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David Anthony. The community college and stakeholder engagement in workforce education and training: A case study. Northeastern University

2016.

Evaluate the impact the Sociological theories, Functionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism

Social Institutions

Author’s name

Institutional Affiliation

AbstractSociologists perceive society in dissimilar ways. Some perceive the world fundamentally as an ongoing and stable entity. Sociologists are impressed with the fortitude of family, and other diverse social institutions. Some sociologists perceive society in relation to numerous factions in conflict, contending for inadequate resources. Other sociologists consider the most intriguing facets of the social world are the daily, regular interactions between individuals that are often taken for granted. Others lay focus on how disparities founded on gender are the outcomes of social, biology, cultural and historical factors. The most widely employed theories by sociologists include the conflict, functionalist, and interactionist, perspectives (Cohen, 2005).

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc315525339 h 2Introduction PAGEREF _Toc315525340 h 3Sociological Theories PAGEREF _Toc315525341 h 4The Family PAGEREF _Toc315525342 h 4Functionalism PAGEREF _Toc315525343 h 5How Functionalism Applies To the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525344 h 5How Functionalism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525345 h 5How Functionalism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525346 h 5Within the Family How Does Functionalism Theory Affect the Views of Society? PAGEREF _Toc315525347 h 6Conflict PAGEREF _Toc315525348 h 6How the Conflict Theory Applies To the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525349 h 6How the Conflict Theory Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525350 h 6How the Conflict Theory Affects the Approach to Social Change in the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525351 h 7Within the Family How Does the Conflict Theory Affect the Views of Society? PAGEREF _Toc315525352 h 7Interactionism PAGEREF _Toc315525353 h 7How the Interactionism Theory Applies To the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525354 h 8How Interactionism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525355 h 8How Interactionism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the Family PAGEREF _Toc315525356 h 8Within the Family How Does Interactionism Affect the Views of Society? PAGEREF _Toc315525357 h 8Similarities and Differences of the Three Theories PAGEREF _Toc315525358 h 9Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc315525359 h 10References PAGEREF _Toc315525360 h 10

Social Institutions

Family

IntroductionSocial theories provide unambiguous understanding of the bigger social picture in an individual’s life. The social theories help in understanding how individuals relate with each other in the society and the consequences of human behavior. The sociology of the family is characterized with a wide range of issues. All these issues affect an individual or the community at large. Some of these issues include abuse of drugs, domestic violence and divorce. Other issues include juvenile delinquency and teenage pregnancies (Adams, 2010). Family sociology helps to understand the structure of the family. This is in the perspective of an institution and the role it plays in the society in various sociological perspectives. This paper posits to evaluate the impact the Sociological theories, of Conflict, Functionalism, and Interactionism have on the social institution of the family.

Sociological TheoriesSociologists create theories to explain different social phenomenon. A theory is an anticipated relationship linking two or more conceptions. Sociological theory may be described as a set of interconnected ideas that facilitate for the systematization of information in relation to the social world. This information is then utilized to elucidate the social world as well as provide projections concerning the impending occurrences in the social world (Cohen, 2005).

The FamilyThe family is the smallest structure in the society. The family is also the most all-encompassing and inclusive agent in relation to socialization. A family comprises of in excess of one person and ends up making a group of people. Though the family tends to be small, various guidelines govern all functions that occur in the group (Adams, 2010). The guidelines create various behaviors within the group. These behaviors help to distinguish a family with the rest of the groups in society.

FunctionalismFunctionalism is fundamentally a structuralist theory. This means that it perceives social structure as more significant than individuals. Functionalists perceive society as held together through cohesion, or social consensus, whereby, family members agree upon, and collaborate to accomplish, what is most appropriate for society in general (Cohen, 2005).

How Functionalism Applies To the FamilyThe theory of functionalism helps to understand the roles that each member of the family ought to perform in order to maintain a strong relationship (Vissing, 2011). These roles also help in making sure that all the family members act and perform according to the set norms in the society. Functionalism helps in examining the effects that a family causes to the whole society.

