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TRAFFIC CONGENSTION IN DUBAI CITY
Traffic congenstion in dubai city
Introduction
Traffic congestion is a discriminating issue which happens on streets which make traffic occupied on the grounds that streets loaded with autos and transports. Traffic congestion difficulties traffic stream in urban region and is counteracted smooth traffic. A becoming urban zone makes complex issues in day by day existence with traffic. Congestion problems cannot be ended just by applying physical developing, for example, fabricate connect, motorways and expanding street limit. It is important to manufacture innovation framework for transportation administration which is utilized for control of the traffic problem. Traffic control frameworks have immediate impact on traffic issues which is help to enhance traffic stream and decrease traffic congestion. Normally, car influxes are brought on by numerous reasons, for example, episodes, meets expectations in streets, streets upkeep. Give or take, traffic congestion happens at top times in the morning or night when individuals are flying out to work. Furthermore, transportation frameworks are one of the fundamental reasons creating traffic congestion in a few nations. Traffic streets have an immediate impact on congested driving conditions which identify with little ways utilize or harmed ways (Yassein, Khalaf & Al-Dubai, 2010)
Firstly, when K. Macmillan developed the first autos had fitting shape and wooden casing in 1839 which included numerous sorts of focal points, for example, traffic velocity; solace; control; economy; furniture and wellbeing. The Automobiles business got to be more prevalent and important for the life and it expected to enhance auto’s mechanical outline and make more autos by organizations. Toward the end of eighteenth century, the first traffic congestion showed up on the old Dubai Bridge which made a genuine issue. After that, the Dubai government chose to discover way out for this marvel which prompted the innovation of control framework to understand traffic congestion by introducing traffic lights on the old Dubai span. Likewise, the Dubai government included an alternate control framework by partitioning the Dubai old extension into two ways, one for vehicles and an alternate for people on foot (Yassein, Khalaf & Al-Dubai, 2010).
Transportation issues have been examined by numerous scientists and numerous arrangements have been proposed to comprehend it. Enhancing transportation incorporates numerous approaches to enhance traffic execution in significant urban areas and motorways. The Government is in charge of enhancing the productivity of transportation in urban communities and roadways between urban areas which diminish traffic issues. Transportation congestion has a reasonable impact on financial circumstance and it causes expanded in live cost. The point of this paper is to plates the impacts of control frameworks can decrease traffic congestion, vitality utilization and street occurrences. It is imperative to comprehend the connection between traffic congestion and control frameworks. Notwithstanding, there are a few answers for lessening their negative impacts.
Traffic congestion, definition
Traffic congestion is intricate problem which is identified with various autos out and about at the same times which is impede traffic and need additional time to achieve objectives. Truth be told, traffic congestion is generally repeating or non-repeating problem. Continually, repeating traffic congestion is showed up by every day occasion in a sure times which is settled redesign suitable arranging. Then again, non-repeating traffic congestion is startling and uncommon occasion cause by an occurrence which is all of a sudden diminished street limit. Moreover, street limit is one of the primary reason traffic congestion when the quantity of autos out and about expansions than the street limit. (Pacione, 2005)
Key reasons for increase in congestion
There are a few reasons which have assumed a part in expanding traffic congestion in UAE. A portion of the reasons for repeating traffic congestion in UAE will be quickly examined beneath;
Increased automobile use
The increment being used of autos is one of the significant reasons for traffic congestion far and wide. As has been examined, UAE is the most congested city in North America with in excess of 70% of vehicles managers heading to work. What’s more, walkers and bikes additionally vie for the constrained street asset. This causes a strain on streets and helps intensely to the congestion experienced in UAE (Pacione, 2005). Numerous autos convey one or two travelers instead of open transport where a few individuals are transported by transports. This likewise builds congestion since more private vehicles are utilized to ship not very many travelers between different areas. The increment in vehicles utilize likewise has unfavorable impacts on the earth following there is more contamination from cars. Unmoving time experienced via vehicles as an aftereffect of automobile overloads additionally expands contamination via autos. This contamination hurts the nature’s turf as well as reasons respiratory diseases and sicknesses to people which mean a gigantic expense to the economy (Murel & O’Connell, 2011).
