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u05d2 Limits on Effective Planning (1 page)
I need the following discussion question answered for me. Each question need to be answered individually with its on references.
1. u05d2 Limits on Effective Planning (1 page)
Discuss the impact on major recent disasters, either manmade or natural. Your analysis should consider the factors related to the emergency management organization (local, state, and federal) and the population as a whole.
Recent times have seen quite a considerable number of calamities. These range from fires, hurricanes, floods and other manmade calamities such as leakage sin nuclear facilities, terrorism etc. These disasters have definitely had their impacts on the lives of individuals.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is charged with the responsibility of reducing loss of property and lives while protecting the country from every type of hazards by leading as well as supporting the state in risk-based, all-inclusive system of response, preparedness, protection, recovery and alleviation.
The major impacts of recent disasters include-
Economic effects- hurricane Katrina that struck New Orleans in 2005 led to infrastructural losses of more than $100 billion. Interruption of exports and supplies is definitely unquantifiable not to mention that over half-a-million people supported by the region had no job to look forward to.
Social effects- natural disasters leave many people unable to access their jobs and homes. People are separated from their relatives thereby inflicting physical as well as emotional distress on the victims.
Political effects- in many cases when disasters happen, they catch the responsible agencies unprepared. It is therefore understandable when the blame-game and political disputes arise as to the way the disasters are handled.
Are there positive or negative forcing that limit effective planning?
Effective planning for disaster management is affected by varied factors including-
Lack of a unified response- while there are various agencies and bodies involved in thes efforts a coordinated response is in most cases difficult to attain. With every agency or body undertaking its own measures in isolation, it would be difficult to plan on how to respond to a particular disaster.
Lack of resources- personnel key equipments, facilities and supplies necessary for the prevention, mitigation of disasters are not always sufficient. It therefore becomes difficult to plan with the uncertainty as to the available resources.
References
Quarantelli, E. (2000). HYPERLINK “Javascript:loadPopupWithParm(‘http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/handle/19716/673′,’700′,’450’);” Disaster planning, emergency management and civil protection: The historical development of organized efforts to plan for and to respond to disasters. Retrieved from the Disaster Research Center at University of Delaware HYPERLINK “http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/handle/19716/673” http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/handle/19716/673
Pawlowski, M. (2007). Catastrophic disaster planning. Retrieved from Emergency Management Institute HYPERLINK “http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/Pawlowski%20-%20Catastrophic%20Disaster%20Planning.ppt” http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/Pawlowski%20-%20Catastrophic%20Disaster%20Planning.ppt
2. u05d1 The Los Angeles Riots Case Study (1 ½ pages)
Analyze at least three major resource management errors in the preparedness, response, and recovery stages of the Los Angeles riots. Begin with the NIMS definition of resources and the MACS model of resource management in the NRF. Compare and contrast positive and negative effects of interagency rivalries and cultural misunderstandings in the case study. What elements in the MACS model could have reduced or eliminated the resource management issues in the case study?
The Los Angeles riots, also known as Rodney King riots were triggered by the verdict delivered on 4 LAPD officers by 12 Jurors in California. The four police officers had been accused of beating Rodney King for over-speeding. Even before the case went to trial, it had received tremendous media coverage since a caption of the beating that King had received hit the airwaves. With such evidence, it seemed impossible that the verdicts would be in favor of the police officers. Since the verdict was broadcast live, news about the acquittal spread quickly and by afternoon of the same day, the riots had began. These riots continued for the better part of the week with tension rising high. More than fifty deaths were reported and tremendous looting done.
These riots exposed three major resource management errors as far as preparedness, response and recovery from the riots is concerned. Resources in this case refer to personnel, equipments, facilities and supplies available to be assigned in incident operations. These are maintained and released by the supervisory personnel.
Inadequate personnel- 30 minutes after the verdict was read, over three-hundred people gathered at LA County Courthouse in protest. One hour later, about 200 officers under LAPD confronted the crowd but were outnumbered and therefore had to retreat. So overpowered were the police that the rioters had the temerity to appear at the LAPD’s headquarters and other places such as Florence and start looting as well as attacking people and vehicles.
Lack of proper strategy for response- there is an incident where a white driver who had stopped at the South Normandie and Florence avenues intersection was dragged out of his truck and beaten severely. While this incident was being broadcast live by news helicopters that were hovering above, the police did not show up since they had been directed to retreat. While the retreat may have been for their safety, it is notable that the white driver was rescued by a civilian who drove him in his own truck.
After the violence, many people in Los Angeles bought weapons. Although this was thwarted during the rioting period, it definitely could mean worse casualties in the future.
Compare and contrast positive and negative effects of interagency rivalries and cultural misunderstandings in the case study.
