Training Needs Analysis (TNA) – Fabrics, Inc.
Training Needs Analysis (TNA) – Fabrics, Inc.
Training Needs Analysis (TNA)
The Fabrics, Inc. case study below is one that would be done in a real situation regarding a small business that requested training. Review the Fabrics Inc. example below. In the Fabrics Inc. example, Blanchard and Thacker (2013) have demonstrated, needs analysis, the first phase in the Training Process Model.
Paper Instructions:
- Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the approach and what might be done differently using the Fabrics Inc. example.
- Identify the sources of data used in the analysis.
- Discuss how closely the approach correspond to the TNA ideal model. (Below)
- Consider the advantages and disadvantages of the assessment methods used.
- Then, describe at least two additional methods that could have been used, providing rationale as to why these methods could be used.
- Your paper should include an introduction (a thesis statement and a preview of your paper)
- APA formatted headings to organize and identify each section of your paper, and a conclusion paragraph including restatement of the thesis. An Abstract is not required.
- Your paper must be formatted according to APA style.
- Your paper must also include citations and references and at least three scholarly sources.
- Double-spaced in length (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style.
- Must include a separate title page with the following:
- Title of paper
- Student’s name
- Course name and number
- Instructor’s name
- Date submitted
The Training Program (Fabrics, Inc.)
This section is the beginning of a step-by-step process for developing a training program for a small fabrications company. Here, weexamine the TNA for the program, and in subsequent chapters, we will continue the process through to the evaluation.
Fabrics, Inc., once a small organization, recently experienced an incredible growth. Only two years ago, the owner was also thesupervisor of 40 employees. Now it is a firm that employs more than 200. The fast growth proved good for some, with the opportunity foradvancement. The owner called a consultant to help him with a few problems that emerged with the fast growth. “I seem to have troublekeeping my mold-makers and some other key employees,” he said. “They are in demand, and although I am competitive regarding money, Ithink the new supervisors are not treating them well. Also, I received some complaints from customers about the way supervisors talk tothem. The supervisors were all promoted from within, without any formal training in supervising employees. They know their stuffregarding the work the employees are doing, so they are able to help employees who are having problems. However, they seem to get intoarguments easily, and I hear a lot of yelling going on in the plant. When we were smaller, I looked after the supervisory responsibilitiesmyself and never found a reason to yell at the employees, so I think the supervisors need some training in effective ways to deal withemployees. I only have nine supervisors—could you give them some sort of training to be better?”
The consultant responded, “If you want to be sure that we deal with the problem, it would be useful to determine what issues arecreating the problems and, from that, recommend a course of action.”
“Actually, I talked to a few other vendors and they indicate they have some traditional basic supervisor training packages that would fitour needs and, therefore, they could start right away. I really want this fixed fast,” the owner said.
“Well, I can understand that, but you do want to be sure that the training you get is relevant to the problems you experienced; otherwise,it is a waste of money. How about I simply contract to do a training needs analysis and give you a report of the findings? Then, based on thisinformation, you can decide whether any of the other vendors or the training I can provide best fits your needs in terms of relevancy andcost. That way, you are assured that any training you purchase will be relevant,” said the consultant.
“How long would that take?” the owner asked.
“It requires that I talk to you in a bit more detail, as well as to those involved; some of the supervisors and subordinates. If they arereadily available I would be done this week, with a report going to you early next week,” the consultant replied. The owner asked howmuch it would cost, and after negotiating for 15 minutes, agreed to the project. They returned to the office to write up the contract for aneeds analysis.
The interview with the owner (who was also the manager of all the first-line supervisors) was scheduled first and included anorganizational and operational analysis. What follows is an edited version of the questions related to the organizational analysis.
The Interview
Direction of the Organization
- Q:What is the mission of the company? What are the goals employees should be working for?
- A:I do not really have time for that kind of stuff. I have to keep the organization running.
- Q:If there is no mission, how do employees understand what the focus of their job should be?
- A:They understand that they need to do their jobs.
- Q:What about goals or objectives?
- A:Again, I do not have the time for that, and I have never needed such stuff in the past.
- Q:That may be true, but you are much larger now and do need to communicate these things in some fashion. How do employeesknow what to focus on: quality, quantity, customer service, keeping costs down?
- A:All of those things are important, but I get your point. I never actually indicated anything about this to them. I simply took itfor granted that they understood it.
- Q:What type of management style do you want supervisors to have, and how do you promote that?
- A:I assumed that they would supervise like me. I always listened to them when they were workers. I believe in treating everyonewith dignity and respect and expect others to do the same. I do not have any method to transmit that except to follow my style.
HR Systems
- Q:What criteria are used to select, transfer, and promote individuals?
- A:I hired a firm to do all the hiring for me when I was expanding. I told them I wanted qualified workers. As for the promotion tosupervisor, I picked the best workers.
- Q:Best how? What criteria were you using?
- A:Well, I picked those who were the hardest workers, the ones who always turned out the best work the fastest, and were alwayswilling to work late to get the job done.
- Q:Are there formal appraisal systems? If yes, what is the information used for promotion, bonuses, and so forth?
