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A Roman Slave Market
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Course
Date
A Roman Slave Market
When anyone gets ownership of a human being so as to have the right to use the individual as he chooses, then that man is in an approved manner referred to as a slave. This statement presents a provocative glimpse into the world of Roman slave sale and the process of enslavement in the late third and early centuries. This case in point, put forward central questions of logistics, for example, where was the slave market at Rome, what did the market building look like, and what did the market process look like. Even more, the basic questions gaze at the slaves and how human beings familiarized themselves within a system that defined them as ‘human property’. In the strict meaning of slave origin in Rome, it is prudent to say that it is no different from that in any other place. Slaves could be inherited or presented as gifts. In order for the slave society to endure, legal definitions had to become social realities. Discussed herein are the views of people towards slave and slave trade.
Discussion
Free persons entered slavery through sale, an action that gave concrete expression of their definition as fungible chattel. Research on the Roman slave trade has identified places of slave sale, the self-representation of slave traders and their low, dishonored status within their communities, the architectural configuration of buildings identified with sale, the probable size of the slave population, or at least the recorded numbers of those enslaved (Phillips 70). The architectural configuration of buildings, however, cannot tell what the interaction of slave and buyer looked like, or how the audience at a slave sale reacted to the human merchandise, or how the slaves responded to his or her purchase or enslavement, or when and in what circumstances a free person began to acquiesce in his or her enslavement. Understanding the experience of the slave sale requires exploring not only what the slave society did to the slave but to what extent or conditions were the slaves sold.
Institutionally, a consideration of slave sales informs about the supply of slaves: They could also be victims of privacy, sold into slavery, or abandoned children found on q street corner, rescued and raised as slaves. Some were enslaved in punishment for certain crimes, others for debts they were unable to repay. The process of sale itself turned human beings into human property. Ultimately, the slave sale stage is central to the institution of chattel slavery: the slave is fungible, that is, exchangeable, replaceable, and suitable like cash. Marcus or of Lucius slaves were known as Marcipor and Lucipor (houseboy). They were sometimes born and raised in their masters’ households. But the enormous numbers of slaves in Rome and Italy since the 3rd century B.C. in ancient history mostly enslaved war prisoners. This was as a result of a series of successful campaigns starting with the Samnite Wars and the symbolic ending reaction at any rate. The Italian and Roman economies must have been suffering from a severe shortage of manpower; there is no other explanation for the absorption of thousands of slaves in towns and country alike. A central slave market was established on the Island of Delos (Joshel (63).
As regards the society’s view on slave trade and slavery, there is little approximation to a settlement of the question whether slavery is right or wrong. To most people in the society, there is a perfect propriety in carrying the appeal against slave and slave trade. The slave woman, for example, needs to know why she is sold and what her new master wants. She receives a generic exhortation to obedience and then a sexual innuendo, after which the scene of the immediate effects of slave trade develops not in terms of the young woman’s tears but in a series of jokes about sex Jones (Peter and Keith 76). Within this setting, female vulnerability made great entertainment. If slavery is in accordance with the principle of humanity, and is the best thing for society, there is then an increasingly large part of the world that is neglecting to avail itself of the advantages which might be derived from the institutions, and that is falling into dangerous error on a great question of morals for there can be no doubt that there is a growing conviction in the world that the institution is not one in which it is desirable to perpetuate for promoting the welfare of mankind.
Conclusion
In light of the above, despite the fact that some people had ownership of other human beings as they choose, slave and slave trade was a total disrespect to human beings. Free persons entered slavery through sale, an action that gave concrete expression of their definition as fungible chattel. The process of sale itself turned human beings into human property. Knowing where the slaves are, and in what kinds of groups they were owned, illuminates some of the key questions which arise from demographic modeling of the slave population (Walsh 54).
Works Cited
Jones, Peter V, and Keith C. Sidwell. The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.
Joshel, Sandra R. Slavery in the Roman World. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.
Phillips, William D. Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000. Print.
Walsh, Ben. Empires and Citizens: Book 1. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes, 2003. Print.
