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In the story Cinderella, she is portrayed as the perfect girl with no flaws
According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, a frame is a rigid structure that surrounds something. A frame does not necessarily mean a picture frame. For example, rules are a form of frame. They govern the way of thinking, and dictate the way in which the people it governs act. Therefore, their behavior is governed by the rules which bind them. Their lives are framed by the rules which bind them. Right or wrong is judged according to the frame that binds humanity and our actions, depending on the lens that is being used to judge. In this paper, the frame of good with various stories is going to be discussed. The characters in each story (both the good and the bad) are going to be considered and how the society uses this frame to differentiate between the two.
In the story Cinderella, she is portrayed as the perfect girl with no flaws. Her stepmother and two step sisters are viewed as the evil ones. They mistreat Cinderella by making her do all the work. She barely has time to herself and is made to wear tatters. After doing all the work, she would sleep in a cold barren room where her only solace would be the fire. She curled up near the fire to keep warm during the night. Every day when she woke up, she would be covered in cinders. Her stepmother and sisters therefore gave her the name “Cinderella” as a way of mocking her.
The greater part of the story sees Cinderella mistreated. The story also portrays her as a good girl. She is gracious, kind, honest and beautiful. She does everything that she is told to do. She is mistreated but the only thing she does is to cry and stay in her room. Not once does she do something mean to hurt her oppressors.
Her stepmother and sisters however are ugly, jealous and deceitful. They pour water on her and hurt her in many ways. They also ensure that she does not show up to the ball by tearing the dress that she had made for the ball. After the ball when the prince and his servants go around with the glass slipper that Cinderella left behind in an effort to find her, the stepmother and sisters try to deceive the prince.
In the short story “A Good Man is Hard to Find” by Flannery O’Connor is another classic illustration of the frame with which the society judges good and evil. Bailey, a husband and a father to two daughters decides to take his family for a summer vacation to Florida. They go through a lot during the journey and end up being killed by Misfit who is a fugitive. Grandmother, who is portrayed as an annoying and disgruntled old woman is the one who leads them to the death. In this story, the other characters are not properly developed as compared to Misfit’s who is the villain. Bailey’s wife is portrayed as quiet and soft spoken.
In this story, Misfit is depicted as a socio-path who goes around killing people. He claims that he was wrongfully put in jail for killing his father who had died of a flu epidemic. After meeting the Baileys he decides to kill them because Grandmother had recognized him. He reacts negatively to feelings of affection. This is clearly seen when Grandmother lays her hand his shoulder and told him “You are one of my own children”. He jumps away and shoots her thrice.
This story, written in 1953, is the most shocking yet it is in the ending that the most fundamental questions about good and bad are being asked. These questions about good, evil, morality and immorality are brought up through the characters.
The Little Red Riding Hood is a story about a girl who wears a red hooded cape. She walks through the woods to visit her grandmother who is ill. There is a wolf in the woods that stalks her with the aim of eating her. He approaches Little Red Riding Hood and in her innocence, she tells him where she is going. The wolf then asks Little Red Riding Hood to pick some flowers for her grandmother. While the girl is busy picking some flowers, the wolf goes to the grandmother’s house and pretends to be Red Riding Hood and swallows her whole then lies in wait for her. This tale makes a very clear distinction between the good and innocent in the society and how the bad lures and corrupts it. The seductive trait of the wolf shows how the good in the society or the people who stand for good in the modern world are often lured by the vices in the society and how they end up being prisoners of such vices. Just like Little Red Riding hood that was out of the “safe zone” which is the village to a place where the wolf had an advantage, the upright in the society are usually lured out of their safe zones to unknown places where they are isolated and are vulnerable.
Lastly, Jekyll versus Hyde is a story whose setting is London. Gabriel John Utterson, who is a prosecutor, through his cousin Enfield learns about a very evil and unscrupulous Edward Hyde who tramples on a girl then pays off her relatives with ten pounds in gold and a cheque signed by Dr. Henry Jekyll who is a respectable man in the society. When asked to describe Hyde, Enfield says, “He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked, and yet I scarce know why. He must be deformed somewhere; he gives a strong feeling of deformity, although I couldn’t specify the point. He’s an extraordinary-looking man, and yet I really can name nothing out of the way. No, sir; I can make no hand of it; I can’t describe him. And it’s not want of memory; for I declare I can see him this moment.”