How Functionalism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the FamilyThis particular theory also helps to examine effects it causes to each individual in the family union. These means that functionalist helps to socialize every family member with the activities around in order to benefit both individually and society (Cohen, 2005).

How Functionalism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the FamilyFunctionalism theory affects the approach of social change in the fact that, government or state provides various needs to the family. That help, keeps the government running and after all, it benefits from payment of taxes (Adams, 2010). For example, the government provides education to the children and eventually the family is eligible to pay taxes to the authorities in order to keep the government running as required. This is how family approach to social change in the society as explained by functionalism theory.

Within the Family How Does Functionalism Theory Affect the Views of Society?This particular theory also affects the views of the society in the sense that when everything goes well in the family, various parts of society are able to attain stability and attain a high level of productivity (Adams, 2010). For example, when there is financial recession, most families tend to tighten their budget and this affects the whole society. In regard to its downside, functionalism is highly criticized for disregarding the depressing functions of an occurrence such as separation and divorce. 

ConflictThe conflict theory seeks to explain social structure and changes in it by alleging that actors follow their respective interests in conflict with other people in accordance with their resources for societal organization. The conflict theory expands the Marxist investigation of class conflicts, although it is disconnected from any ideological obligation to socialism. The theory of conflict broadly examines the manner in which families are deal with the occurrence of differences and change within the institution (Vissing, 2011).

How the Conflict Theory Applies To the FamilyThis particular theory defines that it is possible to curb the occurrence of conflicts in the family. The only requirements are that members are able to identify the source of conflict are who ought to hold power in the family (Cohen, 2005).

How the Conflict Theory Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the FamilyConflict theory apply to sociology of the family in the sense that it helps to make sure members of the family are able to solve their own differences and relate well with other members of the society. The theory affects views of various individuals in the family in the sense that every one has their role in the reconciliation process whenever conflict occurs (Adams, 2010).

How the Conflict Theory Affects the Approach to Social Change in the FamilyConflict theory tries to show how various members of the family struggle for power and disagree in a number of issues. The theory explains that all this conflicts occur because of the need to compete for available resources and power. The theme also explains that the occurrence of conflict in the family and the society is normal and inevitable. However, the problem related with conflict is the increase in its damaging levels that contribute towards making splits and separation in the family. Conflict theory also states that damaging levels that result after disagreements might result in to divorce and unresolved anger (Vissing, 2011).

Within the Family How Does the Conflict Theory Affect the Views of Society?Conflict theory affects the views of the society in the sense that it helps people to understand one another and offer respect hence encouraging human growth and development. Contemporary conflict theorists come across social conflict between every group, including the family, whereby there is potential for disparity. Conflict theorists posit that that disparities in families lead to conflicting agendas and values, and eventual competition amongst family members. This continuous competition amongst family members forms the foundation for the ever-transforming nature of the society in general. Critics of the theory point to its excessively negative analysis of society (Schlomer et al, 2011). InteractionismThe symbolic interactionist theory, also referred to as symbolic interactionism, persuade sociologists to reflect on the symbols as well as details of daily life. The sociologists in this regard focus on the implication of symbols, and how individuals interact with one another (Cohen, 2005).

How the Interactionism Theory Applies To the FamilyThis theory states that it is only through the social behaviors that the family can be able to transform and help the society to come together. Segregation may be witnessed in the family at even at the society levels (Nunes, & Dupas, 2011). This is because not everybody is happy with what others are able to perform. Therefore, this theory defines that family members are able to develop means of understanding through social interaction.

How Interactionism Affects the Views of the Individual Who Is Part of the FamilyThis theory affects views of every member in the family on the actuality that each family member develops their own sense of interaction therefore being able to socialize with other members of the society (Nunes, & Dupas, 2011).

How Interactionism Affects the Approach to Social Change in the FamilyThe theory’s approach to the social change is found in the sense that after people interact, change is created in either positive or negative way that affects the whole society (Vissing, 2011). For example, one of the established positive changes that occur because of this theory is motivation.

