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United States of Americas interventions since the Trumans era to the Reagans era
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1-United States of America’s interventions since the Truman’s era to the Reagan’s era
The cold war happened in the period between the year 1947 and 1991. During this period the western bloc powers experienced a state of military and political tension among them. The kickoff of the cold war was followed in quick succession by the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization also known famously known as the NATO. This was a military alliance formed by twenty eight member countries with the aim of ensuring their collective defense. The famous North Atlantic Treaty was signed among the member countries with an agreement of a mutual defense against any external aggressor (Foner, Give me Freedom, P. 154). The cold war was dominated by the NATO, the United States of America, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw pact. By this time the USA and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which is current days Russia. Basically, the cold war was a rivalry between the east and the west championed by the United States of America and its affiliate countries against the USSR and its affiliates. However, some countries maintained neutrality in the turf and formed the Non-Aligned Movement. The countries include Egypt, Yugoslavia, and India.
The cold war did not involve any military combats. It involved psychological rather than the physical warfare. This is chiefly because the two superpowers had the fear of the unknown if they got involved in the military warfare. They both possessed lethal war equipment especially nuclear weapons which were still foreign by the time. They therefore feared the mutual destruction that would result if they got involved in a real battle. Both countries had witnessed the adverse effects of the world wars which ended in the year 1945. The cold war period was ensued by proxy wars in which the main antagonists used their affiliate parties in battles without themselves being involved. The period was also characterized by massive propaganda campaigns as each super power worked towards gaining favor from other states in the world. Numerous military coalitions were formed during this period and appeals made to the neutral states to join this rivalry. Despite the efforts to make it a psychological warfare, numerous battles were fought. These wars include; the Cuban missile crisis, the Vietnam war, the Korean War, and the Yom Kippur war.
NSC-68
The NSC-68 was a secretive policy document that was drafted by the United States National Security Council which bore the secretive statements of the USA’s policy on the cold war. The document was ratified in September 1951 by the then president Joseph Truman. This was the steering document of the United States of America in the cold war. The document analyzed the situation that ensued between the Soviet Union and the United States at many standpoints (Foner, Give me freedom, P. 134). The group that conceived this idea was in response to a perceived soviet threat. The policy maintained that a military approach towards the rivalry was the best and it gave a little chance for diplomatic action.
This particular policy called for the defense of the western hemisphere in a bid to develop its war-making capabilities. It also provided for the fortification of a conscription base before they reorganized their military structure. The documented also stipulated the conduction of offensives meant to weaken the elements of the Soviet Union until the power balance was completely toppled and the United States and its affiliate countries took over the victory (Foner, Give me freedom, P. 256). There were plans that were being set to ensure the security of the communication bases that were extremely vital in the offensives. These plans were to cost the United States of America a fortune. It is roughly estimated that full implementation of this foreign policy would cost a whole twenty percent of the country’s Gross National Product.
USA’s interventions
During the course of the cold war the United States took a number of intervention measures in a bid to safeguard its interests. Prior to the cold war, the USA was also involved in a number of overseas interventions. That includes the liberation war of Liberia which was waged by the private American groups with the unofficial USA government support. There existed policies that were being enacted by the United States that resulted in the interventions. The policies stipulated in the National Security council Report of 1950 was the chief reason behind the interventions (Foner, Give me freedom, P. 253). The foreign policy of the US during the cold war is one of them. The foreign policy outlined the way the United States of America was to interact with foreign nations during the period of the cold war. The containment policy in which the United States sought to uproot and curb the expansion of communism in the world was the reason behind most political and military decisions the United States of America in the cold war period. Communism was greatly championed by the Soviet Union and its affiliate nations. Some of the interventions that the United States made are as below.
The Korean wars, 1950 to 1953
The Korean War broke out in the year 1950 and came to a halt in the year 1953. The war was between the republic of Korea which is currently South Korea and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea which is the current day North Korea. The war erupted due to the political division of Korea which had occurred after the termination of the Pacific war (History lesson 12). The 1948 general elections in the Korean peninsula were faced by malpractices and skirmishes that resulted in the antagonism between the northern part of the peninsula and the southern part. A political division occurred at the 38th parallel. Diplomatic measures were taken by the two parts but they failed terribly resulting in the eruption of war between the two fronts. Before the eruption of the pacific war, Korea was under the colonial power of the Japanese empire. In the battle the republic of Korea was supported by the United Nations while China and the Soviet Union supported the present day North Korea (History Lesson 12). The United States however under the authority of the then president Joseph Trauman without the consent of the congress sent troops in support of the United Nations envoys and against the Soviet Union which was fighting in the North (Foner, Give me freedom, P. 365). The decision to intervene was out of the tense atmosphere that surrounded the cold war. The United States of America was also greatly opposed to the adoption of communism by the North Korea.