Hyde, who is totally evil, does several despicable things like mercilessly beating a man to death with a heavy cane. The case progresses and finally Jekyll shows the prosecutor a note from Hyde saying that he is sorry for the trouble he has caused and that he would never bother him again. This note however, is written in a handwriting which is almost identical to Jekyll’s. He eventually murders himself and leaves behind a letter to Utterson that sheds light on everything that has been happening. The letter says that Dr. Jekyll, in an effort to separate his good side from his evil desires, discovered a way to change himself periodically into a creature that lacked a conscience called Hyde. However, the transformation was incomplete and it resulted to the creation of a second, evil version of him. At the beginning, Dr. Jekyll enjoyed this because he felt good to turn into someone who did not have any moral obligation. However, this started more complicated problems because he found himself turning to Hyde unintentionally in his sleep without having to drink the serum. Jekyll decides to stop turning into Hyde. He states “But I was still cursed with my duality of purpose; and as the first edge of my penitence wore off, the lower side of me, so long indulged, so recently chained down, began to growl for license. Not that I dreamed of resuscitating Hyde; . . . no, it was in my own person that I was once more tempted to trifle with my conscience. This brief condescension to my evil finally destroyed the balance of my soul. And yet I was not alarmed; the fall seemed natural, like a return to the old days before I had made discovery
He succeeds for a while. One night however, the desire was so strong that he could not resist. That night, he goes out and ends up killing someone (Sir Danvas Crew). After this, he feels very strongly against turning into Hyde. He engages himself in philanthropic work to keep him busy. He believed that he had redeemed himself. Jekyll had created a monster but he was too self righteous to confront it. He became a slave of his own creation. Eventually, the stock of ingredients from which Jekyll had been preparing the potion ran low, and subsequent batches prepared by Jekyll from renewed stocks of the ingredients failed to produce the transformation effected by the original potion. Jekyll speculated that the one essential ingredient that made the original potion work must have been a trace contaminant that was absent from the ingredients he had subsequently purchased. After sending his butler Poole to one chemist after another, to purchase the salt that was running low, only to find it wouldn’t work, he assumed that subsequent supplies all lacked the essential ingredient that made the potion successful for his experiments. His ability to change back from Hyde into Jekyll had slowly vanished in consequence. Jekyll wrote that even as he composed his letter, he knew that he would soon become Hyde permanently, having used the last of this salt and he wondered if Hyde would face execution for his crimes or choose to kill himself. Jekyll noted that, in either case, the end of his letter marked the end of the life of Dr. Jekyll. He ended the letter saying “I bring the life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end.
This intriguing story brings about the other aspect of the difference between good and bad. This aspect is, who in the society determines what is good and what is bad. Dr. Jekyll who had the darkest and most horrifying of thoughts created an avenue through which he could act out his darkest deepest desires without having to bear the consequences that come with them.
This story is interesting and different from the other two described previously. This is because; it infers that every human being has a good and bad side. It therefore shows the balance that has to exist between evil and good. It is therefore impossible to find a perfect human being who is always good. Similarly finding a man who is cruel and evil in everything they do is impossible. It shows hoe human beings can change, but the key to changing is in accepting who you are first and avoid trying to hide the vices in us. This is clearly illustrated in Jekyll’s illustration in his letter to Utterson: “It was on the moral side, and in my own person, that I learned to recognize the thorough and primitive duality of man; I saw that, of the two natures that contended in the field of my consciousness, even if I could rightly be said to be either, it was only because I was radically both; and from an early date . . . I had learned to dwell with pleasure, as a beloved daydream, on the thought of the separation of these elements”.
To conclude, all these stories provide a deeper and more intrinsic look at the good and the bad, and the thin line that differentiates both. However one of the things that all these stories have in common is the fact that the good always prevails. All that is evil and bad may seem to have an advantage of number or influence, but the good always prevails. This is a powerful lesson in today’s society. If something is wrong, it will always be wrong no matter how many people choose to do it. The society may make a vice to be permissible after it has become rampant, but it will not make it any less wrong. It will still be a vice. It is therefore always better to choose the right thing to do.