Within the Family How Does Interactionism Affect the Views of Society?The theory affects various views of the society in the sense that interactions help to build understanding in family relations and therefore people are able to participate in society welfare (Cohen, 2005).

Similarities and Differences of the Three TheoriesThe similarities of all the theories are that they help in understanding how the family ought to present itself in the society. Unlike the functionalists who preserve the status quo, evade social change, and suppose people work together to achieve social order, the conflict theorists, on the other hand, dispute the status quo, promote social change, and believe that powerful and rich people compel social order on the weak and the poor. The differences of the theories are that they tend to disagree on various circumstances on power sharing between family members and in the society (Cohen, 2005).

The table1 below depicts a comparison between the three sociological theories in relation to their respective view of society, view of the individual, view of the social order, view of social change, and examples.

Table 1. Comparison of the Three Sociological Theories

View Conflict Functionalist Interactionist

The society Characterized by struggle and tension between groups. Well integrated, and stable. Dynamic in manipulating daily social interactions

Social order Maintained through coercion and force. Maintained through consensus and cooperation. Maintained by collective understanding of daily behavior.

The individual Individuals are shaped by coercion, authority, and power.

Individuals are socialized to execute societal functions. Individuals influence symbols and generate their social worlds by means of interaction.

Social

change Change occurs always and may bear positive consequences. Reinforcing, and predictable. Represented in individuals’ social status and their interactions with others.

Example Laws strengthen the positions of the people in power. Public punishments strengthen social order. Individuals obey laws or defy them based on individual past experience.

(Cohen, 2005).

ConclusionFamily sociology facilitates the understanding of the structure of the family as an autonomous institution and its role in the society in diverse sociological perspectives. The above three illustrated theories helps to show that family is a union that plays a key fundamental role in the well-being of the society. Therefore, family as a unit is eligible to make social change in a negative, or positive way. Managing the family helps in strengthening every aspect of the society. ReferencesAdams, B. N. (2010). Themes and Threads of Family Theories: A Brief History. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 41(4), 499-505.

Cohen, P. (2005). Global Sociology. N.Y: New York U.P.

Nunes, M., & Dupas, G. (2011). Independence of Children with Down syndrome: The Experiences of Families. Revista Latino-Americana De Enfermagem (RLAE), 19(4), 985-993.

Schlomer, G. L., Del Giudice, M., & Ellis, B. J. (2011). Parent–Offspring Conflict Theory: An Evolutionary Framework for Understanding Conflict within Human Families. Psychological Review, 118(3), 496-521.

Vissing, Y. (2011). Introduction to Sociology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.

Evaluate century 21 Westsides approach to identifying their market. Is this approach appropriate for the real estate sector

Century 21

Evaluate century 21 Westside’s approach to identifying their market. Is this approach appropriate for the real estate sector?

Introduction

Century 21 Westside is a real estate agency that is located in Brisbane, in the western suburb of Kenmore. It virtually relies on the understanding of the local demographics as well as the client’s mindsets by the sales team. In essence, the sales team must balance between two groups of clients who lay on different sides of the business. These are house sellers and house buyers. Apparently, the real estate agency concentrates most of its business efforts to the house sellers as well as catering for their needs. This is because the property sellers are the group that provides the “wares” to be sold to the property buyers. However, not only are they concerned with sourcing their product but also having a comprehensive understanding of their customers as well as their homes in order to make the appropriate march for the targeted profile.

In identifying the prospective market, the real estate agency starts by identifying a particular geographic area according to the postcodes. By dividing the areas into particular postcodes, they determine the incomes of the people in that particular area according to their professions. In this case, real estate agency acknowledges that people sell and buy property for a number or reasons two o f which are profit and lifestyle. The company always considers the kind of people that it is working with. In this case, most of the clients are well-educated professionals. The company also compares the postcodes’ employment profiles against the statistics of Australia in general. In addition, they consider the medium individual income of the people in the identify regions and compare them with the national average.