A Risk Control Model For The Execution Of Construction In Public Housing Sector Projects In Trinidad And Tobago
A Risk Control Model For The Execution Of Construction In Public Housing Sector Projects In Trinidad And Tobago
Name
Research Papers submitted XXXXXXXXXXXXXX in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Construction/Project Management
Tutor XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Department of Construction/Project Management
Date
Copyright © 2012
NAME XXXXXXXXX
All Rights Reserved
Introduction
Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic state that is located in south of Caribbean. The state is one of the developed nations when it comes to housing and infrastructure. Housing sector and mostly in the three mayor cities of Trinidad and Tobago do range from apartments that are luxurious. The buildings also have got waterfronts and build with high class ceramics. There are other buildings that lack indoor plumbing as well as enough access to motor vehicle parking’s. The housing development corporation of Trinidad and Tobago was in the past faced with procurement scandal that involved some malpractices in its rules, regulations and procedures on award of tenders. A commission of enquiry was formed to investigate all procurement practices in the housing and construction sectors whereby it gave its report recommending that, a procurement process in the construction sector should be fair and free. Integrity as well as transparency in the process should be properly ensured at very highest levels. Tender rules, procedures, regulations as well as processes of the successful contractor in all procurement practices related to construction contracts should be in compliance with the rules and regulations of the housing development corporation body of the Trinidad and Tobago and the same processes should be applied in other contracts with similar contracts. A model on risk analysis should be carried out effectively to control cost overruns as well as other economic trends that may arise in the future. Risk analysis model on utilization of costs and minimizing contractual claims in the housing sector should be strategically structured.
Literature review
Risk analysis model helps to curb any malpractices in the housing and construction sector. In the practices of procurement, it should be carried out efficiently to prevent any corrupt deals from interfering with the process of procurement practices. The model also helps in utilizing costs and minimizing economical trends as well as contractual claims and variations. If procurement of the materials of the public construction sector is interfered with corrupt dealings then there is possibility of illegal matters arising in future. Fraud in tendering can also be witnessed and this if discovered can lead cancellation of building contract that was on the process. Trinidad and Tobago was affected by the procurement scandal involving tenders in the public construction field. This led to formation of a commission of enquiry to investigate all malpractices that were involved in the process.
A clear stated policy on public procurement processes should be developed and those in authority maintain its efficiency in effectiveness to ensure that any malpractices that may bring illegal measures are prevented. A model of risks should be structured to prevent any misusage of funds and other costs. Risks should also be taken effectively after proper planning to ensure that all developments of infrastructure in Trinidad and Tobago succeed without any downfall. The impact of using prime costs on the nominated suppliers as well as contractors in public sector contracts should be controlled. There should be also control over all the prime cost sums and provisional sums at all sectors related to construction, housing projects as well as infrastructure in Trinidad and Tobago. An issue of uncompleted designs, poor administration and supervision, design variations and poor management of resources, costs as well as delivery of housing and building projects led to rise of contractual claims in the state of Trinidad and Tobago. The state should draw an effective administration and supervision model of the projects whereby all employees part of the contract will understand who to report to. This will make communication easier and everyone will be able to understand his or her own duties well. A strategy on the management of funds should be developed and be adhered to by all staff responsible for financial matters. Mismanagement of the project costs and poor delivery can result to malpractices in the process of the construction contracts and this later may lead to rise of contractual claims that can make the state using more other resources to defend itself over the legal case.