REFERENCES
D. L. Ashliman. “Little Red Riding Hood and other tales of Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 333”. Retrieved 2013-11-07.
Finnie-HSA-515-assignment-4
“Code Blue – Emergent Care”
HSA 515
Code Blue – Emergent Care
In this paper I will be playing the part as a chief operating officer (COO) and I am responsible for a 15-bed Emergency Room (ER). In this scenario I am facing many complaints within the last year regarding inadequate care, poor Emergency Room management, long wait times, and patients being sent away because of lack of space, staff, or physicians to provide appropriate care. I am asked to (1) Thoroughly diagnose the root causes of the complaints about the clinic, (2) thoroughly devise a strategic plan for overcoming the problems associated with the current Emergency Room, (3) thoroughly justify how the “Good Samaritan Law” affects the appropriate treatment of the Emergency Room patients, (4) thoroughly analyze how the different levels of emergency services (basic, intermediate, transfer, and trauma) should be prioritized in the strategic plan, (5) thoroughly formulate a plan to treat adults, minors, or incompetent adults in the new Emergency Room organization, and (6) thoroughly create a procedure to provide care to those who refuse to consent to treatment.
(1) Thoroughly diagnose the root causes of the complaints about the clinic. There are many root causes for the complaints that have been recorded regarding the Emergency Room. The main problem would be the overcrowding and the lack of beds and personnel to take care of overflow of patients in the emergency room which creates a chain reaction which in turn leads to inadequate patient care, long wait times, patients being sent away because of lack of space, etc. According to most research there is an increase everywhere in Emergency Rooms in the U.S. This results in the increasing uninsured Americans and enrollees in public programs, for example Medicaid coverage. The emergency room that I am in charge of only has 15 beds for emergency room patients. This in turn can cause a backlog because there is no room to put patients and then could eventually lead to sending patients back home or away because of the lack of space. With the overwhelming amount of patients coming to the Emergency Room and no place to put them and the lack of staff results in poor care, long wait times and poor Emergency Room Management due to lack of staff to deal with certain duties to make the Emergency Room run efficiently. The problem that seems to exist is the lack of organization and care planning of the Emergency Room patients and categorizing them according to their needs and critical care. There needs to be a reevaluation of new job duties and departments on what they will be doing in the process of admitting patients in the Emergency Room. Also the lack of staff can cause a lot of problems and which the Emergency Room will need to add more nurses, physicians, Physician Assistants to the mix so that people are not waiting long lengths of time to be seen. Also I would start a new team called the Constant Quality Improvement team. They will be responsible on making the corrections implemented to stay in place or to improve these changes to make the Emergency Room more efficient and they will be constantly reviewing the complaints and positive feedback from patients. Also they can investigate the issues and if a staff person needs to be replaced then that is what will need to be done. This tool will help the Emergency Room become more efficient. With the complaints from the past year it looks like the Emergency Department needs a big overhaul and a lot of work to improve the quality of service. (Briscoe, 1998)
(2) Devise a strategic plan for overcoming the problems associated with the current Emergency Room. For starters one must step back and actually see the surrounding areas, departments and what is actually going on with the knowledge of the complaints. Observing first hand can give you the exact idea and reasons why these complaints exist. Then I would get together with each manager from the department and state what the complaints are and what needs to be done to correct these issues. If it is due to the lack of beds for the increasing amount of people coming into the Emergency Room then I would seek to expand the Emergency Room department and add the amount of beds that are allowed by the state and government. The staffing will have to be a top priority and make sure that we have enough staff to cover and have the backup staff to cover people when they are calling in sick. I would also concentrate on the admissions process of the patients and the triage time and accuracy of these patients. Each step and specific need of the Emergency Room patient intake and follow up may need a special worker to make sure that their stay at the Emergency Room is fast and efficient. This would start with the first people to see you, which is triage. The nurses must have a special room to take down the information and why the patients are at the Emergency Room. These nurses also need to see how critical the visit is to the Emergency Room and address them accordingly. For example if you have someone with a broken arm you want to get their vitals and into the exam room as fast as possible. If you have a patient who is coming in for a headache and is just seeking some medication then they would not be as critical as the person who has a severe cut, heart attack, broken limb, etc. Then you have the Registration personnel come and take care of the necessary paperwork and see if someone else is able to do it for the patient while they are being treated. Then assign a case worker for the patients to help figure out the next step for the patient after being treated and if they need to be admitted or sent home with discharge paperwork. You can also utilize case managers who will serve as knowledgeable personnel who will help ensure that patients receive the necessary level of care at the particular time in their treatment. The case managers can also determine and identify alternative delivery methods other than inpatient