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Challenges Facing National Parks’ Management
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Challenges Facing National Parks’ Management
Management of national parks and the areas related to them provide not only opportunities but also challenges. The opportunities that it presents are protecting the values of the national parks and provision of people’s enjoyment and appreciation. Challenges include ensuring these places are well protected and that the activities going on in the national parks benefit them and balancing them. National parks’ management also deals with controlling the capacity of visitors visiting the parks in a given time and the population of the wildlife in that given park (Manning, p1).Effective management of national parks is important for preservation and conservation of the wildlife. This essay will look at the various challenges facing the management of national parks and the approaches addressing the challenges.
National parks are tourist attraction sites. Tourists can’t be attracted by the national parks if there are no features of interest. It becomes a challenge to the management of the national parks to ensure the national parks have the necessary resources that would invite tourists to the park. The challenge is when it comes to making the decision on what to put up and what to improve in the national parks. The management is required to ensure that the improvements that they make are unique to the features of other tourist attraction sites. Approaches addressing this challenge have been raised such as providing luxury equipment and hotels within the parks. The approach ensures that tourists stay in the park and enjoy their stay as long as they would wish (Davis et al., p12)
The management looks forward to expanding the national parks to increase the volume of visitation as already discussed. The will to expand the national parks is met by one challenge that has troubled the management so much. People living around the national parks tend to encroach on the land holding the national park (James et al., p 162). Cultivation is the main purpose of this behavior of the people. Land encroachment makes it difficult for the management to expand the parks. It instead reduces the size of the land occupied by the park hence reducing the natural habitat. Appropriate measures have been taken to solve this problem. The management has pushed for fencing the area that should be occupied by the national park to avoid invasion by the residents.
National parks’ management aims at protecting the wildlife in the national parks. Protecting wildlife ensures that the national parks stay for as long as possible, and the benefits accrued to the existence of national parks are long term. Poaching has become a threat to this goal of the management. Wild animals such as elephants, leopards, buffaloes and many others are a main area of tourists’ attraction. Residents have made poaching an option to their living (James et al., p163). Elephants in national parks have become extinct due to their valuable tasks. Extinction of elephants and other animals would slowly fade the national parks. Approaches have been raised to address this matter. The wild services have increased the number of trained security to protect the wildlife. There are laws that have been passed to protect the wildlife. It means that if one is accused of poaching can face imprisonment or other charges. Villagers around the parks have also been offered well-defined hunting quotas. These quotas have reduced poaching since the villagers sell the quotas to companies or organizations (James et al., p168).
Training and education are an important aspect in that they install skills and knowledge to individuals. Lack or minimal skills in the management board of national parks has become a challenge lately (Decker et al., p13).Without the required training, it becomes difficult for one to determine certain variables in the national parks. A good example would be determining the wildlife population or evaluate the situation of a habitat (Decker et al., p13).Possession of skills, also helps the management board in making decisions on what should be done. Mostly, when a problem arises the level of skills possessed by the management determines how fast the situation will be handled. The government has offered training facilities and organized training programs to the management. The untrained personnel are taken through training to improve the level of skills in them.
Political pressure is another challenge that faces the management of national parks. As much as the management would like to expand the parks, there exists scarcity in development funds (James et al., p172).This problem is usually as a result of arguments in the political systems on the amount of money to be issued for the national park development. With this, the management and control functions of the park management cannot be met. It happens that the national income earned from tourism activities goes easily to the government. It becomes hard for the funds to be allocated back to the national parks for expansion, hence, delaying the expansion projects that the management has suggested. Pressure is mounted on the management sector instead. The solution to this problem is being worked on where the funding for the parks will be done in a way that it won’t be affected by politics. Through external fund and whenever the park’s wildlife capital has been restored. Park management activities would be financed by tourists and fees from safari hunting (James et al., 173).
Expansion of national parks has led to relocation of many people. It turns the population against the management of the parks. At times, there is a very high population living below living standards. These conditions and the anger in people about the relocation encourage people to practice poaching and at times attack the management directly. The people may also set up forest fires as a revenge mechanism. These extensive forest fires have led to environmental destruction (James et al., p174).Wildlife is destroyed where animals die, and vegetation burn down. Whenever it happens, the management tries as much as it can to put off these fires. It becomes a threat to the management. Extra cost that had not been budgeted for is required to finance for the extinguishing .The management has started an initiative where people are compensated after relocation to avoid this scenario (James et al., 174).
Wildlife damage has become a threat not only to the people around the national parks but also to the management. Wildlife damage is any act by the animals in the park that causes destruction to the property of the households living around the parks (Conover, p7).It happens due to poor protective boundaries between the national parks and the society living near the parks. When the animals break the walls, they cause damages to the crops, cause injuries to the people and some extent deaths. The management is hence faced with the challenge of compensating for the damages. Finances that had not been budgeted for are used. The management is also faced by the challenge of tracing the animals and taking them back to the parks. The activity of tracing the animals back to the park becomes very tiresome and sometimes dangerous. In order to avoid this, construction of strong electric fence round the national parks has been implemented.