As much as Los Angeles riots may have started due to the verdict, this was only a trigger. The riots were rooted on economic competition between Korean- Americans and African- Americans forced onto them by greater market forces. Economic desperation, racism and police brutality were the core issues here.
What elements in the MACS model could have reduced or eliminated the resource management issues in the case study?
Elements of the MACS model such as proper coordination of the resources (personnel) and prioritization of the situations that demand competing resources would have assisted in quelling the riots before they turned nasty. The elements include proper communication, personnel, protocol and procedures integrated in one system.
HYPERLINK “http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/1104/definitions.html” http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/1104/definitions.html
HYPERLINK “http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/FAQ.shtm” http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/FAQ.shtm
HYPERLINK “http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/la/la_riot.html” http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/la/la_riot.html
3. u05d1 Business Continuity Plan Testing and Auditing (1 page)
Prepare a post in which you discuss the testing and auditing of a business continuity plan. Address the following questions in your post:
What is one example of how to test a business continuity plan?
The business world has always been the envy of many people. One thing that you may however acknowledge is that, the business world like any other facet of life is clouded with uncertainty. Emergencies can crop up at anytime in the life of the business. Of course this would disrupt business, but how likely are you to go remain steady in business? This is where you need to put in place some measures to ensure that the business continues even after the emergency. A business continuity plan outlines the strategies that the business would put in place to ensure that its normal operations are least affected in the least possible way by calamities such as floods, fires, hurricanes etc.
One way of testing a business continuity plan is simulating fake scenarios that would be likely to affect your business. When simulating, ensure that the employees follow every step of your business continuity plan just like the scenario was real. Their responses and the response time must be reflecting the plan. Ensure that the employees given particular responsibilities step into those roles and execute them. After this, you will need to gather the employees and look into areas that will require improvement, which ones worked effectively and what changes need to be made to ensure that the best plan is in place.
Assuming a testing and training plan is in place, why would an organization audit the business continuity plan?
There is no one-size-fits-all plan as far as dealing with disasters is concerned. With the dynamism of the business world, it is often impossible to have a plan that would be fitting all the calamities. You need to ensure that the plan would be the most efficient and effective leading to the least wastage of resources. In addition, you need to ascertain that the plan follows the set out guidelines or strategies. This can only be attained through auditing thee business continuity plan.
References
HYPERLINK “http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1074463528&type=RESOURCES” http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1074463528&type=RESOURCES
HYPERLINK “http://smallbusiness.chron.com/steps-required-testing-business-continuity-plan-4527.html” http://smallbusiness.chron.com/steps-required-testing-business-continuity-plan-4527.html
HYPERLINK “http://www.businesscontinuityinternational.com/Testing.htm” http://www.businesscontinuityinternational.com/Testing.htm
HYPERLINK “http://www.businesscontinuityinternational.com/Business%20Continuity%20Planning.htm” http://www.businesscontinuityinternational.com/Business%20Continuity%20Planning.htm
4. u05d2 Business Continuity Plan Audits (1 ½ page)
Change is constant in organizations. Changes occur in operations, technology, personnel, regulations, and every other area. Change management has several discrete steps. Prepare a post in which you discuss the key steps to auditing. Specifically, address why an audit plan should include:
The audit scope, timeline, requirements, and constraints.
A review of an organization’s risks and risk management strategies.
A review of business impact.
A review of plan development activities.
A review of test plans.
A review of training plans.
A review of change management and plan maintenance.
The importance of auditing in any organization cannot be underestimated. It is the process by which financial statements are examined in order for the auditor to ascertain that they are prepared according to the laid out framework of financial reporting. With the dynamism in many businesses continuous auditing has to be carried out giving the auditors the capacity to evaluate the sufficiency of the monitoring functioning of the management and identify as well as assess the risk areas.
Ascertaining the nature of the business- this would necessitate visiting the client and looking at files, past accounts as well as discussing with members of the staff.
Planning of the audit- preparing an audit memorandum, timing as well as the staff requirements. The scope, timing, and requirements would be dictated by the type of business as well as the risk areas. One of the risk areas is always the cash office where the records are likely to be altered in case of fraud. Determining the scope would help in prioritizing and circling on the risk areas.
Ascertain, evaluate and test the internal controls and other risk management strategies. This guides you as to the risk areas to pay attention to.
Test the systems in order to determine their effectiveness and consistency of their application at every relevant time. You would be using compliance tests whose operational basis is valid.
Pay attention to any changes not only in the plans but also the personnel- if there was change in the management, there would be likely to be a gap which may be exploited fraudulently. How was the change managed? Did it allow for any gaps in the disclosure requirements or even the legal structures?