hospitalization, when appropriate. The case managers can also identify and determine if the patients can be transferred to less acute units within the hospital to remove them from the Emergency Room to make room for other critical patients who need the bed. Also the personnel can coach the patients who did not have an emergency need to utilize their primary care physicians and if they do not have one they can help them find one nearest to them and set up an appointment to get them established with a primary care physician. These can help alleviate the patient from repeating the incident. Emergency Rooms are for life/health threatening issues that cannot wait till the next day. These different personnel can help the doctors that are scheduled to work at the Emergency Room can concentrate on the best care of the patient. The Emergency Room would flow more efficiently when each personnel has their specific task to accomplish and to the best of their ability. (Nooner, 2004) (Birriterri, 2002)
(3) Justify how the “Good Samaritan Law” affects the appropriate treatment of the ER patients. For starters the Good Samaritan Statute is to encourage physicians and other professionals to extend aid to strangers at the scene of an emergency. (Showalter, 2012) Therefore with that being said since the accident did not happen at the Emergency Room the medical professionals or doctors that are on duty are not covered under the “Good Samaritan Law”. This is where the malpractice insurance of the hospital and the physicians, medical professionals must have malpractice insurance.
(4) Analyze how the different levels of emergency services (basic, intermediate, transfer, and trauma) should be prioritized in the strategic plan. The different levels of emergency services will determine how to make the emergency room more efficient. Based on the different emergencies that are out there the emergency room will have different rooms set up for specific emergencies. For example one trauma room would be dedicated to patients with cardiac emergencies. This room/department would be equipped with all the necessary equipment needed to treat and stabilize patients with cardiac issues. Then another department in the ER would have all the necessary x-rays, MRI, ultrasounds, etc. to deliver faster results and less waiting time to get the tests done and read. You would have a general area of the Emergency Room that would be dedicated to those who do not have life threatening or special need for equipment for example a patient with a minor cut that just needs simple stitches could be put in this general department of the Emergency Room. Then you have another section of the department for people with illnesses caused from viral or bacterial infections to try to contain their exposure to the other patients. This is where the registration and triage comes into play. They are the first to see the Emergency Room patients and they can screen for the different emergencies and let these patients know they could be waiting a bit if their injuries are not critical. (Nooner, 2004) The Emergency Room has make sure that they do not violate Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTLA). This law is consistent with the philosophy that healthcare at time of an emergency is a moral right and must be provided regardless of the patient’s ability to pay. (Showalter, 2012)
(5) Formulate a plan to treat adults, minors, emancipated minors, or incompetent adults in the new ER organization. In a plan to treat different dynamics of patients, whether they are minors or adults, competent, not competent there needs to be a plan in place to know where these patients need to be taken care of and if they need special requirements. This is where the Emergency Room would have different areas that would take care of these patients’ needs and privacy. If you have a patient who is under the influence of alcohol and/or some form of medication/drug would need to be contained from other patients till they can become controllable and stabilized according to their medical needs. The stress level of the Emergency Room is already at a high and other patient and staff does not need to become more stressed by commotion from other patients. Also designated and confidential triage rooms where the nurse can take the information and vitals of the patients that come to the emergency room. The last thing you want is an overcrowded waiting room where everyone under stress. The emergency room has to treat everyone that comes through their doors regardless of whether they can pay for their treatments or not. The patient cannot be turned away unless they refuse treatment and want to leave or be transferred to another facility. However even that needs to have its own procedures and paperwork. Everyone who works in the Emergency Room must know ahead of time what they are expected to do and they must be able to complete their job duties so that the next person that is contact with the patient has all the required information to do their job. All of the departments must pull together and work as a team to make the best environment and efficiency in the Emergency Room. (Cesario, K.S., 2009) I would also add to the plan of a more efficient Emergency Room is to try and deal with the Emergency Room being filled with patients who are just coming to the Emergency Room for non-emergency care. Many people without insurance come to the Emergency Room because we cannot refuse them treatment. If the patients are counseled as to what Emergency Rooms are put in place for then maybe it can help cut down the amount of repeaters and attempt to encourage them in seeing a primary care physician instead of making the Emergency Room congested with patients who do not necessarily have an emergency. It is also been shown that patients with government insurances for example Medicaid are frequent flyers of the Emergency room that do not have an emergency and could have been taken care of by a regular physician. This has become a common thing in Emergency Rooms. These types of patients need to understand what they need to do and what they don’t need to come to an emergency room for.