Poor planning
Each legislature arranging office or service is tasked with the obligation of guaranteeing that the populace development matches accessible assets to lessen strain. It is in this manner the obligation of the administration to guarantee that assets, for example, streets are decently arranged and created to cater for the populace development. Then again, the UAE government has performed inadequately in creating streets which cater for the substantial populace in the nation (Mehran, 2013). For example, a few specialists have brought up that on a few streets, bicycle paths have been set in poor areas. These paths have not been associated with different courses, which is wastage of space and cash. Also, some bicycle paths have been put in avenues which are major and notwithstanding helping the congestion, stopping and ceasing spaces are radically lessened. Some walker intersections have been put in risky areas where they cause a lessening in traffic stream instead of facilitating traffic.
Lapse in implementation of laws
There is an outstanding conflict in execution of the law which controls traffic. It is vague whether this is carried out deliberately however masters have faulted lack of awareness and debasement. Stopping and traffic laws are by and large not uniformly requisitioned different kinds of vehicles. Likewise, numerous drivers who submit traffic offenses are not managed in a cruel way with a specific end goal to go about as a hindrance to different drivers. This makes a circumstance where drivers are unmindful of traffic laws, which further convolutes the issue of congestion (Kendall, 2012)
Problems due to traffic in UAE
Pollution
Because of the increment in the quantity of autos being used in UAE, the city has encounters high contamination levels than numerous urban areas in North America. UAE is a standout amongst the most congested urban communities in North America and contamination levels are high because of high vehicles utilization. Numerous vehicles utilized emanate large amounts of carbon monoxide and different gasses which hurt the nature’s turf and the soundness of people in general (Kendall, 2012). In excess of 1500 individuals kick the bucket yearly in UAE because of illnesses which are identified with ecological contamination. Also, in excess of 6000 individuals are confessed to healing facilities in UAE yearly because of muddlings identified with contamination and engine vehicle utilization is a substantial giver to this issue (Kendall, 2012). Contamination because of increment in auto utilization is consequently a real issue which causes financial expenses to UAE through harm to the nature’s turf and antagonistic impacts on the soundness of inhabitants. Traffic congestion likewise brings about sitting without moving of cars which prompts more contamination on the nature’s turf.
Idle time and opportunity costs
A considerable measure of time is used by specialists in UAE driving to and from their spot of work. UAE was positioned toward the end as far as driving time used by representatives when utilizing diverse manifestations of transport and this was seen to be a normal of eighty minutes. This is a ton of time since specialists use over an hour driving day by day to and from their spot of job. The expenses of this unmoving time to the economy have been evaluated to be over $2 billion yearly (Murel & O’Connell, 2011). These are opportunity costs which would have brought much more noteworthy quality to the economy. Notwithstanding sit still time by workers, there are the expenses of fuel utilized amid traffic by the numerous cars which utilize the streets. Such expenses likewise run into the billions as vehicles blaze fuel in traffic every day. These expenses experienced because of unmoving time are opportunity costs which would have been utilized for advancement purposes and improvement of framework by the UAE government.
Delays
Automobile overloads typically prompt deferral for either workers to achieve their work stations or for items to be conveyed on time. It likewise makes representatives be late for gatherings, flights or different open doors which further their vocation. Postponements may have a negative effect on people, the legislature or organizations on the loose. At the point when people get deferred, they may miss certain open doors which may bring about winning lower disposable salaries which antagonistically influences their families. At the point when there are deferrals, organizations experience the ill effects of lower deals because of postponements in supplies or different components (Murel & O’Connell, 2011). At the point when deferrals happen, the administration might likewise acquire lower income because of lower assessment got from decrease in circumstances connected with the postponement. Postponements ought to in this way be dodged since they have negative impacts to the general public on the loose. This must be accomplished if reasonable answers for the issue of transport congestion are actualized.
Barriers to emergency services
At the point when there are traffic delays, it gets to be troublesome for crisis administrations to achieve individuals in need. Crisis vehicles typically think that it hard to explore through UAE because of the issue of traffic congestion. Ambulances and blaze trucks generally take longer than would normally be appropriate to achieve their ends because of traffic congestion. This is extremely hazardous for UAEs since numerous individuals may keep losing lives because of deferrals in crisis administration procurement. It is basic that dire answers for the issue of traffic congestion in UAE are created with a specific end goal to guarantee occupants have entry to quick crisis administrations (Pacione, 2005).