Pay attention to the financial statements to ensure they conform to the industry standards and legal requirements. In such instances, you could use checklists.
Consider the financial statements and review the audit as well as the conclusions drawn. Reviewing the test and training plans at this stage will be effective in determining whether there is synchronization between the statements and the plans in which case you can tell whether they give a fair and true view. This also looks at any anomalies, disagreements and uncertainties from the responsible parties in preparation of these accounts.
Communication of the findings- the auditor would make a report on his findings giving his opinion on how fair, true and compliant the plans are with the laid down procedures. How the report is worded is subject to the conclusion that the auditor draws not only from the financial statements but also from the non-formals changes made by the business.
Reference
HYPERLINK “http://www.theiia.org/intAuditor/itaudit/archives/2008/february/six-steps-to-an-effective-continuous-audit-process/” http://www.theiia.org/intAuditor/itaudit/archives/2008/february/six-steps-to-an-effective-continuous-audit-process/
Six Steps to an Effective Continuous Audit Process
Carlos Elder de Aquino, Washington Lopes da Silva, Nilton Sigolo, Miklos A. Vasarhelyi
HYPERLINK “http://blog.rogercpareview.com/2009/10/10-steps-in-planning-audit.html” http://blog.rogercpareview.com/2009/10/10-steps-in-planning-audit.html
HYPERLINK “http://www.zainbooks.com/books/acounting-and-Finance/fundamentals-of-auditing_43_AUDIT-PLANNING-1.html” http://www.zainbooks.com/books/acounting-and-Finance/fundamentals-of-auditing_43_AUDIT-PLANNING-1.html
U05a1 Case Analysis 2 of Aum Shinrikyo
U05a1 Case Analysis 2 – Aum Shinrikyo
On March 20, 1995, a Japanese cult known as Aum Shinrikyo released sarin a deadly gas in Tokyo’s subway during the early morning rush. The attack was carried out in five trains where each male member of the cult boarded the train and released the gas simultaneously. Many chocked, experienced convulsions while about eleven people died during this terrorist attack. Tokyo on this day experienced a multi-point attack where five trains from different locations converging in Tokyo were under attack (Kyle, 2000). The deaths and injuries were first reported at inner suburbs and then from a station to another. This was happening close to a building known as Kasumagaseki which houses most of the crucial agencies of the Japanese government.
The attack in Tokyo by use of sarin gas caused the death and injury of many people mainly because of the responses that followed after the attack. Sarin is a lethal gas produced in the 1930s by Nazi scientists. It is far much more toxic than cyanide and causes death within minutes. The hospitals in Tokyo did not have the necessary decontaminants to combat the continuous destruction caused by sarin. The medical professionals were not well trained to handle such cases and this caused the extend of the damage causing death and injuries to others as a result of secondary exposure. This was irresponsibility on the part of the hospital management because sarin gas was a common chemical at the moment and it was only right for the medical professionals to receive the necessary training for providing treatment in cases of contamination. Other agencies including the police and fire fighters acted on the issue in different ways without proper communication adding on to the current state of confusion. The lesson learned from the Tokyo subway attack was that the first line responders in such cases of emergencies ought to be well trained so as to handle victims of chemical attacks. This is crucial given the large number of casualties brought in the hospital in a short period of time (Kyle, 2000).
Other agencies including the media and the subway authorities were criticized on their response after the incident. Some of the media personalities insisted on getting in the subway to film those who were dead and injured despite the efforts of the police to keep people as far away from the scene as possible. These people risked secondary infection by coming in contact with the victims of the attack. The subway authorities did not stop the movement of the other trains even after the attack adding on to the chaos in the area. Most people criticized their actions saying that they acted irresponsibly putting the lives of more passengers in danger. The police, fire fighters and the subway authorities were not cooperative in taking the injured to hospital as soon as possible and those taken to hospital were reluctantly admitted by the hospital officials increasing the death of the victims and giving room for secondary infections.
Shortly after the attack, the police were armed and ready to outlaw the sect. However, the government declined their request because they did not have any concrete evidence to prove without a doubt that the Aum Shinrikyo was responsible for the attack. The cult lost its status as a religious organization and all its assets were frozen. The government did not do as much as it could to capture the perpetrators when the attack occurred (Kyle, 2000). The attack was not treated with the magnitude it deserved given that it was not the first attempt for the cult to experiment with chemical and biological agents. The cult continues to exist under a different name though some of the members have been convicted and others are standing trial concerning the attack.
Transportation methods are designed as open spaces to allow the free flow of people and that is why they are susceptible to attacks. The public officials are faced with a major challenge of providing financial support and security at the same time providing quality services to their clients. In most cases, it is not possible to prevent a terrorist attack. Most of them occur in highly guarded and secured locations and this was no different when it came to the situation in Tokyo. The Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear (CBRN) attacks are of great concern because they cause a great deal of irreversible injuries and death within a short time.
