Pregnancy and Methamphetamine

ORDER 1

Name:

Institution:

Course:

Lecturer:

Date:

Pregnancy and Methamphetamine

Introduction

Methamphetamine has various effects on pregnancy and the fetus. When a pregnant woman takes methamphetamine, she is likely to face several risks. Some of the major common risks include defects during birth as well high possibility of having a miscarriage. In addition, one is also prone to delivering a premature baby as well as a baby who has low weight than the standard. Methamphetamine withdrawal is another phenomenon that is common that a baby may experience after birth (Lester, 99). Nevertheless, human beings have the capacity to respond to medicine differently than other animals. Thus, a pregnant mother may be exposed to other versions of methamphetamine that may be taken through injection and snorting. The mode of taking methamphetamine may also lead to occurrence of other risks during the period of carrying the baby. Thus, a healthcare official may prefer to give methamphetamine to a pregnant woman if he believes that the benefits to be accrued are higher that the possible risks. Moreover, this study explores the Methamphetamine use in three different perspectives (Miller, 57). First; it includes the patterns of use of this drug during pregnancy. This is especially in terms of quantity and the rate at which one is using. Second, it involves the patterns that are diverse from the users and non users and the socio demographic features under which most of the user’s exhibit. The third category includes various hypothesis and researches that have been advanced concerning the major effects and repercussion on the pregnancy and the fetus (Frank, 33). Others issues addressed include education level, social status as well as age bracket. The study focuses greatly on the use of MA in U.S.A.

Literature review

In USA, the use of Methamphetamine (MA) has become a major issue in the public health. According to a survey by National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), it is estimated that about 5.8 % of individuals from 12 years are in the process of using methamphetamine at least once during their life time. Others have used other versions of methamphetamine that is prescribed as a drug. According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHAA) (2006), the national trend in drug treatment in their national research stipulates that there has been increasing rate of use of MA in US and especially in the western region (Wilkins, 117). Therefore, several studies conducted to determine the prevalence of the use of Methamphetamine. Wilkins also suggests that the most affected people are those living in rural areas than those living in the major metropolitan areas in USA.

Effects on pregnant woman and fetus

Methamphetamines are forms of drugs that are used by woman who are in the age of child bearing. However, the drugs have phenomenal effects on the pregnancy and the fetus development. Therefore, in this study, the outcomes of abuse of Methamphetamine by woman during pregnancy are determined through various researches conducted especially in USA (Lester, 130). Some major considerations during the research include the body weight, the length as well as the head circumference of the bay to be born and the notable effects on the users and non users. From the studies, mothers who used these drugs during their pregnancy, are likely to deliver a baby who is 3.5 smaller in relative to that born of a mother who did not use the medicine (Wilkins, 120). Methamphetamine are said to stimulate the nervous system and hence affect the development of the fetus.

Mothers, who have used methamphetamine during pregnancy, are likely to develop and live in low socio economics status with low earnings in comparison to those who did not use them. Subsequently, they are likely to live without a partner and more often that not, they are the women who did not have the chance to go through high school to the end. Most people who use this medication, are mostly the young woman who do not have the capacity to visit health care centers for parental care and guidance. Another notable effect is that when one use methamphetamine, she is likely to add more weight in comparison to those who do not use them. Therefore, weight gain is a notable effect when a woman uses this drug throughout the pregnancy period.

The use of Methamphetamine has the tendency to place the fetus at a high risk. This is because; one of its notable effects is that it leads to increase in blood pressure maternally as well as increased heart rate (Miller, 113). This may lead to miscarriages or premature birth. Abortion may be another major result of this drug. Moreover, the drug has the capacity to constraint the blood vessels that are connected to the placenta and are responsible in feeding the fetus. Once this occur, the flow of blood is reduced hence the fetus is not in a position to get enough supply of oxygen and other nutrients (Hollingshead, 160). Blood pressure can also be elevated due to the fact that methamphetamine passes in the placenta that carries the supplies to the fetus (Wilkins, 43). This may hence lead to stroke as well as damage of other major organs of the body. Heart beat rate may also be varied extremely and this may lead to reduced growth of the fetus.

Fetus is likely to grow with abnormalities. Some of the major abnormalities include those connected with the central nervous system, the cardiovascular, intestinal, urogenital systems as well as other forms of abnormalities. However, the notable effects of methamphetamine use can be reduced if a mother is able to stop using them three months before delivery date. A baby born of a mother who has used methamphetamine, he or she is likely to develop withdrawal tendencies as well as regular sleeping during the first few weeks after one is born as well as not able to feed well as it is supposed to be (Hollingshead,118). The use of methamphetamine is connected to the use of cocaine as they are both stimulants. Thus, there is a high possibility of the baby developing some behavior just like those exhibited by cocaine users. Some of them include jittery, crying shrilly, sleeping regularly as well as notable patterns such as poor feeding, high level of irritable as well as tremors and the infant may demand a more conducive environment that is not noisy or chaotic (Miller, 113).

