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13th The Documentary
13th The Documentary
Amyiah Burton
History 232-06
1/22/2020
African Americans have never been absolutely free even after the emancipation. The ratification of the 13th Amendment was a chance for slave owners and supporters to draft a law that had loopholes to keep African Americans in chains, literally and figuratively. It was a clause that shifted the definition of slavery from a ‘legitimate" business to a legal method of punishment for lawbreakers. African Americans are suffering from the legacy of slavery a century almost two centuries after 1867. The institutionalization of slavery and the wide racial and partisan disparities and the position of African Americans in American society has been nothing short of slavery. America boasts of these lofty ideals, but on the other hand, it has subjected Negroes to a second class status with the political elite selecting the nobility of their civic creed at the expense of social arrangements that have been in existence for many years.
The black race in America is subjected to extreme stereotyping, economic inequality, and stigmatization for their way of life and isolated by the society. Their purported criminality has resulted in racial profiling by law enforcement to the extent that black people are arrested, and many of their rights are violated in the process. There have been documented and undocumented cases of black people being physically beaten by the police during arrest and held at police stations beyond the requirements of the law.
The 13th is a documentary by Ava DuVernay, which focuses on the Thirteenth Amendment very significant legislation that resulted in mass incarceration in the United States. Besides covering this epic event in history, the film is gorgeous, reminiscent, and infuriating exploration powers, roots, and permanence. The film showcases the account of those wielded power and those made to kneel by this power, their roots, and their permanence. From history, the economy of the Southern state was decimated. The primary sources of income for the South, slaves, were no longer obliged up and serve as free labor for their fields. There was, however, an exception was made for criminals who, according to the law, were eligible for enlistment as slaves as part of their punishment. In the first restatement of a strategy by the South, hundreds of slaves who had started enjoying their freedom were enslaved again courtesy of trivial mistakes and minor charges. This informed the beginning of Duvernay’s examination of the evolving iterations.
The cycle was such that when one method of subservience-based injustice and terror subsided, another rose in its place. The list used by Duvernay in this documentary included the Jim Crow era, lynching if black people, Nixon’s race for the presidency, Reagans War on Drugs, President Clinton’s three strikes, and the compulsory sentencing rulings and the cash-for-prisoners in effect today. The cash for prisoners is a model that bail and incarceration firms use to generate millions of dollars.
The 13th, however, concentrates a bit more on the cash-for-prisoners model and even portrays the tally of the prisoners to go through the system on-screen. The use of context, in this case, is very important because although history still has significance, it is necessary to create awareness of the situation of black people today. The other does a perfect job to remind the world and black people that they are still not considered nothing more than just that, African Americans. America does not see beyond their color. The use of the 13th Amendment as the thesis for this film is appropriate and creates a path that allows the film director to exhaust the evolution of prejudice against black people over the years.
Bibliography
Harris-Perry, Melissa V. Sister citizen: Shame, stereotypes, and Black women in America. Yale University Press, 2011.
Luxe. "Thirteenth Amendment Documentary." YouTube. Video file. October 16, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WU608Z2678.
Pope, James Gray. "Mass Incarceration, Convict Leasing, and the Thirteenth Amendment: A Revisionist Account." New York University Law Review 94, no. 6 (2019): 1465-1554.
Education Theories Instructional Presentation And Follow-Up
Education Theories: Instructional Presentation And Follow-Up
A. Need for Lesson Pacing
According to the Research Literature on time management, Lesson pacing is needed to enable both the teacher and the students to cover more content. This is so because lesson pacing stimulates students’ attentiveness and participation during lessons.
Regan (2003), in her opinions highlights that pacing is needed to break to break the monotony during lesson time. This can be enhanced if the teacher incorporates various activities during the course of the lesson. For instance, allowing brainstorming sessions.
Lesson pacing is needed by majority students to at complexity levels of the lesson. This will help the student to understand clearly the contents being studied (Hofmeister & Lubke, 1999, p. 19).