As stated, most of its efforts are concentrated to meeting the needs of the supply side or the property sellers. Once they have established a complete profile of the of the postcode regions, it drills down its research to the time. In this case, the potential sellers are divided into three categories. The real estate agency understands that most of the people selling houses would be doing it in an effort to change their lifestyle rather than to make any profit. In addition, they agency understand that the longer an individual has stayed in a particular place, the more likely they are to be making the shift to other areas. In essence, they concentrate on people who have stayed in the area for more than six and a half years.

As pertaining to age, they acknowledge that there differences between the savings made by the different age groups. The second wave of baby boomers are said to have accumulated quite a large number of dollars worth of assets but do not have sufficient finances to do what they want to do . In this case they are more likely to sell their property in an effort to cater for these needs. The generation behind the second wave of baby boomers however has not saved enough as it has been trying to keep the same lifestyle as the joneses. In this case, as much as they may be making profits, they are not effectively putting aside some for the future. In this case, they would have a clear knowledge as to the group to target with their advertisements and in what channels.

Segmentation of a particular geographical area in terms of their age-groups and their incomes has always been very effective as a way of identifying the target market. In essence, choosing a niche and even positioning oneself as a specialist would have a bearing on the success of a particular business. By choosing a particular niche, the real estate agency is in a position to focus its resources on the individuals who stand the highest chances of doing business with it. This ensures that the available resources are channeled to the most profitable ventures thereby safeguarding their profitability (Gabbott 2004). Having in mind that the real estate agency is a small organization, chances are that it has not had many clients. In this case, choosing its target market through narrowing down its focus from the overcrowded market of sellers and buyers would allow it to have smaller and more manageable groups. It is such small groups that would allow it to perfect its marketing skills and determine which strategies work and which ones do not.

The essence of any business is to make profit and further itself in the field. In essence, an agency can achieve this goal through increasing its sales or by reducing its costs. As you may acknowledge, target marketing would achieve both goals (Gabbott 2004). It would decrease the costs of marketing since money would not be channeled to marketing in non-productive or targeting individuals who are unlikely to bring the business any profits. In addition, by segmenting individuals in a particular geographical region into particular groups, the marketing would be targeting the individuals who are most likely to earn the business some money and therefore increase its sales and profits in the long run.

Narrowing down to a particular group of people also allows the company to learn more about its prospective clients. With this knowledge, the company is in a position to determine its goals, needs, likes and preferences thereby coming up with effective strategies on how to satisfy them. This therefore means that the business would be in a better position to attract clients and serve them satisfactorily (Gabbott 2004).

Dividing or segmenting the market into particular groups would also allow the company to learn all the details pertaining to the niche. In such instances, the company stands better chances of developing expertise in the field due to its possession of all-inclusive and updated information pertaining to the niche (Gabbott 2004). This has the effect of attracting more prospects, higher conversion rates, enhanced capacity of servicing clients and consequently generating even more referrals. In essence, experts in real estate acknowledge the importance of deriving as much information about the clients as a necessary condition for delivering the best services.

Conclusion

Proper identification of the e market has a bearing on the success of a particular company. For real estate companies and agencies, it is important that a particular group of people be segmented to smaller groups to allow for better management, efficient use of resources, proper delivery of services and even learning more about the particular group of people. With proper knowledge of the market, it would be possible to provide services in such a way that the needs of the customers are fully satisfied and therefore enhancing the stability of the business. In addition, it would be easier to determine the strategies that would work with the particular group of people as well as the advertisement and marketing methods to be used.

What actions could this company undertake to address the issue of a customer perception of untrustworthiness in real estate agents?