(6) Create a procedure to provide care to those who refuse to consent to treatment. When you have a patient who refuses treatment there are steps and documentation that must be done and followed. In my Emergency Room I would make sure that there was a procedure in the company policies of how to handle situations such as this. I would make sure that all the necessary paperwork to document a patient who is refusing to be treated is in this manual. There would be guidelines that are in place to follow to make sure the patient is able to refuse treatment or if they are in a situation which makes them unable to refuse treatment. In order to refuse care a patient must be legally and mentally capable of refusing treatment. The patient must be at least 18 years old or is legally emancipated, and fully aware of the nature of the medical condition that they have and the risks and consequences if they refuse treatment. The patient must not have impaired judgment due to a drug of some form, being alcohol, medication or any other type of drug. The patient must be very aware and oriented. When a patient refuses treatment regardless of the outcome if they don’t take the treatment then this is called Leaving Against Medical Advise. When this is established that the patient is of age and is fully competent to make their own decisions there are steps to take. You then must honor their decision. Document everything even in quotations if you remember exactly what was said by both parties. You must show that you made every effort possible to encourage the patient to allow treatment without violating patient rights. Document and make sure that you document that the patient was informed of the nature of their illness/injury and the risks of not getting proper treatment for the illness/injury. Document what the patient stated and how and why they refused treatment. You cannot hold someone against their will that is of age and capable of making their own decisions. If you refuse to let a patient leave this is considered imprisonment even if you are only doing it for the patients’ best interest. If at all possible try to get the signature of the patient stating that they are refusing treatment and want to leave and/or be transferred to another facility. If the patient has family or friends with them include them in this discussion so that they may be able to encourage the patient to get treatment for their illness. Make sure all names, date and time is documented. This policy would be in place and known to every employee and reiterated as needed and documents in all departments and even guidelines so that everyone knows what needs to be done when you have a patient refusing treatment. (Showalter, 2012)
References:
Birritteri, Anthony. (2002, April 01). “Hospitals Expand Emergency Rooms as Patient Volume Rise.” New Jersey Business, (4), 36, Retrieved from http://elibrary.bigchalk.comBriscoe, G. Arthur, G. (1998, October 01). CQI Teamwork: Reevaluate, restructure, Renew.. Nursing Management, ({29}) 73 (1), Retrieved from http://elibrary.bigchalk.comCesario, K.S. (2009, June 01). Designing Health Care Environments: Part1. Basic Concepts, Principles, and Issues Related to Evidence-Based Design. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, (6), 280, Retrieved from http://elibrary.bigchalk.comFelt-Lisk, S., McHugh, M., Howell, E. (2002, September 01). Monitoring local safety-net providers: Do they have adequate capacity?. Health affairs, (5), 277, Retrieved from http://elibrary.bigchalk.com
(2009). Hospital. Hospital. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://elibrary.bigchalk.comNooner, Kevin (2004, May 01). BOUNCING PATIENTS?. Nursing Management, (5), 38, Retrieved from http://elibrary.bigchalk.comShowalter, J.S. (2012). The law of healthcare administration (6th ed.). Chicago: Health Administration Press.