Viable solutions to the problem
There are a few arrangements which will help decrease traffic congestion in UAE and these will be talked about beneath;
Encouraging commuters to use public transport
It has been talked about that one of the reasons why there is traffic congestion in UAE is that in excess of 70% of vehicles holders utilize their autos rather than open transport. Since private autos basically convey one or two individuals, there are a lot of private autos which are expected to transport representatives to and from work. These private autos cause congestion in streets because of their huge numbers (Pacione, 2005). So as to simplicity congestion, open transport ought to be energized since it includes transporting numerous individuals at the same time consequently facilitating traffic congestion. Trains and open transports convey several individuals all the while which lessens the quantity of private autos on streets. The administration ought to debilitate the utilization of private autos particularly inside the city through making it extravagant to drive and park private autos inside the city. Stopping expenses for private autos ought to be expanded to demoralize utilization of these vehicles inside the city. This will sway more individuals to go via prepare or transports which will straightforwardness traffic on streets.
Decongesting public transport
Albeit open transport is extremely viable in lessening traffic congestion, it must be compelling to attain this objective. General society transport framework in UAE faces certain shortcomings which help the traffic congestion experienced in the city. Numerous trams including the Yonge metro is extremely packed yet this is a standout amongst the most paramount metros in UAE. In spite of the fact that there is a plan to automate control and signs framework with a specific end goal to empower a more prominent number of trains to run closer together, this arrangement will take a few years to actualize, which implies that UAEs will keep confronting transport congestion in the short run (Yassein, Khalaf & Al-Dubai, 2010). There are likewise issues with train limit and paces with suburbanites whining a few trains are excessively moderate and have low limits. This is an issue which ought to be tended to by the administration through expansion in number, velocities and limits of transport trains.
Decentralizing businesses from the Greater UAE Area
There are a lot of organizations which are available in the Greater UAE Area (GTA). Thus, numerous workers drive from suburbs into the GTA every day. The extensive number of individuals who drive to the GTA is one of the real reasons why there is traffic congestion. Keeping in mind the end goal to decrease congestion, it is imperative for the legislature to sway speculators to put resources into suburbs or the edge of the city (Wallace 65-69). This is a standout amongst the best answers for this issue since less individuals will head out to the GTA. At the point when numerous organizations are decentralized and made in suburbs and edge of UAE, the traffic frameworks will face lower congestion because of the diminished number of clients. Notwithstanding advantages of decentralization to the vehicle framework, decentralizing organizations will likewise guarantee that there is adjusted improvement in UAE and UAE in general. This will raise the expectations for everyday comforts of individuals and diminish the crevice between the poor and the rich.
Investing in transport infrastructure
Keeping in mind the end goal to cater for the developing populace, the street base ought to match populace development. Since the vehicle framework in UAE is congested, it is imperative to put resources into new and more compelling transport base to facilitate the congestion. One of these sorts of framework is interest in trams. Metros which run under real streets are extremely powerful method for facilitating traffic congestion in most significant urban communities. The legislature ought to build such trams and offer suburbanites a mixture of decisions to settle on when settling on transport choices. Different bases incorporate charging frameworks which demoralize the development of private autos into the city. These charging frameworks may take after that utilized as a part of Dubai where cams screen vehicles entering congested zones and oblige drivers to pay a certain entirety of cash. Drivers who don’t pay get overwhelming fines. Such a charging framework may be obliged to change the rates as indicated by traffic developments. This will guarantee that traffic congestion is facilitated in UAE.
Passing relevant transport legislation
Keeping in mind the end goal to guarantee drivers consent to changes which have been recommended in the paper, stronger enactment is obliged to guarantee that private autos are demoralized from entering the city and that any traffic guilty parties get brutal disciplines. This will serve as obstacle to different guilty parties who are not quick to be a piece of the traffic decongestion endeavors. For example, in Dubai, private autos entering congestion zones pay 8 pounds in expenses. Be that as it may, individuals who don’t watch this standard pay a cruel fine of 120 pounds. There are cams which records all enrollment plates of engine vehicles subsequently it is troublesome not to agree to the guideline. UAE obliges enactment and arrangements which help traffic decongestion to be passed so as to create long haul answers for the issue of traffic congestion.