- A:I do not have time for that. I believe that people generally know when they are doing a good job. If they are not, I will not keepthem.
Job Design
- Q:How are supervisors’ jobs organized? Where do they get their information and where does it go?
- A:Supervisors receive the orders for each day at the beginning of the day and then give it out to the relevant workers. They thenkeep track of it to see that it is done on time and out to the customer.
Reward Systems
- Q:What incentives are in place to encourage employees to work toward the success of the organization?
- A:Well, I think I pay them well.
- Q:Does everyone receive the same amount of pay?
- A:At the present time, yes, because they are all relatively new supervisors. I do plan to give them raises based on how well theyare performing.
- Q:But you indicated that you do not really have a method of informing them what you are measuring them on. How are they toknow what is important?
- A:Well, I will tell them. I guess I need to be considering that issue down the road.
Performance
- Q:How do the supervisors know what their role is in the company?
- A:I told them that they needed to supervise the employees and what that entailed.
- Q:How do they find out how well they are doing in their job? Is there a formal feedback process?
- A:I talk to them about how they are doing from time to time, but I get your point and will think about that.
- Q:Are there opportunities for help if they are having problems?
- A:Take this problem with the yelling and getting employees angry at them. I have talked to them about it and have offered to getthem training.
- Q:How do they feel about that?
- A:Actually, they thought it was great. As I said, none of these supervisors have had anything in the way of supervisory training.
Methods and Practices
- Q:What are the policies, procedures, and rules in the organization? In your view, how do they facilitate or inhibit performance?
- A:I really do not think there is anything hindering their performance. I am always willing to help, but I also have work to do. Thatis why I promoted employees to supervisors, so I would not have to deal with that part of the business.
After gathering information on the organization, the consultant gathered operational analysis data from the manager(owner). The consultant used the method provided in Figure 4-3. What follows is a portion of the completed form.
JOB TITLE: SUPERVISOR | SPECIFIC DUTY: BE SURE WORK IS COMPLETEDAND SENT TO THE CUSTOMER ON TIME | |
Tasks | Subtasks | KSAs |
Organize jobs in manner thatensures completion on time | Examine jobs and assess time required | Knowledge of types of jobs we get
Knowledge of times required for jobs to becompleted |
Sort and give jobs to appropriateemployees | Organization and prioritizing skills
Knowledge of employees’ capabilities |
|
Monitor progress of work | Talk to employees about their progresson jobs | Knowledge of proper feedback
Effective feedback skills Helping attitude |
Examine specific job products duringproduction to ensure quality | Knowledge of quality standards
Quality assessment skills |
|
Listen effectively | Provide feedback to employees aboutperformance | Knowledge of effective listening skills
Knowledge of conflict styles Conflict resolution skills Knowledge of proper feedback Effective feedback skills Positive attitude for treating employees withrespect |
And so forth . . . |
Next, the consultant met with the supervisors, first as a single group of nine to do an operational analysis and then individually todiscuss individual performance. He chose to use a slightly different approach to the operational analysis because he expected that theymight have some problems working from the form used with the owner. The following excerpt comes from that interview.
To begin the meeting, the consultant said:
I am here to find out just what your job as supervisor entails. This step is the first in determining what training we can provide to makeyou more effective in your job. First, we need to know what it is you do on the job. So I am going to let you provide me with a list of thethings you do on the job—the tasks. Let me give you an example of what I mean. For the job of a salesperson, I might be told a required taskwas to “sell printers.” This description is too general to be useful, or you might say you must “introduce yourself to a new client,” which istoo specific. What we need is somewhere in between these two extremes, such as “make oral presentation to a small group of people.” Arethere any questions? OK, let’s begin.
- Q:Think of a typical Monday. What’s the first thing you do when you arrive at work?
- A:Check the answering machine.
- Q:That is a little too specific. Why do you check the answering machine?
- A:I need to return any important calls from suppliers or customers.
- Q:What do these calls deal with?
- A:Complaints usually, although some are checking on the status of their job.
- Q:Anybody else do anything different from that?
- A:
- Q:What do you do next?
- A:Examine the jobs that have come in and prioritize them based on their complexity and due date.
- Q:The task, then, is organizing and prioritizing the new jobs you received. What next?
- A:Meet with each subordinate, see how they are doing, and distribute the new work.
- Q:Tell me what “see how they are doing” means.
- A:I make sure that they are on schedule with their work. I check their progress on the jobs they are working on.
- Q:OK, so check on progress of subordinates is the task. What next?
- A:After all the work is distributed, I check to see what orders are due to be completed and sent out today.
- Q:OK, but I guess that assumes everyone is on schedule. What do you do if someone is behind in their job?
- A:Depends how far behind the job is. If it is serious, I may simply take the job away and give it to someone I think can do the jobfaster.
- A:I do not do that. I find out what the problem is and help the person get back on track.
- Q:So you spend some time training that person?
- A:Well, sort of. It is not formal training, but I will see why the person is having problems and give some of my “tricks of thetrade” to speed things up.
- Q:Anybody deal with this issue differently?
- A:I do not usually have the time to do any training. I will give it to someone who can do it, or in some cases, just do the jobmyself. Sometimes that is faster. After all, we have all this useless paperwork that we have to do.