Effective Training for Peer-Mentors in the Special Education Classroom
Running Head: TRAINING OF PEER-MENTORS IN THE SPECIAL EDUCATION
Effective Training for Peer-Mentors in the Special Education Classroom
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Abstract
Learner analysis
This paper is contains two parts. In the first part it will endeavor to perform learner analysis to determine specific characteristics of the learner population. Besides, it will examine the learner analysis results in an effort to identify the unique characteristics to consider while designing instructional strategies. It will mark the end of the first part by presentation of a summary of Lerner analysis results.
Planning of instructions
In this second part the paper, it will focus on selection on a valid source of information about learner needs and interests. In addition, it will utilize computerized source of information to obtain specific data as well as discus the use of specific data-gathering instruments. Besides, it will select appropriate data-gathering instrument to acquire a specific type of data and gather needs assessment data using a variety of specific instruments. Further, it will analyze the needs assessment data and use the needs assessment data to determine priority areas of need for education. Lastly, it will attempt to present a summary of needs analysis results and write a goal statement that describes the outcome of instruction/training.
Introduction
Instructional design focuses on the personality learning. It has instant and long-range stages, it is methodical in nature, and it uses a system approach about understanding and human education. Instructional design is an iterative process of development of presentation objectives, selecting teaching methodologies, choosing the media as well as selecting of teaching and learning materials and evaluation (Robert, 2009).
Learner Analysis
Summary of instructional problem statement
This study focuses on a special needs education classroom with children who have specific learning disability in mathematics. The aim here is to employ the use of peer-mentoring to improve on the instruction that learner is exposed to. The peers-mentors will assist their peers in solving simple mathematical problems.
Contemporary study suggests that learning association is another variable that impacts on students’ education and fulfillment inside conventional environments. In this paper, learning involvement signifies the extent to which learners work together with other peers and are occupied with the education process. Obviously, learning involvement is a variable of concern to be looked at in examining learning results connected to a blended teaching.
The demographic information about the learner group
In order to assess student learning outcomes involving a blend teaching in a special education classroom, a group of students enrolled to learn in an inclusive setting program. In the course of their study, evaluation was done and result analyzed. In the course of the program, that is, in the inclusive education setting, some peers were requested to participate in this study. The subjects for the study included 25 students in key stage 2 with average age of 11 years (11 male and 14 female). Among the 25 students, 5 were student with special need in the area of specific learning disability in mathematics. Among this group, 2 students were girls and the rest are boys. Most student spoke fluently in English language which was used as a mode of instruction. This is the same group that will be taking part in the learning process.
The Requisite Entry-Level Knowledge and the Skills Related To the Topic
These are the skills that are important for the learning to take place. They for the building block that the consequent learning are based on; without which learning cannot take place CITATION Rob091 l 1033 (Robert, 2009). This case involves two categories of learners which are those with special needs in education, and those without special needs in education. Those children with special needs are required to have basic addition, subtraction and division, and their peers are required to have the thorough knowledge of multiplication, in addition to subtraction, multiplication, and division.
The target audience prior knowledge and skills.
The children who are going to act as peer mentors are well vast with the process of multiplication which they are going to help the mentees to master. While their peers; with special needs education have the basic addition and are required to master the multiplication aspect.
The Group’s Attitudes and Motivation towards the Topic
Within educational research study, educational motivation is one of the most frequently studied subjects. The idea of learning motivation has been defined as the controlled model of following objectives, attitude, and emotions. Motivation is a force that drivers the learner to make attempts to achieve that set out goals and objectives in the learning process.
In this case, learners with special needs in education are highly motivated to achieving the same results as their peers. Their peers also have the urge to helping the mentees. There is a satisfaction that they derive through the process of peer tutorials. This is a sense of achievement, which highly motivates them to be mentors. The mentees are as well motivated to learn new skills and therefore are willing to actively cooperate with their mentors and the instructor.
Unique Characteristics of the Learner Groups
The learner group consists of five students within specific learning difficulties in mathematical multiplication; this group forms the mentee while the mentors are a selected category of ten who are identified to be well knowledgeable in multiplication. In designing instructional strategies, there will be the application of peer-mentoring process so that the mentors will help the mentees to carry out mathematical multiplication.
