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In the two blood agar plates
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In the two blood agar plates, one needs to draw a line down or better yet have two plates. The plates needed to be well labeled including product as well as procedure that one will use in testing. In this experiment a hand sanitizer containing 62% alcohol and ethanol that is 70% from the lab bench
One half was labelled “pre-wash “and “post-wash” for the other half in order to differentiate between results before and after the experiment
On the half labelled “pre-wash” each group member rubbed their hands (index finger, middle finger and ring finger) back and forth on that agar several times.
Each group member proceeded to wash their hand either the hand sanitizer by rubbing both palms together and going in circular motion and using a nail pick or a hand brush to clean under the nails. It was important to also clean between the fingers.
Hands were rinsed thoroughly for 30 seconds until all the sanitizer is gone
Hands were then left to air dry for two minutes.
Swabs were taken of the clean hands and the swab was placed on a petri dish
The experiment on hand washing was repeated but now using the open bench ethanol with 70% alcohol
Hands were rinsed thoroughly for 30 seconds and left to air dry for two minutes
After washing hands it was important for everyone to avoid touching any surface
Once hands were dry, swabs were taken of the clean hands and placed on the agar labelled post-wash, swab were be taken four times
The swabs were placed on the petri dish and the petri dish covered with a lid before being put inside an incubator
The plates were then incubated at 37 degrees Celsius
The plates were left for 24 hours prior to observation for the colonies to full grow After the plates were incubated, the microbes were observed by counting the number of colonies and record down the results
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Findings
In obtaining the results the number of colonies were counted through visual infection then the aerobic plate count was calculated from the figures that were obtained
From the result the antiseptic showed reduction of microbes from the post wash to the pre wash in four out of six group members. In one these results was the same
In the post wash result only one student had 0% of microbes while in some students several colonies had grown even after the hand washing experiment begging the question what would have resulted in such a huge noticeable difference when same washing detergent were used.
The results from the ethanol bench proved more effective with the greatest difference on the microbe’s reduction as the number of yellow colonies were less compared to the number of colonies in the hand sanitizer
There was difference in the amount of colonies between different students prior to the experiment some exhibited many yellow colonies while others exhibited few number of colonies as everyone had touched different things throughout the day
At different treatment point, the microbes on the hands increased and later declined in the post wash while using the hand sanitizer
As an individual bacterium is small to see with our eyes each small spot we observed a group of millions of bacteria clumped together which we referred to as colonies most appeared yellow before the experiment and after the experiment most appeared white and translucent although there were a few yellow colonies that were still present.
The colonies also presented themselves in different shapes and sized and there was a smell that could be felt from the petri dish
In the open bench result it continually declined then at the end it increased.
When results between the post wash and the pre wash were compared there was a notable difference in the decline of germs between the two results
On petri dish A which contained swab from hand sanitizer: Before: there white and yellow opaque colonies that were small a dark translucent colonies
After: Significant reduction of the colonies but were white
On petri dish which contained the open bench ethanol:
Before: Yellow and white opaque colonies. Multiple dark translucent
After: there was a significant reduction of the colonies most were white and translucent.
On the pre wash there was a creamy colored colony while in the pre was there was one colony that was white colored and translucent and was smooth
There was also no growth reported when the incubation was at thirty seven degree Celsius
The hands also felt dry after washing with the open bench alcohol as well as cool a notable difference when the hand sanitizer was used
The findings observed and data found after calculation of Aerobic Plate count is shown below.
Table SEQ Table * ARABIC 1: Results from the Hand sanitizer
Pre Wash Post Wash
0.002 0.002
0.051 0.000
0.041 0.003
0.255 0.002
0.071 0.001
0.082 0.001
Table SEQ Table * ARABIC 2: Results from the Open bench ethanol
Pre Wash Post Wash
0.979 0.012
0.168 0.003
1.255 0.003
0.897 0.002
0.236 0.004
0.877 0.014
4
IN THE TIME OF THE BUTTERFLIES
IN THE TIME OF THE BUTTERFLIES
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In The Time of ‘The Butterflies’
In the time of the butterflies is a film directed by Mariano Barosso. Its major issue is the dictatorship under General Rafael Leónidas Trujillo who held control of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961. He persecuted very many people and killed them to retain his power. The movie shows the main character who is the most outspoken of the Mirabal sisters and through her pursuit, she can first convince his father to take them to a boarding school. After she goes to a boarding school she gets to fall in love with Virgilio who gives her the name mariposa or butterfly. He is part of the Dominican resistance. After her school she wishes to join law school and study to become a lawyer, however, this is not allowed for women, and therefore it is from here that we see how women are mistreated through the film up to the death of the sisters (Karczewska, (2016). Therefore even though this film is about the dictatorial political government it is also majorly about the treatment of Latino women and how they are never regarded as an important part of the whole population. This paper, therefore, discusses the portrayal of Latino women in the film and how society operates on stereotypes that do not hold.