From various interviews conducted, drug use during pregnancy has serious outcomes. This led to collection of various data concerning the frequency on the use of this drug for example per week or monthly. Normally, the use of Methamphetamine has no standard mode of use. Thus, pregnant mothers tend to deduce their own pattern and hence it is possible to have higher rate of use as well as low rate. This leads to variation of the effects. Therefore, the stability and change of MA is mainly determined by comparing the rate at which different people are using the drug (Miller, 84). Thus, from the early period to late period of pregnancy, the outcomes may be highly determined on the quantity of MA that has been used. However, from a clinical point of view, socio demographic group have varied differences regarding their rate of use of MA. In addition, the pattern of use of MA during pregnancy is dependable on the differences of concomitant use of other drugs such as alcohol and tobacco.

Nevertheless, the use of MA does not only have maternal effects. Family systems are also highly affected. Family systems theory explores the interactions of the people within a group. In this case, people are likely to develop relationship and live as a socio group. According to the theory, the family has to function and interact effectively leading to development of effective communication. The output of a given family is dependable on every member of the family to contribute in the affairs and decision making. In respect to mothers, who have been exposed to the use of MA, they are not likely to develop better relationship and this is inherit to their infant who are likely to exhibit such behaviors such as withdrawal and irritability (Frank, 230). Hence, they may not function well in a family system due to the long term effects of the use of MA.

Conclusion

It is evident from various studies that methamphetamine has myriad negative effects upon the pregnancy as well as on the fetus. Despite the fact that most pregnant woman are aware of the negative effects of MA use in our societies, they are still in the process of using them. The studies also states that most of the users are people who are not highly educated, living in low status as well as not living in the major metropolitan cities. In this case, it is important for the health care agencies and other concerned institutions to rise to the occasion and address the issue to avoid further effects on infants and susceptible mothers (Miller, 210). It is important to ensure that every pregnant woman is in a position to visit a health center for guidance and hence one may be able to make reasonable decision on whether to use the drugs or not. This will help to reduce the effects of MA on the family systems.

Work cited

Miller, Amphetamine misuse: International perspectives on current trends. In H. Klee (Ed.), History and epidemiology of amphetamine abuse in the United States (pp. 113–134). Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1997

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.(2006). State estimates of past year methamphetamine use. In TheNSDUH report. Rockville, MD.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.(2007). Methamphetamine use. In The NSDUH report. Rockville,MD.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.(2007). Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied

Studies.

Wilkins, C. Patterns of amphetamine use in New Zealand: Findings from theNational Drug Survey. The New Zealand Medical Journal,

2004(117), U796. 2001.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.(2007). Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS):1995-2005. InNational admissions to substance abuse treatment services.Rockville, MD.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2008). Primary methamphetamine/amphetamine admissions tosubstance abuse treatment: 2005. In The DASIS report. Rockville,MD.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.(2008). Geographic differences in substance abuse treatment for methamphetamine/amphetamine and marijuana: 2005. In The

DASIS report. Rockville, MD.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.(2006). Methamphetamine/amphetamine treatment admissions in urban and rural areas: 2004. In The DASIS report. Rockville, MD.

Frank, D. The prevalence of methamphetamine and other drug use during pregnancy in Hawaii. Journal ofDrug Issues, 33, 1001–1016, 2003.

Lester, The Maternal Lifestyle Study: Effects of substance exposure during pregnancy on neurodevelopmental outcome in 1-month-old infants. Pediatrics, 110, 1182, 2002.

Hollingshead, A. B. Four factor index of social status. New Haven, CT: Department of Sociology, Yale University. 1975

Shankaran, S Association between patterns of maternal substance use and infant birth weight, length, and head

circumference. Pediatrics, 114(2), e226–234. 2004.

ORDER 2

CRIMINAL LAW

Name:

Institution:

What are the components of the theory/disorder?

The components of the psychological and psychiatric theory include the following: behaviors, personality, mentality and perception, treatment, motivation and desire as well as parental development.

Who discovered/defined the theory/disorder?

Psychological or psychiatric theory was discovered by Frank J. Schmalleger

Is the disorder widely recognized as a medical condition?

Psychological or psychiatric theory is highly recognized as a medical condition. This is because; this type of criminology is related to the mental capacity. Thus it is regarded as a disorder and hence needs a medical attention. Several forms of diagnosis have been advanced in the effort to deal with the increasing cases of criminal activities caused by Psychological or psychiatric disorders.