In conclusion, the challenges facing the management of national parks are the same from one national park to the other. The management personnel across the national parks should hence, be skilled and with the ability to withstand the challenges. They should also have the ability to bring forward measurements that can address the challenges. Poaching has become the biggest threat to national parks’ management as discussed. It is facilitated by many factors, among them being poor management. In general, the management should enhance its relationship with those that border the parks. A good relationship between them improves the understanding between them, which would reduce such activities. For better handling of challenges to the management, the government considers employing skilled personnel. The management should also be corruption free to enable good utilization of the funds allocated to the national parks.
Works Cited
Manning, Robert. Parks and People: Managing Outdoor Recreation at Acadia National Park: University of Vermont Press, 2009.Print.
Davis E. Davis., Halvorson, Willian. Science and Ecosystem Management in the National Parks: University of Arizona Press, 1996.Print.
Anderson, Terry. James, Alexander. The Politics and Economics of Park Management: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, USA, 2001.Print.
Decker, Daniel. Riley, Shawn. Siemer, William. Human Dimension of Wildlife Management: JHU Press, 2012.Print.
Conover, Michael. The Science of Wildlife Damage Management: CRC Press LLC, USA, 2002.Print.
Advanced writing in discipline
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‘Advanced’, ‘Writing’ and ‘Discipline’
This assignment requires all the students taking the advanced writing course to post something about the meanings of the words advanced writing and discipline. The post is supposed to include some definitions from the dictionary and then show how we understand the meaning of these three words. As it follows, I will first define the words as they are discussed in two different dictionaries, and then offer a definition that reflects my own understanding of the terms. In addition to this, I will also demonstrate some of my expectations of this particular course. I will also show what I expect to be covered or taught in the class and how we can our past knowledge and skills in communication and writing in advancing this course.
The Merriam- Webster dictionary has a number of definitions of the word advanced, a few of which only apply to this particular class. One of the most relevant definition of advanced in this dictionary is the one that describes advanced as being more than or being beyond introduction or elementary. Another essential definition describes advanced as much developed beyond or more than the initial stage. A third essential definition from this dictionary is the one that defines advanced as being further away from others when it comes to ideas or progress. One can, therefore, use this word in different circumstances. For instance, one can say advanced biology, chemistry or English class. One can also use the word to form a sentence like, advanced methods of science.
The online Dictionary.com also offers a number of definitions for the word advanced. One of the definitions offered in the dictionary defines advanced as being placed forward or ahead. Another crucial definition derived from this dictionary defines advanced as far or ahead or further along in complexity, progress, skill or even knowledge. Advanced is also shown or defined as embodying or pertaining to ideas, attitudes, and practices. In this case, the word advanced can be used to mean that one is taken or seen as being more liberal or enlightened when compared to the established, standardized or traditional. As it follows, these definitions can be used differently in sentences. One, for instance, can use the second definition of advanced in such sentences as, an advanced class in English, or taking a course in advanced Spanish. I understand the term advanced as any skills, knowledge, ideas, practices or attitudes that have developed more than the normal or usual stages. I understand that one has to learn more and acquire more skills and knowledge about a particular discipline to become advanced in that discipline.
The other word of interest in this post is writing. The term has numerous definitions according to Merriam- Webster dictionary. The dictionary defines writing as the process or act of one who writes or the art or act of forming characters or letter that are visible. The dictionary also defines writing as the practice or act of musical or literary composition. Writing can also be understood as the form or style of composition, or the profession or occupation of a writer. Dictionary.com defines writing as the act of a thing or person who writes. It also defines writing as putting or committing one’s ideas or thoughts into writing. I also have my own understanding of the term writing. I think that writing is not just the ability to put words together or the ability to draw characters or words that are presentable. To me, writing is the ability for one to put characters and syllables together so that they are able to make sense, communicate the intended message and show the level of expertise of that particular individual or writer. As it follows, I do not see someone who is able to take notes in class as a writer; neither can I take the notes the take down as writing. However, if that student is able to answer questions from the same class in the form of writing that show the understanding of the course material, and do it comprehensively and presentably, then I can take him as a writer, because he displays ideas, knowledge and skill.
Discipline is an extremely common word, and it has a number of meanings as presented by a number of dictionaries. The Merriam- Webster dictionary, for instance, offers a number for definitions for the term. It is essential to note that the word holds a number of meanings. For instance, it can be used to mean discipline, it can also be used to stand for a field of study, or training that molds, corrects or perfects moral character and mental faculties. The dictionary also describes discipline as the control obtained from enforcing order and obedience. Dictionary.com also has numerous definitions of the term. Some of these include training or molding to act according to rules. It is also defined as exercise, activity or a regimen that improves or develops a skill. It also defines discipline as punishment inflicted by way of training or correction. All these definitions are applicable in different cases. I understand discipline as a field of study that one chooses to specialize in above others.