Trujillo is a very evil man and he operates on the principle that women should not be valued that much. It is the reason why he continues to torture Minerva because of her big desire to fight for justice. The stereotype that women should not be educated and not allowed to do law is very evident in the case of Minerva who is not allowed to study law (Ramírez-Berg, 2000). This, therefore, means that women are not supposed to question whatever is not done to them because by them being unable to study law it means they are not an important part of the society to question about justice. Minerva is very ambitious about law and this is seen when she talks to a lawyer who comes to visit them at her home and who talks of how women are not allowed to study law. He gives her a book to read (Romero, 2000). However, during their conversation, she states that she does not want to become a lawyer but rather she will become a lawyer. This is very moving and it explains her desire to go against this stereotype and be that woman and lady to save her people from the hands of Trujillo.
The stereotype is so intense and overly believed that when Minerva goes to law school everyone is watching and even though admiring they cannot believe that a lady is in law school. This was one of the moments when Minerva showed to the world that it is possible to overcome these depictions and portrayals since it is just the people who put them on the heads and faces of others while in real sense men and women are just different because of their biological functions and nothing else(Karczewska, (2016). Therefore Minerva goes to law school and it was here that she realized her dream to become better and fight for the rights of the people of the Dominican Republic. Therefore she gangs up with a friend to her lover Virgilio. Through him, he sees a future and she can join a group of lawyers and other individuals who were devoted to making sure that justice was realized. This means therefore that it is not only men who are supposed to join in such risky missions but women can also get into them. Therefore the concept and the stereotype of weak Latino women is fought against by Minerva who is a very strong lady and does all she could to make sure that justice is seen and that it prevails (Ramírez-Berg, 2000).
The other stereotype for Latino women displayed in this film is the stereotype that Latino women are mothers and have a very good nurturing ability. This stereotype, therefore, rules out the fact that Latino women are capable of anything else apart from motherhood. The dictator Trujillo is the one used to show this stereotype. He prevents Minerva from getting her law degree certificate when she is done with her studies and this was one of the things which hurt Minerva the most (Dávila, 2012). He states clearly that women like her are supposed to be mothers and not lawyers. Since she had been wedded just before they graduated he states that it is her new time to have a good time with her family and forget about the law and he states that he just gave her the permission to study law but practice it. This is a very hurting moment for Minerva as a result of this stereotype that women are never equal to men and therefore she never gets her degree certificate.
Apart from the dictator Trujillo, even her mother and father are afraid of her quests and urge her to stay at home and take care of her kids. This is partly strengthening the concept of women being mothers and not made for the conquests which require a lot of risks and other activism. Therefore this hurts Minerva and she continues to move on to make sure that this stereotype does not hold her back. This is even when she wants to leave her children behind. Even though her sister whom she wishes to leave her children to refuse she gets another sister to stay with her children and this shows how this stereotype that women are supposed to be mothers is stressed(Karczewska, (2016). The sister she wants to leave her children to states that she cannot afford the risk after all she is not supposed to be doing whatever she was doing but rather taking care of her children.
The other stereotype which is stressed and comes out strongly in the film is that Latino women are weak and therefore can be lured sexually in a very easy manner. This has been presented in different times by different people as they try to exchange sexual benefits with opportunism to the Latino women. This was the same thing the dictator general wanted to do with Minerva (Padilla, 1998). He invited the whole family to a party and this was coincidental with the letters of her lover who had gone out of the country for security reasons. Therefore during the party, the general got hold of Minerva and as he was dancing with her he grabbed her ass as she later stated in a family meeting. He made her uncomfortable by making her feel that she was supposed to give in to his will. Therefore as he continued with his desire to have her sexually she stopped and then slapped him. This was seen by some of the family members as an extreme reaction and therefore was not taken lightly.
However, Minerva stated clearly that she could not allow him to continue using her and touching her in a bad manner. This therefore through her behavior helps us to out rule the stereotype that Latino women are sexually easy to get. This especially has been stated to apply to high profile class of individuals whereby the general dictator of the Dominican Republic falls (Negrón-Muntaner, 2004). Therefore we learn that even the stereotypes which are presented must not always hold and things may turn out ugly when a person tries to apply a certain stereotype of women as it turned out with the general.
Even though Minerva was right in slapping the general back at home one of her sisters still stress that she should apologize and state that she did a wrong thing. However, her mother stands by her and states that she could not do anything else in such a situation and therefore her reaction was justifiable. This shows that Latino women are not as weak as displayed. Latino women are most of the time displayed as weak and able to apologize easily. They are also seen as those ladies who are very easy to deal with as they always do whatever is needed by their masters. However in this case Minerva defies this as she does not wish to apologize to the general. Therefore in this situation, the stereotype does not hold and she acts to defy a lot of stereotypes which make her outstanding in her manner of action (De la Garza, & Cortina, 2007).