What treatments are available to treat the disorder?

The treatment of Psychological or psychiatric disorders include the following; consultations and counseling. This includes first examining individual’s behavior, symptoms related to mental disorder, history of the mental disorder as well as appearance. This is followed by routine diagnosis that enables the individual to be in continued check up to ensure that the condition turns back to normal (Schmalleger, 2010). However, there are mental disorders that are related to the delusions and weird behaviors that bring about psychotic diagnosis. In this case, an individual may be given a diagnosis from more that one category.

Do you think that these treatments would prevent or inhibit the linkwith criminal behavior? Why or why not?

This treatment would prevent the link with criminal behaviors. This is because, this forms of diagnosis offered targets to shape the individual mental condition and have a different perception. This facilitates the change of behavior as one if exposed to a different condition. In cases where one of diagnosed, there is a high possibility that one is going to change. In addition, when one changes that behaviors, one if not likely to be involved in the same behaviors as he or she used to be. Psychological and psychiatric theory the personality of an individual is rooted on the motivation, the desire as well as the choice of behavior that he or she chooses and hence acts depending on it (Schmalleger, 2010). This acts as the basis for human personality that is vital in establishment of individual personality through development and reaction to the conditions under which one is operating. According to theorists, the state of criminology that arises from the psychology behaviors does not favor the policy that could allow the offenders of such cases can be rehabilitated. This is because; such individuals are considered as high level of offenders and dangerous (Nurdeen, 2005). Moreover, they are used to gear up effort to fight crime and as a measure to curb the increased spread of crime (Schmalleger, 2010). Similarly, parental guidance also helps to shape one’s personality and hence one is oriented towards behaving in a certain way. Thus, by offering this treatment, it acts as remedy to prevention or limiting the spread of criminal activities that arises from development of the wrong mental capacity or disorder.

How do you think a person diagnosed with the disorder who continues toexhibit criminal behavior should be dealt with?

A person who has been diagnosed and yet continues to exhibit the same criminal behavior should be subjected to thorough monitoring as well as advanced forms of treatment. In this case, such a person may prove to be resistant to any form of diagnosis but with continued check up, it is possible to change the behavior of such an individual and ensure that he is able to suit in the socially. In addition, I think such kind of an individual should be subjected to a different environment condition which implies that one should be rehabilitated for a time to see if he or she is going to under any change in the pattern of behavior.

Reference

Schmalleger, F.(2010) Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 6/E Emeritus, University of North Carolina

Amber Haque (2004), “Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists”, Journal of Religion and Health

Nurdeen, D. (2005), “Mental health in Islamic medical tradition”, The International Medical Journal

Haque, A. (2004). “Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists”. Journal of Religion and Health

ORDER 3

NAF CLOTHING PLC OPERATES FASHION CLOTHING RETAIL STORES IN EVERY MAJOR CITY IN THE UK

Name

Institution

(i) Analyze and critically evaluate how a logistics system might operate within the new global network compared to the existing domestic system. Pay particular attention to the implications of inventory holding and replenishment policy on the other elements of logistics and the other company functions.

The new logistic systems will highly depend on the new global network that will help it to exceed the existing domestic system. In this case, the system should be able to operate in the new market and be in a position to compete effectively in the new international business. Thus, NAF must be able to incorporate proper logistics that will help to engage effectively in both the transportation and conduction of business in the new countries where the company is endeavoring to invest. The company must be able to utilize the opportunities that are available within the international markets. Thus, the new logistics should give the company a competitive advantage in comparison with other companies engaged in the same trade. The new logistics should also be able to make the company comply with the laid government regulations and policies governing international trade.

Supply support entails the actions that aim at the processes of acquiring, storing as well as distribution of goods and services. Supply support is important in maintaining the system in business. Some of the goods and services that are important consideration include the transportation services, modes used in warehousing as well as other services that are involved in the chain of distribution. In the international trade, these are important logistics to consider ensuring that all the transactions are successful.

Proper management should be an integral factor to consider while conducting international business. This is specifically because, in international transfers, proper coordination of resources, man powers as well other information should be available to enable the smooth flow of trade without any form of delay. Logistics also involves coming up with a strategy that helps in all the operations such as marketing of the products overseas. Moreover, this entails the mode of entry into the market as well as marketing mix. NAF is aiming at exporting its products to foreign countries, thus the best form of entry is the direct form as it is targeting to take their goods there and create new market there. Some of the methods that the company may include is the use of agents, the available distributors as well as the government machineries to carryout their trade effectively. Moreover, it is easy to utilize subsidiaries.