The state of Trinidad and Tobago should come up with a good consideration plan on the performance of the local contractors and construction consultant’s as well international contractors and consultants. Tendering of those contractors should be carried upon good performance. The consideration of quality work and low cost should be strictly ensured when the state is awarding the construction contracts. Awarding tender to a company that develops infrastructure of poor quality after completion of the project may also bring contractual claims in the future. A strategic model on local and international tendering should be clearly structured to prevent any contractual malpractices from interfering with the projects after completion. In 2009, the housing sector of the Trinidad and Tobago state was hit by a corruption scandal due to use of turnkey approach and which is commonly referred to as design build approach in delivering housing projects on the public sector. This approach was used with an intention of moving from traditional and old designs of tender approaches. There were claims of some malpractices been involved in the process of using the turnkey approach and which also led to rise of contractual claims and later was one of the main aspects that was been investigated by the commission of enquiry. The public sector on housing should consider using an approach of tendering that is suitable for the project concerned and all legal aspects and requirements on tendering should be considered by the industry employer and the client. The issue of cost overruns, work delays and workmanship that was so defective on construction projects also led to contractual claims in Trinidad and Tobago. Some contractors use workmanship in their projects and if the personnel are not well trained on the work they are carrying on, this can lead poor quality projects. The government of the state should have come up with a risk analysis model on control of the finances to control any cost overruns. It should also not take risks by awarding tenders to contractors who may not seem to come up with quality projects irrespective of their low costs. The state can also improve the public housing sector by developing risk analysis model that combats any existence of price gouging as well high profiteering. This, if ensured will control any rise of contractual claims from the public.
In the procurement process of the public construction projects, the state should ensure that the taxpayers get adequate value for money. Any housing project that may not lead to or add value of money to the public sector should be avoided since it can bring contractual claims in the future. A risk analysis model should be carried out to determine the costs that will be used in the construction project and compare it with the value of the project to the state as well as to the general public. The government of Trinidad and Tobago should also come up with a strategic risk analysis model on the control of the projects delivery and achievable standard of workmanship. The analysis should structure on how quality workmanship of the highest standard will be maintained and achieved as well as how projects will be delivered. This is to prevent any arising risks due to failure to deliver or poor workmanship.
The procurement process of the housing and construction sector should be exercised in an environment that is free from corruption and where fair competition is ensured to the satisfaction of all bodies involved. High integrity as well as transparency in the award of contract tenders should also be ensured because it helps to prevent contractual matters arising from other contracting bodies, the public or from any other body. The government of Trinidad and Tobago was affected by the project of clever heights development houses whereby some procurement malpractices were found between the housing development authority and the company called NH international limited.
The tender rules, procedures, regulations as well as processes of the successful contractor should be in compliance with the rules and regulations of the housing development corporation body of the Trinidad and Tobago and the same processes should be applied in other contracts with similar contracts. Variance that may exist between price that was negotiated and the actual price for the contract should be compared and if any malpractices which may contribute to such variances should be brought forward before the start of the project. Developing a risk analysis model that provides metrics for effective utilization of construction costs will help in implementation and improvement of various public housing projects as well as minimization of contractual claims and arising of variation changes that can affect housing projects in Trinidad and Tobago.
Conclusion
The state of Trinidad and Tobago is one of the wealthiest states on infrastructure. The housing and construction sector was hit by a procurement scandal after the housing development corporation awarded a tender to NH international company on the construction of 408 houses (clever heights development project) whereby some processes were found to be full of malpractices therefore leading to formation of enquiry for further investigation to the matter. The commission of enquiry also investigated other procurement practices pertaining to the public housing and construction sectors. Practicing fair competition in a procurement environment helps in utilizing the construction costs as well as minimizing contractual claims and variations that may arise in the future.
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The stereotype that Males are better Doctors than Females
Name
Institution
Course
Professor
Date of Submission
The stereotype that Males are better Doctors than Females
Men are supposed to work while women have to do their homes and take care of the children. It is a cultural stereotype that still exists in the people’s minds up to today. The issue still exists regarding female doctors that they are inferior to their male counterparts who tend to overpower the medicine field. It is a threat to the society as it is a kind of gender inequality where people take it that males are doctors while females are supposed to be nurses and not more than that. It is assumed that women will spend fewer hours working and dedicate the rest to bringing up children and do other chores related to the entire family. The segregation goes to a further extent that inequality is perceived even when it comes to payment and job offers. In this discussion, the stereotype that exists in the society regarding males making better physicians than female is discussed to a profound extent in consideration of how the gender inequality ridicule women.