The US intervention in Iran
In the year 1953 the USA in a project duped the TP AJAX in conjunction with the United Kingdom orchestrated a coup d’état that resulted in the overthrowing of the democratic elected government of Iran. Immediately after the overthrow, a military government was put in place and was heavily supported by the United States of America. The Iranian state was rumored to be a sphere of influence for the Soviet Union as well as the British government. This was the chief reason the US took intervention measures to ensure that the Soviet Union did not benefit from the Iran’s wealth of natural resources like petroleum wells.
USA intervention in Americas
Guatemala is a country in Latin America. In the year 1952 the Nicaraguan president sought power and support from the United States in a bid to overthrow the then Guatemalan leader. This was chiefly because Guatemala under the leadership of the communist party had embraced communism which was being championed by the Soviet Union. The United States of America was greatly opposed to the Soviet Union and their communist ideologies. They therefore overthrew the government of Jacob who had adopted a communist approach. This was in an effort to curb the spread of communism in the Latin America. In the year 1961 the US invaded Congo in 1960 to 1966. It was one of the cold war proxies waged by the US in a bid to DE popularize the Soviet Union’s communism. It resulted in the assassination of the then premier, Patrice Lumumba.
The Vietnamese war is the longest military offensive the US ever had. It was also another reproach to the communism spread and the US lost this war. It was an implementation of the US’s foreign policy. The US government during the cold war era also invaded and ousted democratically elected leaders in Central America (Foner, Voices of Freedom, P. 189). This includes the Chilean coup which was orchestrated by the US.
It can be conclude that the main reason for the coups, the offensives and the combats carried out by the US against other nations was in an effort to safeguard the National interest (History lesson, 12). They were against the communism campaigns waged by the Soviet Union.
2-Transformation of the United States of America from an expansive welfare state to neoliberalism
Neoliberalism is an approach that promotes free trade and encourages a capitalistic approach. The approach allows free movement of goods, resources and enterprises with an aim of maximizing returns and promoting efficiency. Neoliberalism promotes the reduction and shrinkage of the public sector and champions the growth and expansion of the private sector (Foner, Give me liberty, P. 323). This methodology was adopted after socialist approaches which promote working in harmony of people in a nation failed and resulted in the crumbling of economies in these nations.
The United States has over the years evolved from an expansive welfare state to fully adopt neoliberalism. This was promoted by a number of factors. The main aim of adopting this approach was to alleviate poverty and promote economic growth in the country (History lesson 15). Since attainment of independence, the country had been promoting a socialist economic approach with less concern on the capitalistic approach (Foner, Voices of freedom, P. 476). In the few decades that had passed since the 1940s to 1970s the United States had been involved in a series of wars. This had hurt its economy to a large extent.
The period between 1970 and 1980s was characterized by a great social, economic and cultural change in the United States (History lesson 13). People in all regions had developed a great affinity for money as they were convinced beyond any reasonable doubt that a good life could only be achieved by the economically stable. In the 1960s this had not been the case. There rose a group of reformers who were mindful of their brother’s welfare in the countries USA had been oppressing (Foner, Give me liberty, P. 321). The people campaigned vibrantly against the Vietnam War waged by the federal government. Numerous persons especially women also fought hard for the attainment of gender equality. Philanthropists also took numerous measures to bring to an end racism that had been rampant in the United States (Foner, Give me liberty, P. 36). The people who championed for social changes to better the living conditions were perceived to be heroes by the then society. The period between 1970 was characterized by an economic recession which hit the USA as well as the rest of the world (history lesson 15)
After 1970 things changed a lot in USA. Many milestones had been reached in the social aspects. It is during this age that equality was embraced. Gender inequality became an issue of concern in USA (History lesson 18). Women oppressors had been uprooted out of the community. The campaigners had achieved their goals. Negligible cases of violence against female were heard all over the expansive country. There was also a great change even in gender balance in employment. The rate of employment among women rose by a great deal compared to other years. They were actively involved in economic activities more than ever. The women also indulged themselves into political matters more than previous years. The 1960s were characterized by numerous social problems ranging from police violence against the civilian population, killings and racialism (History lesson 18)
During this period, the education sector experienced a torrent in growth. There was a massive sprout of institutions of higher learning all over the country. In the previous decades, few people showed a little interest in education. However, during this period things changed. More and more persons were enrolled in higher learning institutions (Foner, Voices of Freedom, P. 213). This also caused a revolution in the labor sector. Many young people enrolled into law and health studies institutions with a sole aim of acquiring skills which would enable them get jobs in the future. As more people were enrolled in learning programs the higher the number of skilled laborers that was available. More job opportunities were created as a result of expansion of the economy. However, an economic decline was experienced in the year 1792 and 1974 due to corruption and the rogue industry (History Lesson 15). The economic recession was also as a result of the World War II in which numerous resources were spent (History lesson 14)
The university system during the period underwent a radical transformation changing the basic objectives and ruining the possibilities for social liberation. Financial crises and recession experienced resulted in the dismantling of the former structure of the public universities (Inside Job by Ferguson, 2010). In the beginning, the universities were created to improve the social mobility of the United States massive population. In the 1970s and 80s most established higher learning institutions were put in place mostly due to economic reasons (Foner, Give me liberty, P. 456). Most of the social objectives that the public universities masterminds wanted to achieve have been eroded. Most private proprietors who have established learning institutions do not have the interests of the nation as a whole at heart. Most people had the aim of enriching themselves.