Dialog with stakeholders in transport industry
In place for the administration to guarantee that progressions needed to the vehicle business are adequately executed, all stakeholders ought to be included in the progressions. The administration ought to gather a gathering with stakeholders out in the open and private transport with the point of creating long haul answers for the issue of traffic congestion (Yassein, Khalaf & Al-Dubai, 2010). These individuals may offer exceptionally powerful answers for this issue since they are the real street clients. The overall population will likewise be quick to take after changes and proposals made to enhance the vehicle segment once it is included in creating answers for the issue. Dialog with stakeholders will give the legislature a chance to listen to a mixture of proposals on how the vehicle issue can be determined.
Conclusion
Different parts of traffic congestion in UAE have been dissected in subtle element. It is clear that UAE is confronting a genuine issue of traffic congestion since it is the most congested city in North America. Traffic congestion in UAE costs over $ 2 billion every year and it is brought on by a mixture of components. These variables are sorted into non-repeating and repeating components. Notwithstanding, the paper concentrated on repeating components which help the biggest extent of traffic congestion in UAE. These incorporate expanded auto use, lack of common sense and slip by in execution of laws which represent traffic frameworks. This prompts the utilization of numerous private autos by representatives who drive to fill in rather than utilization of open transport frameworks bringing about congestion. Traffic congestion in UAE has different unfriendly impacts including obstructions to crisis administrations, deferrals, unmoving time and opportunity costs and additionally contamination. These impacts have antagonistic consequences for the wellbeing, welfare and financial improvement of the general public as entirety. All stakeholders in the public eye experience the ill effects of traffic congestion.
References
Kendall, D. (2012). Always let the road decide: South Asian labourers along the highways of Dubai, UAE: a photographic essay. South Asian Diaspora, 4(1), 45-55.
Mehran, B. (2013). Evaluation of possible directions for improving traffic management system. In Proceedings of the 93rd TRB annual meeting. Washington, DC [CD].
Murel, M., & O’Connell, J. F. (2011). Potential for Abu Dhabi, Doha and Dubai Airports to reach their traffic objectives. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 1(1), 36-46.
Pacione, M. (2005). Dubai. Cities, 22(3), 255-265.
Yassein, M. B., Khalaf, M. B., & Al-Dubai, A. Y. (2010). A new probabilistic broadcasting scheme for mobile ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routed networks. The Journal of Supercomputing, 53(1), 196-211.
Traditional women writers such as Bradstreet provided a pacesetter for other women writers who explored different themes in t
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Compare and Contrast
Introduction
Conventional writers explored different literary styles with which they presented their pieces of literature. These were usually influenced by the degree of knowledge and skills that they had in the same as well as their experience. Usually, experienced writers explored more diversified styles as compared to those with limited experience. The emergence of women writers during the fifteenth century can be considered a major step in the domains of poetry. Traditional women writers such as Bradstreet provided a pacesetter for other women writers who explored different themes in their pieces of literature.
Fundamentally, the then society did not provide ambient conditions for women to explore literary circles. Nevertheless, the efforts that they made in this were significant and their pieces of work are currently categorized as classics. It is in this regard that this paper provides an explicit comparison of conventional writers Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatley. In particular it underscores the various differences and similarities between Wheatley’s “On Being Brought from Africa to America” and Bradstreet’s “Upon the Burning of our House”. To enhance a more coherent approach, the essay begins by evaluating the different conditions that influenced their writing.
Unlike Bradstreet, Wheatley was cited to have been taught about writing skills by her daughter. In addition, it can be ascertained that having started writing after several women writers had made major inventions in this field of specification; Wheatley’s poems are more diversified than Bradstreet’s. Further, there are inherent differences with regard to influences that prompted both writers to explore this field. Notably, Bradstreet had a religious background and most of her poems have been cited to be based on religious morals. However, Wheatley with regard to the poem under review was influenced by the hardship experiences that she faced earlier in life. Despite the underlying differences, both poems explore the themes of persistence and are inspirational in nature. They lay greater emphasis on the positive aspects of the adversities that they grapple with.