These three words can be used together to come up with the term advanced writing discipline. This term can be used to mean a writing course in a certain discipline that is advanced. This writing course could have been covered in several other uncomplicated stages before one becomes qualified to undertake the advanced class. In such a course, it expected that the students would learn ideas; practices, knowledge and skills that will enable them become competent in writing or expressing their ideas through writing. It expected that by the end of the course, all students would have learned or refined their writing skills.
Mount Kilimanjaro
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Mount Kilimanjaro
Mount Kilimanjaro for an extended period, has been termed as “The Shining Mountain.” A number of scientists articulate Kilimanjaro’s crest might soon stand out no more. In line with Professor Lonnie who is a lecturer at Ohio State University, the mountain’s ice fields could vanish by 2020. In his article published on October 18, in the years 2002 in the journal Science, Lonnie and his cowriters depict that the ice on the peak that formed over 11,000 years before has declined by 82 percent greater than the preceding century. The writers establish that the current, theatrical decline in the mountain’s ice top is predominantly remarkable given its diligence through numerous earlier shifts in ambiance, including a relentless 300-year-long dearth that effected human inhabitants living in the expanse approximately 4,000 years ago.
The images depict two angle views of the mountain on the month of February in 1993, as well as on the month of February in 2000. These representations were obtained by the Landsat 5 along with Landsat 7 satellites, correspondingly. The pictures illustrate extremely vegetated topography (green colors) just about the bottom of Kilimanjaro, whilst the foliage is comparatively sparred up the boundaries of the 19,335-foot stratovolcano. The light tans at elevated elevations illustrate rock, and naked land facade, exposing the crisscrossing drainage terrains stamped into Kilimanjaro’s countenance over the times by precipitation and snowmelt. At this point, the pictures have been swathed over a digital height model to provide a better intellect of the mountain’s 3D outline. It must be depicted that the disparities in the summit’s manifestation, in these prospects, are outstanding in large part to cyclic disparities in snow cover. It is never feasible to differentiate cyclic snow from frost in these representations; thus they cannot be employed as a sign of the velocity of the ice loss.
The initial well-certified atlas of the ice spheres atop Kilimanjaro was done in 1912. As a minimum, four surveys done from 1912 disclose, there has existed a continuing decline in the amount of the frost. Mount Kilimanjaro was instigated well-known in the western humankind by the highly praised essayist Ernest Hemingway who inscribed the small story “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” in periods of 1930’s. When one reflects on Africa, snow is typically one of the final aspects that come to mentality, other than Mount Kilimanjaro located in the region of Tanzania had a significant snow and ice topped peak for more than 11,000 years. The use of “had” is because the snow is speedily fading. It is yet an additional illustration of how an aspect so enduring has fallen casualty to man’s disparaging ways.
Mt Kilimanjaro’s significance far surpasses a pleasant photo chance or insight for a work of fiction. The ice ceiling was extremely significant to the adjacent area and was as well the basis of the Nile River. Numerous villages bank on the snow and frost liquefied water. Living things on the plains neighboring Kilimanjaro are presently vanishing and numerous plants are as well at jeopardy. Despite the reality that there is still several disputes amid the scientific society as to what is the basis of the diminishing ice; the universal consensus is global warming associated climate alteration. It is a strange characteristic this creation and the next creation have been onlookers to a number of the utmost global ecological mayhems for millions of years; along with maybe a “benefit” that people would wish not to encompass. No person would have contemplated that a creature, man, could precise such a duty so rapidly across the whole globe; even in locales that no person has hardly visited.
Summary
The decline of Kilimanjaro’s ice top has turned out to be the placard infant for the outcomes of universal warming. A number of scientists, elected officials and Media have been spiritual in censuring human actions. Nevertheless, fresh research depicts that the origins of Mt. Kilimanjaro’s well-established glacier decline is far extra multifaceted, probably effecting from a normal climate change that happened over 120 years that passed. This is lengthily before extensive use of fossil power. Therefore, scientific proof notifies us that the reduction of Kilimanjaro’s ice ceiling is merely an element of the recede and gush of the never-ending sequence of nature. This symbolizes an ideal instance of why methodical “accord” does not match scientific reality. This is the motive why people ought not act in rush, centering their deeds on methodical closes that have not been methodically scrutinized and analyzed regardless of being extensively quoted.
Analysis
The decline of Kilimanjaro’s ice top (not be puzzled with the “snows” of the mountain, which still change with the weather conditions) has grown to be the placard child for the outcomes of human-centered universal warming. The account is easy to enlighten – particularly with an associated series of snaps depicting the decrease of the mountain’s ice top. Any person can perceive the theatrical changes. Judgments of contemporary inspections with momentous photographs and journalism accounts merely seem to endorse the story (The Center for Science and Public Policy, 2). Melting ice appears to be an ideal symbol for universal warming; certainly, famous scientists, chief media outlets, in addition to, affiliates of the U.S. governing body have all associated melting ice with people-stimulated climate change.
Work Cited
The Center for Science and Public Policy. White Paper: The Consensus on Kilimanjaro is
Wrong (2003). Web. 15 Jun. 2012. Available at
<http://www.ff.org/centers/csspp/pdf/Kiliman-MAC-4-8-04.pdf>