According to the Least Restrictive Behavioral Interventions (LRBI) checklist (2006), brisk pacing enhances student attention and at the same time increases the number of response opportunities-two factors that are associated with increased learning.
B. Differences in Lesson Pacing
Pacing in a class of ELL students is likely to be conducted with more modifications that are geared towards helping the English leaner students. Okumbe and Tsekho (2008) note that in order to address the needs of these special learners, accommodations and modifications in the testing and lesson pacing procedure is important. Modifications such as extending the time limit for the offered quizzes and the increased individual interaction of the teacher with the ELL students are vital in ensuring the students are at par with the pace of the lesson. The teacher can also use more tests with fewer multiple choices as opposed to longer tests with more multiple choices as may be in the class without ELL students. As a result of the above, pacing is likely to be slower as compared with a class without ELL students.
On the other hand, pacing is likely to be conducted with fewer modifications for a class without ELL students. This is because their understanding and response rates will be high. A teacher can decide to provide more tests with longer multiple choices and reduce the time limit on quizzes offered during the lesson, say from 4 minutes to 2 minutes for the tests (Oregon, 2003). A teacher of a class of without ELL students has a high chance of finishing the syllabus halfway the term as compared to one with ELL students. Even so and as Berliner opines “it is the variability across classes that is more impressive … [for instance, a] teacher adjusts the pace in the workplace and covers half the text in a semester; another finishes it all” (Hofmeister & Lubke, 1999, p.50).
C. Complexity of Lesson Content on Lesson Pacing With ELL Students
Wyne et al, Hofmeister and Lubke (1999) emphasize material that is too difficult or presented poorly cannot be learned at any instructional pace (p.20). As such, the complexity of lesson content will make it impossible for lesson pacing to be effected at any instructional pace. This is because, the teacher, on checking the complexity of the learning material, he/she will find that the ELL students lack the necessary skill to grasp the concepts at hand. In this situation, the teacher will find it difficult to apply any instructional pace.
Alternatively, if the teacher makes up a decision to teach the complex content to a class with ELL students, the rate of lesson pacing will greatly reduce. This will be so because the teacher will be required to avail a considerable amount of time the ELL students in order to interact with the complex content. The teacher in this will also be required to extend the time limit on quizzes or repeat the concepts in the succeeding lesson to enable the students get a better understanding of the complex content (Okumbe Tsekho, 2008)
References
Hofmeister, A., & Lubke, M. (1999). Research into practice: Implementing effective teaching strategies (3rd ed.). Logan, UT: Utah State University.
Least Restrictive Behavioral Interventions (LRBI) checklist. (2006). Instructional pacing. Retrieved on February 28, 2011, from; LRBI Info-Base.
Okumbe M.A. & Tsheko G.N (2008).The need for curriculum modifications for special needs learners in Botswana Harare: University of Botswana
Oregon, L Teaching Tip 18: Pacing.
13TH Documentary review.
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13TH Documentary review.
The film ’13TH,’ directed by Ava DuVernay and about the American prison system and how it leads to racial injustice, was excellent. The film begins with a look at how African Americans have been enslaved and mistreated throughout their history. The 13th amendment, which abolished slavery and freed all African Americans, was ratified after the Civil War ended in 1865. Whites, on the other hand, discovered a loophole in the dependent, which stated that “no slavery or voluntary servitude is allowed except as a criminal punishment.” It was an ideal opportunity for whites to ‘legally enslave’ African Americans to revive the southern economy, devastated by the civil war. The police prosecuted Black men for minor offenses such as loitering. This was the catalyst for the first wave of imprisonment. When Ronald Reagan took office in 1982, he gave the impression that drugs were to blame for the country’s economic problems and that blacks were to blame. When the “War on Drugs” became too literal, African Americans were imprisoned for small amounts of marijuana and other drugs, and a large number of US civilians were also imprisoned. After Paula Klaas was introduced and killed later in the decade, California’s ‘Three Strikes Out’ rule was enacted. The law states that if a person commits a third violent crime, he or she will be imprisoned for the remainder of his or her life or a shorter period. Four thousand two hundred misdemeanor prisoners had to be released to fulfill the Three Strikes detainees. Many citizens in prison at the time were required to serve mandatory minimum sentences. The bulk of prosecutors’ offices have been handed over to White people, and civil lawsuits have been dropped (ninety-five percent).