Further, it is certain that both poets derive their themes from natural experiences. In this respect, Wheatley’s theme revolves around slavery in the past and the painful experiences that the Black Americans went through. This is a historic phenomenon in the American society and indeed, it can be ascertained that the implications on the African Americans were far reaching. Bradstreet on the other hand explores the probable episode of one’s house burning down. She provides an explicit analysis of the feelings that the individual is bound to experience. As indicated earlier, it is notable that besides the poets concentrating on themes that have adverse effects on human wellbeing, they highlight the positive effects that are related to this. In this regard, Wheatley implies that the slavery experience was enlightening. It is because it enabled the same to have a better understanding of vital values and virtues that are associated with religion. In other words, it was an eye opener and she insists that it took her from darkness to light.
Bradstreet on the other hand contends that although the loss of material property can put an individual in a state of desperation, the fact that there are better living conditions in heaven need to be a source of solace to this particular individual. In this respect, both authors assume a optimistic tone as opposed to a pessimistic one. Of great reference is the fact that, just like Bradstreet, Wheatley also appreciates the role of the Higher Power and can therefore be considered to be religious too.
Besides themes, the poets also explore different stylistic and literary devices in their work. Just like Wheatley, Bradstreet uses rhyme to create a specific rhythm in her poem. The resultant musical rhythm has a significant impact on the audience. Not only does it make the reader to enjoy the poem, but it also makes the same remember the information that is being relayed by the same. Rhythmic expressions in “Upon the Burning of a House” include look and took, just and dust and mine and repine. The rhythm is attained through an inherent sense of repetition that makes it possible for the reader to remember the words with ease. This remembrance is important as the audience can have a chance to contemplate the message of the poem at any particular time.
Unlike Wheatley, Bradstreet employs direct repetition in her poem. This is used to emphasize the different themes that she explores. For example, the phrase “Adieu, Adieu, all’s vanity” seeks to inform the reader that the material wealth is not important. In this regard, it is also an important marker of change of tone by the poet. Most importantly, the repetition has an impact on the feelings of the audience and makes the same respond to the poem accordingly. Literary critics ascertain that this is important and is often at the center stage of most literary works.
With regard to the structure, it can be ascertained that both poets maintain a simple structure and use simple words to enhance the understanding the poem by the audience. Although the Bradstreet’s poem is relatively longer, it still maintains a simple structure and uses short sentences to economize words. This prevents incidences of the poem being wordy. It is a writing style that is typical of poetry and therefore accredits the both pieces of literary works. Regardless of the fact that the poets employ simple words and short sentences, they succeed in passing on the messages that they wish to. Examples of these in Bradstreet’s poem include e’eer and ‘twas.
The two poets employ the first hand persona’s to present to the audience their feelings and concepts. The articles “I” and “My” are employed in both instances to relay vital information to the audience. Through this, the respective audiences are in position to understand the experiences of the authors. Further, it is worth acknowledging that both authors employ different images to enable the audience to understand their different implications. For instance, Bradstreet succeeds in presenting to the audience an ideal depiction of the physical characteristics of heaven. Heaven in this regard is portrayed as a place that is wealthy and has innumerable resources. These are expensive and financed entirely by God. The employment of the first person point of view also has significant impact on the audience as it enables the same to create an image of the experience of the persona. Likewise, this is imperative as it evokes certain emotions and feelings that enable the audience to respond accordingly to the message that is contained in the poem.
The poets’ choice of words is also distinctive and imperative in relaying different meanings as well as sentiments to the audience. At the beginning of the poem, Bradstreet exhibits an attachment to her material possessions. However, the employment of the word rase implies that regardless of having lost all her possessions, she still trusts that she would get the same back because it belongs to God. According to her belief, God d the sole owner of all the possessions and considering the fact that she deeply trusts in her, she would possibly be able to get the same back. The employment of the word “gift” in reference to God also implies that the Persona in Bradstreet’s “Upon the Burning of our House” believes that God is the sole owner of all the possessions. Comparatively, Wheatley’s choice of words such as ‘remember’ seeks to evoke certain feelings in the audience. Essentially, this enables the audience to develop certain images that pertain to the slavery experiences that the author went through.