Introduction

The importance of building trust between any businesspeople and their customers (both prospective and existing ones) cannot be gainsaid as far as keeping the business afloat or even propelling it to higher heights. This is even more pronounced in the case of real estate agents having in mind the amount of investment that any customer would be making which consequently translates to the amount they stand to lose in case the deal goes sour. Unfortunately, recent times have seen quite a number of people lose their money to untrustworthy real estate agents. This definitely explains why Mr. Broom would insinuate that real estate agents are not trusted by many people in Australia. He goes on to note that many agents concentrate on telling people how trustworthy they are. However, this only ends up making them look untrustworthy and therefore be distrusted.

According to Robert C. Solomon & Fernando Flores, 2003, trust cannot be said to exist right from the start or even a static quantity. It actually should not be assumed or taken for granted, rather it refers to an emotional skill, a dynamic and active component of our lives which is built and sustained by our promises, commitments, emotions as well as integrity. In quite a large number of instances, customers will take too long to close a deal simply because they do not trust the agent or they don’t think that they are getting the maximum utility of their money or rather, a fair deal.

One thing that you will acknowledge is that there is no uniformity as to what one could do to earn the trust of his or her customers. However, by looking at the pillars of trust, scholars have come up with remedies or courses of action that would build trust between the real estate agents and their clients.

According to Tway and Duane C, 1993, trust is made up of the existence and interaction of three components which include the capacity to trust, the perception of intentions and the perception of competence. A real estate agent does not have any influence on the clients’ capacity for trusting since it is influenced by their life experiences which shapes their willingness to carry out the risk of trusting others. However, they should at all times strive to create or enhance the perception of competence. This is through their capacity as well as the capacity of the individuals that they work with to competently perform in any particular situation that they are in. In addition, they have a role to play in shaping the customer’s perception of intention as to how they are working on a particular case. In essence, their actions, directions, words, decisions and missions should not be motivated by self-serving interests but rather by mutually-serving ones.

Having in mind that the strength of a real estate agency is built on the sales department, looking into the marketing techniques that are used would be of importance. In essence, making the customer believe that a particular vendor can be trusted will be pegged on his or her experience with this particular department. In this case therefore, there are some courses of action that should be incorporated. To begin with, be sure to describe the whole deal in a language that the customer understands leaving out any technical or confusing terms. Be sure not to take this time to advertise your agency in explicit terms as this would only end up drawing mistrust. On the same note, it would be important that the real estate agents make their pricing and the structuring of the deal as sensible as possible not to mention transparent and easy to understand. In fact, enhancing the clarity of the deal and transparency happens to be some of the most effective tools for building trust between clients and the agents. It is also imperative that one gives rampant discounting and improper sales behavior a wide berth. In essence, it would be important that discounts be monitored to ensure that transactions and accounts of similar sizes have similar discounts. By executing these actions over time would lay the foundation for trust which gives the sales agents or representatives an important lead in establishing relationships based on trust with the customers, which enhances the chances of closing the sales quickly.

According to Kumar, N 1996, sales representatives can enhance trust between themselves and their clients by demonstrating a deep understanding of the prospective customer’s needs and channeling every effort to meeting them. On the same note, it is important that the representative avoid surprises in the sales process as this would erode the little trust that the client had on them. In essence, it is always important that all details be disclosed fully. In building trust, ensure that the deal has been configured in such a way that it is in line with the needs of the customers. In addition, ensure that the value propositions consider the concerns of every party that is involved in the deal. In this case, it would be important that you do not use materials that do not resonate with the client as this would erode the trust.

When dealing with existing or past clients, it is likely that some nasty occurrences will be brought to the fore. Anticipating and dealing with the skeletons would actually have a bearing on how much the client trusts you. In this case, it is always important that you carefully review the account history in order to enhance your preparedness in dealing with the past events that may dent the sale as well as future relationships.