Minerva therefore who is the main character in this is a very strong and transformative woman who does not allow her situation of being a woman to prevent her from achieving her dreams of becoming a lawyer. Even though she is faced with many challenges which is a result of the many stereotypes which exist formed for the Latino women she is strong enough to get past most of them and her legendary lives for a very long time(Karczewska, (2016). She is the source of the name butterflies and all her sisters are also referred to as butterflies as they fight for justice. Even though the sisters are killed their fruits are seen later in life when the dictator general is assassinated six months later. The children of the Mirabel sisters hold very important roles in the government of democracy after Trujillo’s dictatorship. Indeed women are smart and capable of things that the stereotypes formed against them limit them to do.
References
Dávila, A. (2012). Latinos, Inc.: The marketing and making of a people. Univ of California Press.
De la Garza, R. O., & Cortina, J. (2007). Are Latinos republicans but just don’t know it? The Latino vote in the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections. American Politics Research, 35(2), 202-223.
Karczewska, A. M. (2016). The Mirabal sisters and their testimonio in Julia Alvarez’s In the Time of the Butterflies. Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies, (03 (14)), 28-36.
Negrón-Muntaner, F. (2004). Jennifer’s butt: Valorizing the Puerto Rican racialized female body. Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture, 228-246.
Padilla, L. M. (1998). Social and Legal Repercussions of Latinos’ Colonized Mentality. U. Miami L. Rev., 53, 769.
Ramírez-Berg, C. (2000). Stereotyping and Resistance: A Crash Course on Hollywood’s Latino Imagery. The future of Latino independent media: A NALIP sourcebook, 5-13.
Romero, M. (2000). State violence, and the social and legal construction of Latino criminality: From el bandido to gang member. Denv. UL Rev., 78, 1081.
FIRE AND SAFETY MANANGEMENT
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‘There isn’t any Certificate of Need (CON) program in Louisiana. Louisiana dropped its Certificate of Need (CON) program about two decades ago. Louisiana never had a full-blown, or a state-enacted CON program.’ It always performed the federally mandated CON reviews under the 11-22 program review, which was named after a part found in the federal statute. It was done away with around the mid-1980s, when the federal government duly repealed its CON requirements as well as following a political scandal whereby then-Gov. Edwin Edwards got accused of selling many hospital construction permits. At present, the state has received a very limited program affecting only nursing homes accepting Medicare. AHPA newsletter, 2007 (page7)
Some opine that this lack of a good CON review process has always contributed to the state’s number of hospital beds, and a new trend of a physician-owned Specialty or the “boutique” hospitals with some community hospitals concerned. The CON was one of those kinds of issues that could argue either side. It was a system created so as to have equal access for everyone, at some point it had to put some limitations on some things and the legislature had not been eager to jump into that. This was heard from Matessino, who ran the 11-22 program in the late 1970s. & FUSA,(2009)
‘However, it is noted that, it was hard to pin Louisiana’s over bedding problem on the state dropping its review requirements. In some cases there was over bedding even prior to the section 11-22 programs, so it was kind of hard to make a judgment as to which came first and, therefore, the CON program in Louisiana was eliminated .’ FUSA, (2009)
Globally, code officials usually recognize the need for a typically modern, up-to-date building code tat will be addressing the design as well as installation of building systems through the requirements emphasizing performance and health of the public. The International Building Code appears designed to meet the needs through these model code regulations safeguarding the public health as well as safety in all the existing communities. International Building Code provisions provide many merits; among this is the model code developmental process that offers building professionals to discuss performance and prescriptive code requirements by its forum. This forum provides an excellent place to discuss proposed revisions. The model code also encourages international consistency in the application of its provisions.1. Development.
The code is founded on the principles intended to create provisions that are consistent with the building code adequately protecting public health, welfare and safety; provisions unnecessarily increasing the construction costs; the provisions that do not always restrict the use of any new materials, methods or products of construction; as well as provisions that do not usually give preferential treatment to any particular types or any classes of materials, methods or products of construction.2. Adoption.
In an adoption, the jurisdictions should totally insert all the appropriate information in the provisions that require specific local information, as the name of the adopting the jurisdiction. The locations are shown in some bracketed words, in small caps in the code and also in the sample ordinance. This sample adoption ordinance found on on page Xv addresses key elements of the ordinance code adoption, including information that is required for the insertion into the code text.
3. Maintenance.
The proposed changes are considered carefully through the process of open code development in which all the interested and affected parties participate together and hence maintenance is a crucial aspect to consider when meeting the International Building Code for a facility.
References
AHPA newsletter, 2007 (page7)
A consumer guide& overview community catalyst & FUSA,(2009)
NCSL reported update, (2009)
IBC chapter 1, technical standards of NFPA.