229-1237.
Ortega, M., Brier, M. R., & Ances, B. M. (2015). Effects of HIV and Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) on cortico-striatal functional connectivity. AIDS (London, England), 29(6), 703.
briefly describe how it is used to protect a network from attack. Include why the service will be used for network security as relates to your selected scenario
or why it is not applicable in this circumstance.
Firms Objective & Decision Making Under Uncertainty
Firms Objective & Decision Making Under Uncertainty
Presented by
Institution
Firm objectives
Why do some business firms pursue a triple-bottom-line outcome while others focus only on profit maximization?
The goal of most organizations today is sustainability. Organizations may either pursue the triple-bottom line or focus on profit maximization to achieve their goals. To measure sustainability, many firms pursue the triple-bottom line framework that measures the performance in three dimensions: social, financial, and environmental. Triple-bottom line is important for a sustainable economy because it touches on the three most important aspects of performance. The use of triple-bottom line and its core competences has become one of the most common frameworks in businesses today because of its long-term profitability. Cascade Engineering Ltd utilizes the triple-bottom line framework in measuring its sustainability. The company has been able to manage its finances, environment and social wellbeing effectively. In addition, Cascade Engineering was ranked the best company in the production industry (Savitz & Weber 2013).
On the other hand, some organizations focus on profit maximization. In reality, business firms aim at making profits irrespective of means used. Profit maximization in a form occurs where the care for the planet and care for the people coincide. Managers argue that doing good to customers only makes them love your products because they are always eager to buy from bad firms. Firms pursue the triple-bottom line only when they expect a return on investment (Peters 2012). Sony is one of the companies that use profit maximization as the key operation. The company achieves higher profits because people buy their products irrespective of the firm’s consumer behavior (Luh 2003).
Decision making under uncertainty (Edith and Mathew case)
Assuming that this month is a good representation of all months ahead, should Edith and Mathew continue to use the highway for traveling to work?
People constantly make decisions in order to evade some situations and risks that can be dangerous. Important decisions involve many stakeholders who have different perspectives. The most important decisions are complex in nature but they form the best alternative (Biswas 1997). Edith and Mathew should continue using the highway because it is the fastest and rarely do traffic jams occur. The highway was jammed three times in a month, which is a good indication that the rest of the time, almost 95% the road is free and they can make it to work on time. On the other hand, travelling via the Shea Boulevard took 35 minutes and the person ended up spending more fuel compared to using the highway. A delay of 3 days does not justify Edith and Mathew to use the alternative route.
How would you conclusion change for the winter months, if bad weather makes it likely for traffic jams on the highway to increase to 6 days per month?
There would be no change towards my conclusion because both routes will be affected during the winter. If it took 35 minutes to travel via Shea Boulevard, the presence of winter will slow down the journey meaning they would spend almost one hour to the workplace. On the other hand, the increase in traffic on the highway up to 6 days would be compensated by the time taken on the Shea Boulevard route.
How would your conclusion change if Mathew purchased a new smart-phone app that could show the status of the highway traffic prior to their drive each morning, thus reducing the probability of them getting into a jam down to only 1day per month (where on this day, the app showed no traffic jam, but a jam developed in the meantime as they were driving along the highway).
With the presence of a device that can show the status of the highway traffic, two options are available. If the application indicates that there will be a traffic jam, they should use Shea Boulevard route because it will make them reach their workplace faster. Secondly, if there is no traffic jam, they should use the highway because it is the fastest. Edith and Mathew should continue using the highway when the phone application indicates the absence of a traffic jam. However, if a traffic jam generates while on the way, they should take it as an uncertainty and continue using the highway since it happens once in a month.
References list
BISWAS, T. (1997). Decision Making Under Uncertainty. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
CASCADE ENGINEERING. (2009). The Triple Bottom Line Report. Retrieved from:
www.cascadeng.com/pdf/TBL_2009.pdf.
Luh, S. S. (2003). Business the Sony way: secrets of the world’s most innovative electronics giant.. Singapore: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
PETERS, T. (2012). Profit maximization (Ultimate Goal of Business). Delhi: Orange Apple.
SAVITZ, A. W., & WEBER, K. (2013). Talent, transformation, and the triple bottom line: how companies can leverage human resources to achieve sustainable growth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.