The governance of the United States evolved over the years changed greatly. Following the defeat of USA in the Vietnam wars a democratic approach to governance was adopted (History lesson 18). Immigration into the country rose due to the friendly acts of the congress that allowed external investors to get into the country. This period saw the resignation of a president due to an alleged economic crime committed by him. The period also saw the rise and fall of racism in the United States. During the previous decades, philanthropists and human rights activists had waged a war against the racism that was seen as an archaic practice (Foner, Voices of Freedom, P. 156). Their efforts bore fruits as very few cases of racist oppressors were heard (History lesson 18).
It is during this period that the Nixon laws were cancelled. This was a series of economic measures that the United States put in place by the then US president, Richard Nixon (History lesson 15). This ushered the era of the freely floating currency unlike the other years. In 1980 when Ronald Reagan ascended to the highest office in the USA, his chief aim was to curb the power of labor, to deregulate industry, resource extraction, and agriculture and to liberate the powers of finance. The USA experienced a radical change during the ten years to accommodate neoliberalism. Literary everything was done with the aim of making monetary gains. However numerous economic constraints were experienced. A lot of people lost jobs as well as their homes (History lesson 15). A heavy debt load was also experienced by the United States (History lesson 14).
Neoliberalism therefore, can be said to have brought economic growth of the United States of America. It was a period of renaissance that resulted in economic revolution in the USA. All people were more focused on making economic gains since most social issues has been attended to in the previous years (History lesson 14. The period also experienced revival of democracy. There were notable political changes for the better. These changes have up to date ensured political, economic and social prosperity of the United States.
Work Cited:
Foner, Eric. Voices of freedom: A documentary history (3rd edition). New York: W.W Norton and company. 2007.
Foner, Eric. Give me liberty: An American history (3rd edition). New York: W.W Norton Company. 2006.
United States of Americas Fiscal Crisis
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United States of Americas Fiscal Crisis
Fiscal crisis is a term used to denote ‘structural gap’ between states expenses and revenues that lead to political, social and economic crisis. The USA financial crisis began way back in 2007 to 2008. This was also the year that saw the Global Financial crisis affect the entire world. It almost resulted in total downfall of the larger financial institutions. Its aftermath included the bail out of most banks by the national governments and the down turn in the stock markets in the entire world. This paper will try to show my own opinion of the positions took by the president and congress in trying to avert the crisis.
The fiscal crisis originated from the investments banks and the commercial banks’ lending vast amounts of money; in trillions of dollars, to the consumer loan borrowers and house purchasers ill equipped to pay back. The borrowed money pushed up the housing prices in America, which then increased higher when speculators bought the houses in expectation that the prices will increase even higher. When the lending slowed down and then came to a stop during 2006 to 2007, the housing prices began to fall. The so called housing boom begun to unravel and then threatened the economy with the crisis we see today.
The president’s position about how to avoid the fiscal crisis is to help the middle class citizens to pull through these hard times. His position seems to be correct as the people in the middle class are the drivers of the economy. Once they fail the economy collapses. In early January president Obama raised the income taxes rates on families earning over $450,000 per Annam. This is about 1% of the households in America. The alternative was for everyone in the country to pay more in taxes. With the unemployment rate still high, most families will find the president’s decision better than what the republican lead congress were proposing. This will bring more revenue to treasury, but the country still has a long way to go. With a short term crisis averted, he still faces another task of whether to raise the country’s debt ceiling of $16.4 trillion, as well as increasing the automatic spending cuts for the military of $100 billion.
The republicans, on the other hand, will not let the president increase the debt ceiling. They want the president to propose deep cuts in spending, an offer the president has rejected. The proposals will affect the education sector and the health sector negatively. The divided congress and the president have two different proposals on how to tackle the debt ceiling in America
Congress, which is largely controlled by the Republican Party have a different view on what way they would like the crisis averted. The balanced framework for averting the fiscal cliff’ is by coupling spending cuts and reforming the new tax revenue. The republicans plan includes a $2.2 trillion deficit savings through the coming decade, as well as $600 billion in health savings and Medicare reforms, $800 billion in tax reforms. Also, included is a $200 billion savings from revising the measure of inflation; consumer price index. The president rejected this proposal because the republicans did not demand more from the country wealthiest people. The spending cuts they propose will do more harm than good. Many people will become redundant in the work forces since restructuring is done in order to cater for spending cuts the house is proposing.