Conclusion
Poetry is a form of literature that was initiated during ancient times. The entry of women in this field of specification had various implications on their participation in literary circles. Regardless of the fact that the pursued this as a part time activity, they were still able to explore various themes. As it has come out from the review, the two poets employ different styles, structure and explore varied themes. To some extent, they also employ similar stylistic devices in relaying different messages to the audience. They at some point also explore similar themes such as religion and persistence. At this point, it can be contended that the two poets succeed in presenting to the audience classic pieces of literature that is timeless.
Traditional Religion and Twentieth-Century Culture
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Traditional Religion and Twentieth-Century Culture
51. Christians’ response to war
Discussions pertaining to how Christians respond to peace and war have always been intricate and open to criticism. On the one hand, they are guided by the belief that Christ discouraged war when he healed the soldier whose ear had been chopped off. However, there was a change in this notion during the World War II, which was seen as the fight between good or the just and evil. It is worth noting that this notion was not shared by all Christian churches. Peace churches held notion that at no time should Christians engage in physical violence, while other churches thought that the Nazi madness had to be brought to an end through violence.
52. Fundamentalists and Liberalists.
Fundamentalists and modernists have always represented contrasting views on varied issues. First, fundamentalists stood for personal government with the government only involved in the provision of the freedom necessary for an individual to pursue his goals. Modernists, however, believed that the government is responsible for achievement of equality for all and equal opportunity. They believed that the government should ensure that no one is needy. Conservatives were also against abortion, terming it as murder, while modernists believed that women should be granted the right to determine what to do with the fetus.
53. South: The “New America ethnic group”
As much as America is known as the melting pot, there still remain distinctive features between the various ethnic groups. In the 1920, the South was mainly inhabited by the African Americans who, despite being free from slavery for a number of years, were not fully assimilated in the mainstream ethnic communities. Their being termed as The New Ethnic Group was, essentially, a way of excluding them from the majority or the larger group of Americans and distinguishing them as second-class human beings. Had I been a Southerner at the time, I would have engaged in a sensitization process, which would have raised awareness as to the derogatory nature of the term, as well as convince individuals as to equality of human beings.
54. Prohibition of alcohol.
Alcohol consumption was on the rise after the American Revolution. Various societies tried to dissuade individuals from consuming alcohol but later on modified their tones from moderation to prohibition of alcohol. This was seen as a deterrence of men from drinking their family income away, as well as a reduction of the number of workplace accidents since most men took alcohol during daytime. It is worth noting that the measures resulted in many people taking alcohol in their houses. The alcohol was manufactured in the backstreets. In my opinion, drunkards would have had better chances of rehabilitation had the prohibition not been enacted than after the enactment of the prohibition.
55. Neo-Orthodox theology and Pragmatic Secularism
Karl Barth is one of thinkers of neo-orthodox theology. His arguments mainly revolved around rejection of biblical inerrancy. He sees the bible as a pointer to revelation rather than the revelation. He argues that claiming that the biblical inerrancy is the basis of theology amounts to taking a foundation other than Christ. He states that the people’s understanding of the Bible’s worth and accuracy would only emerge from the consideration of the meaning of being a true witness of Christ.
Kierkegaard is one of thinkers of pragmatic secularism. He stated that the universe is paradoxical. The greatest paradox is seen here as the inspirational union between man and God in the person of Christ.
Return to Faith and Quest for Consensus 1941-1963
61. Religious Revival in America
After the Americans underwent decades of incessant war, crisis and depression in the 1930s and 40s, they yearned for a return to normalcy, as well as concentration on private details pertaining to the existence. In essence, people ditched national objectives and focused on the career, home, and family, as well as religion. This led to a surge of religion’s popularity. As much as many people believed in diversity of views, many people ignored or silenced critical views, while accepting a wide range of beliefs. Church attendance increased while the goals and purpose of churches shifted. It is at this time that there was an improvement in the relationship between churches and the government. In addition, interchurch connection was encouraged with people engaging in projects such as the interpretation of the bible.