This implies that judges no longer weigh the essence of the crime when deciding on a penalty instead of imposing a predetermined punishment. The racial system is explored in greater detail later in the film. At the age of 21, Fred Hampton was a strong leader who brought together blacks, whites, Hispanics, and others to fight for justice. According to Whites, Hampton had no choice but to resign because he had done so much good. Hampton’s house was raided at 4:30 a.m., and he was shot while lying in bed next to his pregnant wife. Anglea is a fictitious character created by Anglea, whose formal name is Angela. Another powerful African-American woman was Yvonne Davis. Davis was born on January 26, 1994, in Birmingham, Alabama. According to the government, she was one of the “Ten Most Wanted Fugitives.” Angela Davis was charged with abduction, murder, and robbery without a warrant. She was arrested, but she was saved and able to escape to Cuba thanks to the aid of her many relatives (including white allies). The President wanted to put her to trial at the time, but Angela fought back and destroyed the case, resulting in a free woman walking out of the courtrooms! ALEC, or the American Legislative Exchange Council, was created in September 1973. ALEC is a group of lawmakers and business executives that plays an important role in the US legislative process. ALEC has given financing to corporations such as Walmart and other profitable businesses for more than four decades. George Zimmerman shot and killed Trayvon Martin in 2016. Zimmerman was found guilty, but a Florida statute that allows people to “conduct and use self-defense if they feel threatened” allowed him to be found not guilty. Following the heinous shooting, ALEC enacted the “stand your ground” rule, and Walmart and other corporations withdrew from the organization.
Arms sales, on the other hand, rose as more people began to purchase weapons for self-defense. Walmart has reaped the most benefits from weapons sales since it is the largest producer of long-arms. ALEC is also deeply involved with our ‘gang detention’ programs, such as probation and speech therapy. The government has developed GPS-enabled bracelets and wristlets to prevent people under house arrest from fleeing too quickly. This is a different type of imprisonment in people’s homes and neighborhoods (mostly African Americans). ALEC continues to back large corporations such as State Farm, Sprint, Verizon, and the tobacco industry. Kalief Browder was an Afro-American born in the Bronx, New York, on May 25, 1993. He and his friends returned home from a party when he was arrested and charged with stealing a camera, $700, a credit card, and an iPod touch backpack. Browder’s family lacked financial capital to post a $10,000 bond, as the government hoped it would. This is the government’s last resort for poor and innocent Americans who are aware they cannot afford bail. As a result, 97% of individuals are never charged with a crime. The government uses threats to force innocent black people to plead guilty or accept the mandatory minimum penalty. Browder was sentenced to three years in prison as part of a plea bargain rather than serving a 30-year term if he went to trial. Kalief turned down the plea bargain and spent time in jail fighting and being attacked by other inmates and police officers. He attempted suicide many times. After nearly three years in prison pending trial, he was acquitted of all charges and released. He hung up the phone two years after his release, at the age of 22.
I assume the prison system is connected to the history of slavery since African Americans were “legally” free after the Civil War but were forced back into slavery due to a loophole in the 13th amendment. Since 1865, the government and the White Community have incarcerated, violently beaten, and discriminated against black people for minor offenses. When police continue to arrest, attack, and kill members of the black community, today’s brutality is a continuation of mass incarceration. Since the white community dislikes the black community, the white community is willing to get away with these crimes. Both Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman were cleared of their murders. By approving and encouraging this critical activity, I believe the government favors the White community.
Work citedhttps://www.YouTube.com/watch?v=krfcq5pF8u8