Some of the vital methods that should be utilized include the use of other modes of exportation through the export processing zones as well as ownership. Other logistics include the fact the company in its endeavors to expand internationally, may have to comply with policies such as those of licensing among other (Helmick, 2000). In order to venture and effectively succeed in the market, the managers should be able to make some contracts through that will help in the process of transportation and marketing of the products in the foreign countries. The logistics involving the chain of management and management of services should be followed to ensure consistency as well as effectiveness. In order to determine the performance rate of the company, the company should employ unique programs that will help in meeting its objectives. The modes of transportation involved such as to the ocean, road or air should provide maximum protection for the goods.

(ii) Evaluate and select an appropriate transport mode policy, including both national (UK) and international distribution requirements.

The appropriate mode of transport would entail the movement of goods from United Kingdom to international countries such as to China, India and the US. NAF deals with women clothing’s that mainly that should be transported to other countries though water. In order to ensure that the supplies are constant and convenient, intermodal transport and cross-docking are some of major modes of transport that should be used (Helmick, 2000). However, intermodal transport is most convenient. This is because of the benefits involved.

Intermodal transport involves transportation of using of intermodal container where the freight is transferred by the use of different modes such as the rail, shipment as well as using trucks. This mode is will be most suitable as it is enables the reduction of handling of the cargo. Thus, one is guarantee of security of the goods. In addition, it is not easy to incur any form of loss or damages as well the fact the transportation is fast. This enables the goods to reach their destination faster that using any other means (David, 1992). Thus, NAF will be able to reduce costs more than any other form of transportation. In this case, the company is able to transport large volume of goods that using any means of transport. For convenient international transportation of goods is a major benefit to meet the time required for goods to reach their destination.

Intermodal transfers to involve the use of containers based on given specifications from a given country. Goods transferred though sea to other countries is there in safe and there is guaranteed destination. In international transportation, containers are also referred to as the intermodal transfers and entail the use of equipment that facilitates the transportation of those commodities one of the most suitable modes to use in intermodal transportation if the use of ship since most of this trade takes place across nations and states (David, 1992). In international business operation, it demands that the process of monitoring and controlling of business be in line with the changes in market and be able to adjust according to any form of change.

(iii) Recommend and justify the selection of a monitoring and control system for the new logistics operation to facilitate synchronized inventory flow. How can tracking and tracing technologies be used to facilitate real-time logistics data capture within the enterprise-wide system?

The selection of the monitoring as well as the methods of control of the new forms of logistics to be applied by NA F clothing company will highly depend on the mode of operations that will take place. In other words, in order to ensure that the flow of all inventories is fast and efficient, it is recommended that NAF Clothing Plc in the operations of its production in fashion cloths be able to ensure that its retails stores are in line with the need and demands of the company (Helmick, 2000). Moreover, to ensure that the flow of inventory is smooth and effective, it is important to ensure that the company is in a position to tract and trace it products as they are being transported to their destination.

Tracking and tracing are some of the major methods that can be used to ensure facilitation of real-time logistics data capture within the enterprise-wide system. Tracking and tracing are important in distribution of products and products. This is because they are mainly concerned with the process that focuses on determination of the locations both at the moment and the previous locations and thus it is able to give the relevant information about any items or goods that have been transported to other destinations (European Intermodal Association (2005). These forms of technologies are important and ensure that one is in a position to come up with proper method to monitor his goods (David, 1992). Track and trace are highly connected with the act of reckoning as well deliverance of any related report of any happening especially with containers and vehicles that are used in transportation of goods overseas. In this case, these technologies will be one of the major logistic that will be applied to ensure the success of NAF clothing plc in United Kingdom that it is able to monitor its business activities. They help in maintenance of real time database. However, this heavily relies on the ability of the management to have proper reports that are well composed and coherent. Tracking and tracing are helpful in deployment of products as it entails standards that ensure that safety measures are adhered to.

Supply chains as well as partners who are involved in the chain of the business. Wide range of products can be monitored using this method as it is cost effective as well as convenient (David, 1992). Therefore, NAF will highly benefit as this method is cost effective and one is in contact and able to trace the whereabouts of the items. The cargo while being packed is put some label that contains some codes that enables easy tracing of the items using the barcode that is available with them. Moreover, the information that can be traced can also involve the production related data that may give information about marketing as well as the quality of the products.

Reference

David J. (1992). Piggyback and Containers: A History of Rail Intermodal on America’s Steel Highway. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_West_Books” o “Golden West Books” Golden West Books, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino,_CA” o “San Marino, CA” San Marino

Sidney, S. (1846). Gauge Evidence: The History and Prospects of the Railway System. Edmonds, London, UK

Helmick, S (2000) Logistics and Intermodal Transportation Program United States Merchant Marine Academy Kings Point, New York

European Intermodal Association (2005). Intermodal Transport in Europe. EIA, Brussels.