Who said that female could not do as better as men in the medical field? The old-school myths still exist in the modern society with some beliefs that feminine gender is slow in taking up and carrying out activities related to medicine. They are therefore discouraged to take the involving courses in the healthcare as well as specializing in fields such as Anesthesiologists and Cardiologists among other surgery sectors. It is disgusting that the stereotypes still exist up to the 21 century where patients do not respect doctors in their work just because they are women. Male dominance is there in the medical field as according to the statistics and research did, the most trending personnel in this particular career are the middle-aged men who are believed to offer the best services in the nation and worldwide (Francisco, page 720). It is not that females have not majored in healthcare, but the victimization they face and people’s mentality cannot grant them chances to appear in such a list. Some prominent female doctors have done great things and offer excellent services in their career, but the public diminishes them for the simple reason of portraying feminine characteristics.
Why do there exist differences between the male and female doctors up to today? It is clear evidence that the feminine prejudice is still there in the society and not about to end soon unless appropriate efforts are put in place to eliminate the discrimination. Does it mean that men physicians work many hours that their female counterparts? It is not true as in ordinary days the tradition believes that women have to be concerned about home affairs have been eradicated and they are seen working even late house to save the lives of their patients as well as sharpening their skills. People have to accept the natural role that feminine have to bear children and take the responsibility of breastfeeding and bringing up the tender children. It is right that they have to devote some time for the family and their children as well by living the place of work earlier than the male workmates who have their wives and other house helpers who attend the housework. However, this does not mean that women be degraded when it comes to salary as it does not only pull them back financially but also demoralize them which results in minimum dedication to their careers (Fassiotto et al. page 293).
It does not mean that women should pay less than males just because at any instance or another have to undertake a maternity leave hence end up working for few hours in that particular period. In fact, they should be appreciated for accepting the call of nature of bringing us into being and sacrificing all their time to bring us up as well as providing education which shapes one’s destiny. Where do men get time to stay with their children and family in general? All people regardless of the gender have social cognitive and sense of belonging as it is humane to devote time for the family as well as leisure (Philip, page 497). Furthermore, not all women that go for these maternity leaves or spend much of their time with the family. They dedicate all their efforts and time to the career as doctors who work for many hours during the day and night hence they are available to serve their clients at any time.
Female chauvinism should end as it does not only affect women doctors who are qualified and in the field but also the young people who are striving to major in medicine at the college and other lower education levels. Women are said to be slow in taking up the content related to medicine are well as putting the skills in practice which is not the reality. They end up being discouraged following a physician career as well as specializing in the multiple medicine sectors, and they end up being nurses who work under the doctors’ instructions or be there to assist the physicians (Carr et al. page 191). Speed and accuracy are personal traits that differ from one individual to another, and they are improved and efficient regarding the knowledge, practice as well as experience that one has. Indeed, some females are faster than men and can perfectly offer healthcare services better and faster than their male counterparts. Therefore, it is not justified to discriminate or put boundaries that are gender biased thus preventing young female perusing their potential career that will enable them to be more productive in the society.
According to the discussion above, it is evident that stereotypes that female are not better doctors than male still exist in the society today and it is a prejudice that ridicule women as they are capable of offering excellent services in the medical field. Change is unavoidable and must be accepted to enhance societal development where there are gender equality and freedom of specializing in an area that one desires and have the potentiality. In recent days, change has been seen in the historical context where many females are enrolled in medicine related schools nationwide than males. The government, as well as the public at the individual level, have to take the responsibility of empowering women doctors and encouraging many young females to venture into medicine related causes as they have the capability.
References
Carr, P. L., Gunn, C. M., Kaplan, S. A., Raj, A., & Freund, K. M. (2015). Inadequate progress for women in academic medicine: findings from the National Faculty Study. Journal of women’s health, 24(3), 190-199.
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jwh.2014.4848
Fassiotto, Magali, et al. “Women in academic medicine: measuring stereotype threat among junior faculty.” Journal of Women’s Health 25.3 (2016): 292-298.
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jwh.2015.5380Francisco Juan Jose Viola. International Brazilian Journal of Urology, 01 December 2014, Vol.40 (6), pp.719-721
http://discover.linccweb.org/primo_library/libweb/action/dlSearch.do?vid=FLCC2800&institution=FLCC2800&search_scope=FLCC2800&query=any,contains,medicine+stereotypes
Philip, Susan P. Social science & medicine (1982), August 1997, Vol.45 (3), pp.497-9
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