Classical conditioning (2)

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Classical conditioning is This is whereby a conditioned stimulus is paired with and gets to precede an unconditional stimulus while Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Classical conditioning is attributed to Ivan Pavlov an example is chiming of a phone in public place and one immediately reaches out for their phone yet it was someone else’s phone. Operant conditioning is associated by B.F. Skinner and an example is whereby a dog is taught how to sit and every time they sit and get better at it they receive a treat.

Negative reinforcement is whereby something unpleasant is taken away in response to a stimulus for example When Ken gets to press a button (behavior) thus stopping loud alarm (aversive stimulus). Negative punishment on the other hand involves taking something good or desirable away to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior. An example is when a child on the playground kicks their peer and are removed from the field deterring them from taking part in their favorite activity.

Sensory memory allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has stopped. An example is when a person sees an object briefly before it disappears, even after the object is gone, it is still retained in the memory for a very short period of time.

Short term memory holds only a few items and only lasts for about 20 seconds. These can be moved from short-term memory to long-term memory. Example remembering details from a book that you read a few days ago

Long term memory Long-term memories are all the memories we hold for periods of time longer than a few seconds. For example, recollection of an important days such as date of birth.

Forgetting is unable to recall information or rather retrieve memories from the past or remembering new information. Encoding failure is the failure by the brain to create memory link with our long term memory. The memory errors include transience, misattribution, blocking, absent-mindedness, suggestibility, bias and persistence.

Transience is weakening as well as deterioration or the loss of the specific memory on a period of time

Absent-mindedness refers to the malfunction in interface of memory as well as attention, involving problems that are related to interaction of both aspects.

Blocking: is the frustrated search of information as someone is trying to desperately recover a piece of information.

Misattribution: This is where a memory gets to be assigned the wrong source. The information is correct but it is linked to incorrect recollection.

Suggestibility: This is similar to misattribution however there is inclusion of open suggestion. There is incorporation of erroneous information from deceit or important questions

Bias: This is involving the modification of our memories from the past events without us realizing it.

Persistence: This is a memory malfunction involving unwanted memories where people want to forget them

Expressive writing: Expressive writing aids in boosting short term memory for example when one writes down a traumatic experience they went through.

Saying things out loud. Saying things out loud help improve memory for example if one has a list of things they would want to pick up at a store, saying these things out loud may help improve memory.

Meditation: Meditation helps us expand our working memory as it helps improve concentration. During mediation, the brain stops processing information normally giving it a break.