62. Fundamentalism moves to mainstream church
The 1940’s and 50’s saw the movement of fundamentalism towards the teachings of the mainstream churches or rather the modernism churches. This was done through the incorporation of relatively modern teachings of the church, as well as the reduction in the rigidity of the rules governing the teachings of fundamentalism. Billy Graham played a key role in this respect and was, in fact, seen as an embodiment of the new fundamentalism. The relationship between religious communities and the national community’s civil religions was being modified, and Graham’s message offered the guidelines for the process. In addition, Billy Graham had or used other channels of advertising, as well as communicating the gospel. These were unheard of in the original fundamentalism. Moreover, Billy helped in the resolution of the tensions between Christian identity and the modified capitalist surroundings through the invention of symbols and language that allowed for the integration of neo-evangelicalism.
63. Reasons for changes in American Jews
The Jewish community in America has undergone tremendous changes especially in the 20th century. As much as this may be attributed to the community’s assimilation into the larger American society, various other dynamics played a role. It is worth noting that the Jewish norms declare certain ways as more preferable than others. In the 60s, American Jews maintained that being Jewish involved obligations. However, few Jews now regard being a Jew as revolving around obligations and norms. In addition, there has been a reduction in the emphasis or focus on Judaism as a normative system. The developments have resulted in modifications in conservatism, reform and orthodoxy, which are the rubrics that define most American Jews.
64. Suspicions between Anglo-protestants and Roman-Catholics
Suspicions among Anglo-protestants and Roman Catholics are not a new phenomenon. These emanated from the latter’s association with the United States’ government especially during the World War II, as well as the undemocratic nature of the Vatican. At the center of the controversy were Pope John XXIII and his successor Pope Paul VI, thanks to their embodiment of this undemocratic government of the Vatican.
65. Black theology and Martin Luther King
The civil rights movement occupies a central niche in the American history. It outlines collaboration between White Americans and African Americans in a revolution that aimed at bringing racial equality in the United States. However, it is worth noting that there existed stark differences between the two groups. White Christians mainly focused on themes such as faith, righteousness, purity and grace as the key themes in Christianity. However, the black Christians emphasized on liberation from the oppression by whites. In fact, liberation held more urgency and relevance to them than all other themes. This division bred disillusionment to Martin Luther King, the leading light in the black theology at the time. He was disillusioned by the fact that, the liberation was talking too long and that his efforts were being undermined by divisions in the church.
Fragmented America – A Nation in Search of a Soul: 1960’s to the Twenty-First Century
71. Moral Majority and Born-again politics
The statement that God is dead was made by radical theologians who were bankrupt of modern theology and journalistic phenomenon. The statement was essentially a journalistic exploitation. However, this statement was proven wrong by varied happenings in America including the September 9 attacks. The emergence of the moral majority and born again politics were triggered by a need to unify and politicize the fragmented and frustrated the fundamentalist, conservative, religious community. The community was to be molded into a voting block that mainly incorporated Christians.
72. Pope John XXIII changes in the Catholic Church
Pope John XXIII made sweeping changes in the Catholic Church using the second Vatican council. The council wrote papers that allowed parish priests to conduct mass in the most appropriate way according to the local community and culture. In addition, it removed the strict requirement that people should refrain from consuming meat on Fridays. These signaled a loosening up of the church to democracy and refraining from its rigid procedures.
73. Counterculture
He viewed counterculture as a deviation from mainstream culture where science and technology was worshiped, and the citizens reduced to objects. However, I note that the counterculture perpetuated the objective consciousness myth. I do not agree with him on this issue as the counterculture was hardly objective in the use of its resources.
74. Counterculture categories
Two categories of counterculture include the cacophony society and intentional community. Cacophony society refers to a network of spirits that are randomly gathered and united in pursuing experiences that are beyond the mainstream society’s pale. Intentional communities refer to residential communities that are designed to incorporate a high teamwork degree than other communities. Individuals in these communities share all resources and responsibilities.
75. Feminism in the Church
Feminism affected the church in an enormous way. It started with the as a struggle against discrimination of people irrespective of their gender, color and race. Feminism struggles were closely related to the struggle for libration of African Americans. Unfortunately, feminism rattled the structures of the church since women were, initially, not allowed to hold leadership positions in the church.