The consequences of CBRN may stretch a country’s capabilities to the maximum. It is the responsibility of the government to put resources in place and provide the necessary training to mitigate consequences of CBRN attacks. The first step is recognizing the possibility of occurrence of such an attack. Information should be circulated to the necessary responders so as to initiate a response plan. The scene of the attack should be well protected and isolated to prevent the further spread of the lethal substance (Brown, 2005). Only those involved in the response are allowed in the scene and should be in protective gear to prevent secondary contamination. Saving lives should be the top priority for all the response agencies. Timely warnings and evacuations should also be provided to prevent further contamination. In addition, specialist support should be incorporated so as to know how best to deal with the contamination.
The National Incident Management System (NIMS) is an organization put in place to handle any forms of disasters. The key issue that is stressed by this organization is preparedness of the responders and provision of training to mitigate consequences of any attack whether chemical biological or just natural disasters. The responders should also have the capability of responding in the shortest time possible conveying the relevant information to all the agencies involved. Management issues are also very crucial. They should be established prior to the incident, during and after the attack (Brown, 2005).
Reference
Kyle B. (2000). “Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat?” Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol 5, 4.
Brown, C. (2005). “Backbone of NIMS.” The Chief. Retrieved on June, 1 from HYPERLINK “http://firechief.com/preparedness/firefighting_backbone_nims060105/” http://firechief.com/preparedness/firefighting_backbone_nims060105/
U.S. Members in Their Constituencies An Exploration by Richard F. Fenno, Jr article analysis
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“U.S. Members in Their Constituencies: An Exploration” by Richard F. Fenno, Jr.
This article explores the relationship between a representative and his or her constituency. It is a development of the bulk of the literature available on the subject matter. The author gets inspiration from two weighty questions for which he seeks answers. Firstly, he wants to know what goes on in a representative’s mind when the representative sees his or her constituency. Secondly, and as a follow-up, the author wants to know the consequences of a representative’s perception of his or her constituency. To answer these questions, Fenno argues that one must see the constituency through its representative’s eyes. Only this way can one obtain a better understanding of the relationship. The representative sees his constituency in many ways. Firstly, he or she sees it as a district (that is, a geographical territory within the state over which he or she has authority). Under this huge umbrella of a district, the representative sees another segment – the supporters. These form the re-election constituency because the areas are the richest in votes compared to other areas. Still under the re-election constituency, the representative sees the strongest of his or her supporters. These form the primary constituency. Routine supporters often vote the person regardless of the party or any affiliations. Lastly, under the primary constituency, the representative sees the personal constituency made up of his or her closest associates – those who he or she confides in to discuss constituency matters. These perceptions make the representative handle the constituency in different ways. The support he offers to the constituents increase as one shift from the district level to the personal constituency. This is informed primarily by the need to consolidate the strongest support for a re-election.
Work Cited
Fenno, Richard. “U.S. House Members in Their Constituencies: An Exploration.”JSTOR. American Political Science Association, 10 Sept. 1977. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1960097 .>.
“Appropriators not Position Takers: The Distorting Effects of Electoral Incentives on Congressional Representation” by Justin Grimmer
This article is a response to Richard Fenno’s article U.S. Members in Their Constituencies: An Exploration and other similar works. Richard argued that the perceptions of a representative on the constituency influence the representatives’ home styles (that is, the way he treats each segment of his or her constituency). However, Grimmer argues that these perceptions can have negative consequences on collective representation. In as much as a representative is in charge of his or her constituency, collective representation has an important role in cementing the relationship with constituents. The author uses several measures to demonstrate how “representation” depends on “the represented.” Representatives who are not in good terms with their constituents often avoid taking positions when crucial matters are being discussed in the Senate. On the contrary, representatives in good terms with constituents tend to take positions in Senate debates. Aggregately, therefore, this representative-constituency relationship causes ideological bias in the positions taken by representatives in the Senate. Aligned Senators are more likely to take part in policy debates than their misaligned counterparts are. According to the author, this division hugely influences American politics. Representatives are in charge of larger areas today than it was some 30 years ago. This new dominion is a rich incentive for articulating policy-focused home styles. On the other hand, the Congress is highly polarized as a result of the differing alignments, which lead to ideological differences. Not only does Grimmer’s analysis demonstrate how electoral connection affects overall representation, but it also demonstrates the need for constituents to weed out non-performing representatives.
Work Cited
Grimmer, Justin. “Appropriators not Position Takers: The Distorting Effects of Electoral
Incentives on Congressional Representation.” American Journal of Political Science, 57.3 (2013): 624-642