Evidence linking earnings and returns Ball and Brown replication

Evidence linking earnings and returns Ball and Brown replication

Please prepare a two-page synthesis in illustrative form for each paper that includes each one of these answers.
1. What is the research question?
2. What background information is necessary to understand the context?
3. Why is the research question important?
4. What methodology is used to inform their question? How is the experiment designed?
5. What are the variables of interest? (What is the dependent variable? What are the independent variables? What variables are controlled?)
6. How are the variables measured?
7. What are the hypotheses?
8. What are the findings?
9. Can we believe the findings? (i.e., is the research design valid?)
• Internal validity (the probability that observed changes in the independent variable are indeed responsible for variation in the dependent variable)
• Construct validity (the degree to which proxy measures of the constructs represent the construct of interest)
• External validity (the degree to which the study’s findings can be generalized to other populations of subjects and settings)
10. What are the ramifications of these findings?
11. Are there related or future research opportunities?

Please when answers how Evidence linking earnings and returns compare to how Ball and Brown Replication.

I need 4 pages (1) Page Summary for each paragraph topic below.

• Nichols and Wahlen 2004 (Evidence linking earnings and returns / Ball and Brown replication)

• Nichols and Wahlen 2004 (The importance of persistence / Kormendi and Lipe replication)

• Nichols and Wahlen 2004 (Do earnings numbers provide new information to the market? / Extension of Kormendi and Lipe)

• Nichols and Wahlen 2004 (Market efficiency with respect to earnings news / Replication of Bernard and Thomas 1989)