Planning Of Instructions
Summary of Instructional Problem
The rationale of this paper is to inspect how student’s learning in a peer-tutoring in a special education classroom is affected by learner’s individual characteristics and learning styles, instructional design, motivation to learn and their individual as well as collective involvement through peer-mentoring . Underlying principles for incorporation of the three of each previous circumstances as indicators of apprentice learning in a cooperative education environment are now given much attention to determine the connection or their viability of the so that an education model can be designed through instructional design.
Instructional design is defined into four scopes namely: first the value of instructor, secondly, learning and teaching activities, thirdly, learning support given by the peer, parents, tutors and caregivers, and lastly subject workload.
Learning stimulus and involvement encompassed another collection of antecedent constructs of various lessons as reflected with research findings. Studies supported the characteristic nature of these variables in impacting mentees’ learning and learning relevance. The main problem here is that some student are having a having specific learning disability in mathematical multiplication.
The difference between the current condition and the desired condition related to the problem is that presently; the learners are able to carry out addition of numbers; including addition with carrying. However, they are not able to perform multiplication. The desired condition is that they are required to be able to carry out multiplications.
Description of data collection instruments
Data are collected that reflect the learner achievement, attitude, teacher’s procedure and attitude as well as resources for instance, time, space and learning and teaching resources. The data can be collected from the following sources:
Student observation; is a source of information bearing in mind that these are children with specific learning difficulties, it might prove challenging to engage them in tests that involve writing. The reason is that some are hyperactive and therefore are likely not to concentrate on a given test. The observation can be carried out by both the peer mentors and the instructor so that they can complement on each other’s observations and thus lead to more accurate data.
Participant interviews; the, aim reason of employing this source of data is because the teaching approach here involves peer-mentoring. The mentors can be a valuable source of data regarding what they see their peers to have achieved. They become more paramount in this situation because they are always with their peers, and thus can take cognizance of any demonstration of achievement.
Test scores; can also be utilized as a source of data. However, it can be a challenging source of information because at times it can be challenging to put the learner with specific learning difficulties to take the tests. It should be noted that testing should involve all the learners. This includes those with and without specific learning difficulties. The reason for this is to avoid skewed performance. In other words, children with specific learning difficulties may not perform better if the test is administered to them alone.
The description of the data techniques used, it is necessary to undertake data analysis. In this case, the data analysis technique involves both the qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis.
Quantitative analysis
This involves the application the basic descriptive statistics to analysis the test scores of the learners before the learning took place for control purposes and after the study to see if there is a significant improvement in the performance. Descriptive statistics is the use of tables, histogram, charts, and graphs to represent data. The data is clustered across learners. This is then displayed graphically so that the instructor can have a pictorial representation of the student’s performances. The data is then summarized in a format that can predict the areas where instructions was not effective.
Besides descriptive statistics, the application of ANOVA will be handy to evaluate the differences in apparent education and the utilization of the learning. The performance in groups based on learner differences will also be reflected using ANOVA analysis. For example, the moving averages may tell if the performance of t he group is increasing with time or decreasing. When the performance is increasing, it it signifies that the program of peer-mentoring is effective. This will signify the reapplication of ANOVA to evaluate and see whether there is increased learning especially on learners with specific learning disability. The ANOVA analysis will be repeatedly applied over time for example monthly to see if there is improved learning.
Regression analysis will also be conducted to see if there is a positive correlation between peer-mentoring and increased performance of the learner with specific learning disability. This will mean that prior regression analysis will be done and then compared with the consequent regression analysis.
Qualitative Analysis
In this analysis, the response of the mentors will be evaluated to find out if there is actually a perceived increase in learning of children with specific learning difficulties. This is a qualitative aspect of the analysis, characterized by administration of open-ended questions to the mentors. In the analysis of their response will focus on determining a pattern that is formed with the application of the peer-mentoring technique. This will help in determining the reasons that promote of hinder the process learning in the classroom. When there is a hindrance, then it can be addressed.