- Q:I want to come back to the paperwork, but first, are you saying that no standard exists for dealing with employees who arehaving problems with particular jobs?
- A:Sure there is. The boss expects us to train them, but with the pressure for production, we often do not have time to do that.
- A:Well, I agree with that. Even though I do stop and spend time helping, I often feel the pressure to rush and probably do not doa good job of it. I do try and tell them what they need to do to improve in the particular area.
Although the format used in the session starts first thing in the morning and continues through a typical day, clues often emergeas to other tasks that are done. The mentioning of “tell them what they need to do to improve” causes the consultant to focus onthat task and what other tasks are related to it, because the owner did indicate that providing feedback was an important task.
- Q:OK, let’s look at the issue of telling them how to improve. We could think of that as giving feedback to employees. What othertasks require you to discuss things with subordinates?
- A:We are supposed to deal with their concerns.
- A:Yeah, that’s right, and also we are supposed to meet one-on-one with them and discuss their performance. Trouble is, thesenew employees are know-it-alls and not willing to listen.
- A:You’re right about that. On more than one occasion, many of us resort to yelling at these guys to get them to respond.
- A:Boy, is that ever true.
- Q:What about the paperwork?
- A:Well, it is stupid. A clerk could do it, but we are expected to do it. If we do not, then billing and other problems come up, so wehave to do it or else. …
A: Yeah, it takes away from us being out here where we are needed.
And so forth. …
Other questions that might be asked:
What is the next thing you would do in the afternoon?
The next?
What is the last thing you do in the day?
That pretty much describes a typical day (Monday in this case). Is there anything you would do at the beginning of the week(Monday) that is not done at other times?
How about at the end of the week? Is there anything you do then that is not done during the rest of the week?
Is there anything that you do only once or twice a week that we missed?
Now think about the beginning of the month. What do you do at the beginning of the month that is not done at other times?
How about the end of the month?
Is there anything that is done only a few times a month that we might have missed?
The beginning of the year?
The end of the year?
Are there any tasks that we may have missed because they occur only once in a while?
You will note that often it is necessary to redefine the task statements for the incumbent. This art comes with practice. The following listcontains some of the tasks and relevant KSAs obtained from the TNA.
Tasks | KSAs |
Deal with customer complaints | Knowledge of effective listening processes
Knowledge of conflict resolution strategies Listening skills Conflict resolution skills |
Organize and prioritize jobs | Knowledge of types of jobs received
Knowledge of time required for various jobs Organization and planning skills |
Check on progress of subordinates’ work and provide feedback onperformance | Knowledge of proper feedback processes
Communication skills |
Deal with concerns of employees | Positive attitude toward treating employees withrespect
Knowledge of effective listening processes Knowledge of communication strategies Positive attitude toward helping employees |
Next, for the person analysis, individual meetings with supervisors and one with the owner (supervisor of the supervisors) wereconducted. The questions came right from the job analysis and asked about the supervisors’ knowledge of the areas identified, the skillsneeded, and their attitudes toward issues identified as important in their job. The introduction to the interview was as follows:
From the interviews, I have listed a number of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are necessary to be an effectivesupervisor here at Fabrics, Inc. I would like to ask you how proficient you believe you are in each of them. By the way, donot feel bad if you have no understanding of many of these concepts; many do not. Remember, the information gatheredwill be used to determine how to help you be a better supervisor, so candid responses are encouraged. In terms of havingknowledge of the following, indicate to me if you have no understanding, a very low level of understanding, someunderstanding, a fair amount of understanding, or complete understanding.
The results of the TNA identified a number of KSAs (training needs) that were deficient, as well as some nontraining needs.
Addressing Nontraining Needs
The following nontraining issues need to be addressed to help ensure that supervisory training will be transferred to the job:
- Have owner (either with others or on his own) determine the goals and objectives of the company and which aspects ofperformance should be focused on.
- Set up a formal appraisal system where, in one session, the owner sits down with each supervisor to discuss performance andset objectives. In another session, performance development is discussed.
- Use objectives set for the year and clarify how rewards (bonus, pay raises, and so forth) will be tied to the objectives.
- Set up similar sessions for supervisors and subordinates in terms of developmental performance review (at a minimum). Also,consider incentives based on performance appraisals.
- Hire someone to relieve the supervisors of some of their paperwork so they can spend more time on the floor.
And so forth. . . .
Training Needs
Several training needs were evident from the needs analysis beyond what was indicated by the owner. Specific to those issues, however,supervisors were particularly candid in indicating that they had never been exposed to any type of feedback or communication skills. Theyhad no knowledge or skills in these areas. Attitudes in this area were mixed. Some believed that the best way to provide feedback is to “callit like it is.” “Some of these guys are simply not willing to listen, and you need to be tough” was a typical comment from these supervisors.Others believed that treating subordinates the way you would like to be treated goes a long way in gaining their support and willingness tolisten.
A partial list of training needs includes lack of knowledge and skill in:
- Effective listening
- Communication
- Conflict resolution
- Effective feedback
- Employee performance measurement
- Employee motivation . . . and so forth
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