When closing the deal or modifying the contracts, it is important that you balance your needs and those of your customer. Contracts that seem to overwhelmingly favor you would be likely to undermine fairness and trust thereby slowing down the sale as you engage in protracted negotiations. As Kumar, N 1996, states, judgments relating to trusting one another are often influenced by the perception of equity in a particular relationship. In cases where a particular party holds the perception that the relationship is equitable, they would be willing to invest their trust on it. In contrast, if the relationship lacks trust, the prudent party would be likely to judge any efforts made to build trust with skepticism on the basis of history or the perceptions of inequity in that relationship. Given that the relationship between an agent and a customer is not of true equals, it is important that the client as the weaker and vulnerable partner be treated fairly.

Conclusion

While there may be quite a number of real estate agents who are spoiling the market by their untrustworthy behavior, it is possible to create a perception of trust in the minds of the clients and build a name for oneself. In essence, being transparent, fair, and considering the interests of the client would build trust. It is important to acknowledge however that this will take quite a bit of time and therefore going at a rate that the client is comfortable with would be imperative. Trying to hurry them up would make them defensive and therefore drill a wedge between you.

How else could a real estate agent use e-media to promote the use of their services to potential sellers and buyers of residential properties?

Introduction

The internet and other forms of electronic media have become quite popular in the recent times. Many businesses acknowledge their importance as far as promoting their businesses to the next level. Given the fact that many people go to the search engines when they are looking for any item, it therefore makes sense that businesses would look into ways in which they can use the electronic media to enhance their market share and therefore promote their businesses. For real estate businesses, the use of electronic media seems a bit complicated as far as enhancing one’s market share is concerned. Unlike other businesses, the purchases and sales cannot be made online. Nevertheless, this does not in any way imply that the electronic media is not of any use to the real estate industry. In essence, there are quite a large number of ways in which a real estate agent can use electronic media to promote the use of their services to potential sellers and buyers. Electronic media refers to the storage or broadcast media that uses electronic technology. It may include items such as internet, fax, radio, television, DVD, CD-ROMs and other mediums the uses electricity or encodes information digitally. There are varied ways in which the electronic media can be used in promoting the services of the business.

Advertising the real estate agency comes as one of the most obvious way in which the company would promote its services through the electronic media (Jeremy 2000). In essence, you will acknowledge that the real estate industry is shrouded in mystery. While a particular agency may not be in a position to build the trust of the clients by advertising itself, advertising in the electronic media alerts the target market as to its existence and the services it offers (Jeremy 2000). You can be sure that most of the prospective clients (both home buyers and home sellers) are still in the dark as to where to look for particular services or even what services they should be looking for from the real estate agents. Advertising creates the perfect opportunity to clear the air and make known their services.

While marketing is essentially the most fundamental way of using e-media to promote a real estate agency, the company could also use it to inform, train as well as educate the masses on varied issues pertaining to the real estate industry. Issues such as the calculation of the price of a property, choosing a real estate agency etc, may be taught here (Jeremy,2000). In essence, it will be a way of advertising the company more so when there is a call to action at the end of the material.

Conclusion

The electronic media has become an integral component of the present day businesses as far as propelling them to higher heights of success is concerned. In essence, marketing tops the list as the way in which electronic media can be used. However, it may also be used in educating the public, informing as well as training them on the varied aspects of the industry. Demystifying the industry is definitely important in enhancing the relationship between the clients and the real estate agents.

References

Robert C. Solomon, Fernando Flores : Building Trust: In Business, Politics, Relationships, and Life, Oxford University Press, May 1, 2003,

Kumar, N. 1996. The power of trust in Manufacturer-retailer relationships. Harvard business review (November-December): 96-106

Gabbott, M., (2004), “Understanding value through segmentation and targeting”, in M Gabbott, (ed) Introduction to Marketing: a value approach, Pearson Education Australia, French Forrest, New South Wales.

Tway, Duane C., A Construct of Trust, Dissertation, 1993

Bednall, D, (2004), “Buyer Behaviour”, in M Gabbott, (ed) Introduction to Marketing: a value approach, Pearson Education Australia, French Forrest, New South Wales.

Jeremy Swinfen Green, 2000. E-media: how to use electronic media for effective marketing communications, Admap Publications