Subsequent to content analysis, cumulative frequencies as well as percentages for like types and characteristics recognized in the performance of the learners with specific learning disabilities categories can be calculated to establish how frequently similar types of perceived learning were brought out.
Summary of the Data Analysis
ANOVA
Jan Feb March Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Median 38 36 37 35 39 36 48 51 49 38 38 38
Mean 31.4 32 30.67 31.7 35.1 33.5 43. 46.3 46.3 37.9 38 38.1
Variance 175.4 109.14 155.5 112.5 73.07 49.55 138 148.6 107.5 13.07 4.57 9.267
n 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
df 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Levene’s Test 2.842 p 0.002 Reject Null Hypothesis because p < 0.05 (Variances are Different)
a 0.05 Descriptive Statistic
Regression Analysis
Discussion of the Statistical Analysis
The analysis of the above of the above analysis, the following data for a period of one year was used to calculate the above result.
The tools that were used to collect the data are interview, testing the learners, and observation.
Test results
Month S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 SLD6 SLD7 SLD8 SLD 9 SLD 10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15
Jan 43 38 39 40 45 10 11 15 16 17 44 37 35 39 42
Feb 35 44 41 41 39 18 14 18 19 23 38 36 40 33 41
March 37 39 40 42 33 10 11 13 17 21 39 38 42 44 34
Apr 44 41 37 39 34 12 21 12 20 28 39 35 34 39 41
May 43 41 42 44 38 29 24 21 18 29 37 39 40 41 40
Jun 40 39 36 37 35 20 31 28 19 28 35 39 36 37 43
July 45 49 48 50 55 24 29 26 31 30 54 47 49 55 57
Aug 48 50 55 51 56 26 35 32 29 30 54 55 58 62 53
Sep 45 49 55 56 57 32 32 36 30 36 48 49 56 54 59
Oct 44 41 39 37 40 36 35 38 33 30 42 38 39 36 41
Nov 41 40 38 39 37 39 38 36 34 35 37 40 36 39 41
Dec 39 37 36 38 33 40 41 42 36 39 34 44 40 35 38
KEY:
S means Student
SLD means Student with specific Learning Disability
A sample performance of fifteen students was recorded over a period of one year. The data reflect the performance of the students before the launch of the program of peer-mentoring. The program was started in May and the performance was continuously registered for the sample group of the students. It is also important to note that the mentors and in the mentee were paired in the ration of 2:1. That is two mentors were responsible for the learning of a mentee with specific learning difficulty.
Anova
From the table of ANOVA above, it can be observed that in Analysis of Variance; it can be clearly seen that the general performance of the students increased as indicated by the increase in both Mean and Median and a decrease in the Variance.
Descriptive Statistics
The histogram above indicates an increase in the performance trend of the sample group of learners. This implies the program of peer mentoring actually increased the performance of the inclusive class in general. Lastly, the confidence interval of 95% is high that affirms all of the above prediction.
Regression Analysis
The analysis of the above graph indicates that there is a high correlation between the performance of the learners with specific learning difficulties and peer-mentoring. The value of r=0.9 and r2= 0.954 indicates that there is a higher correlation.
The finding of the needs analysis above indicates that there is need to implement such a program since it shows a positive result. There is need to train more peer-mentors to assists learners with special needs in education to achieve more in academic performance. That is there is a correlation of potential successful performance of children with special needs education when they are supported with their peers in classroom situation or in any other learning environment.
Instructional Statement
The learner will be able to perform mathematical multiplication.
The learner will be able to multiply numbers with and without carrying on up to two by two digits.
In conclusion, inclusive education is a practice where children learn together regardless of their abilities or disabilities. Thus, in such a situation where instructor faces various challenges which may include developing Individualized Education Program (I.E.P), which further poses further challenge to teachers. The use of peer mentoring therefore becomes very handy in helping the instructor to cope and still make sure the set out goals and objectives of education are still achieved. Besides, children in such a setting are not only getting educated but they also learn socially, develop an understanding of their peers with special needs in education so that negative stereotypes are not reflected among them.
References
Robert, M. B. (2009). Instructional Design: The ADDIE Approach. New York: Springer.