The spending cuts, which are being enforced today, are as a result of a non bi-partisanship in congress. It is as a consequence of the automatic spending cuts written into law during the previous budget meeting crisis in 2011. It has already started having an effect in the economy. They USA military leaders have directed their staff to begin cutbacks and froze the hiring of more people to the military. This will compromise the troops in harm’s way as these cuts will lead to grounding of the aircrafts, reduction of combat vehicles as the money for maintenance and operations will be severely reduced. Airport staff officials will have to restructure themselves as they too will be affected. Teachers will no longer be hired in the coming months as the money to do so is no longer available. This spending cuts will extend to the middle class who are the ones affected by this move.
In order to resolve the crisis, the USA must solve the four cascading threats: First, is the sharp decline in consumer spending on autos, other durables, and houses. The sharp decline in lending to households will lead to a recession as the construction of houses and production of consumer durable goods drops. Second, due to the banks not lending to the households, many homeowners have and will default on their consumer goods and mortgage payments, especially when the house value falls below the mortgage value. Third, due to fall in capital, the banking sector will have to cut back on its lending after write-offs of defective consumer loans and mortgage. Capital loss pushes financial institutions into forced mergers with stronger banks or into bankruptcy. Fourth, the cut back in lending threatens the short term loans which banks and other financial institution lend to each other as working capital. With all this in mind, the USA should extend tax cuts to families earning less than $250,000 per Annum. This should ensure that they have a favorable disposable income and that the sharp decline of consumer spending is averted. Congress should also allow the tax rate to return to the Clinton-era levels for the wealthy.
United States History
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United States History
Topic1
The 1920’s was a time for Americans, as stated by President Harding, to “Return to normalcy”, following a period of 5 years of world war that had left the United States of America in a state of chaos and stagnation. This return to normalcy was marked by major technological, business-related and cultural advances. This was evidenced, for instance, by a revolution in the structure of advertising of business products as well as the development of new goods and services for American consumption (Berkin, Miller, Cherry, & Gormly 683).
Increased consumption also led to a change in people’s trends of buying, whereas previously Americans would buy only in cash, now sellers encouraged consumers to buy on credit and installment plans, and this in turn led to rapid growth of financial companies to give loans. The concept of buying on credit was further extended to the stock market where stock market speculation was a practice that ran rampant with people hoping to strike it rich quick (Berkin et al 686). Stock prices rose higher and higher, partly due to speculation and partly due to real economic growth, and this fostered a sense of endless prosperity among Americans.
America strived to become one homogenized culture by breaking down barriers based on region and ethnicity (Berkin et al 690). This was made possible through the media of mass communication and also though entertainment choice. Americans all across the nation laughed or cried at the same movie. Commercial radio broadcasting also contributed to homogeneity as many households had radios by 1930. The automobile, which greatly reduced travel time, and new laws, which limited immigration, also facilitated the development of a homogenous American culture.
Topic 2
“The business of America is business” in the book by Berkin, Miller, Cherry & Gormly, was a phrase declared by President Calbin Coolidge which meant that free market as well as free operation of business was the best was to maintain economic affluence for all (740). As the president he set out to make sure that government did not interfere with business operations. The McNary-Haugen bill approved by the congress in 1927 declared that the government would buy agricultural products then sell them in the world market on behalf of the farmers. President Calbin Coolidge did not sign the bill into law due to his policy of non-interference by the government. In contrast, The Railway Act of 1926 was passed by a majority of members of congress meeting most of the railway union’s demands thus removing them from politics. As explored by Berkin et al, Coolidge cut federal spending and staffed federal agencies with people who shared his distaste for too much government (741).
The quote by President Calbin is also represented in the economic policy of the American government as manifested by Hoover. In the same view as Calbin, Hoover believed that the responsibility of the government was to promote corporation without resulting to punitive measures such as antitrust laws (Berkin et al 741). According to Hoover, the government could help in finding solutions for the social and economic problems but the government lacked the power to solve problems by itself.
Conclusively, the era of the two leaders ultimately contributed to the Great Depression of 1929 making America a leading creditor nation (Berkin et al 743). The Fordney-McCumber Tariff made it a challenge for Europeans to repay the U.S. and this would have reduced some of the debt. Since the U.S. debt could not be decreased the U.S. was incapable of helping its people from the depression.
Reference
Berkin, Miller, Cherny, Gormly. Making America: A History of the United States volume 2 from 1865. USA: Cengage Learning Inc., 2005. Print.